Lead (Pb) removal from contaminated water using constructed wetland planted with Scirpus grossus: Optimization using response surface methodology (RSM) and assessment of rhizobacterial addition

Tangahu BV 1 , Sheikh Abdullah SR 2 , Basri H 3 , Idris M 4 , Anuar N 5 , Mukhlisin M 6

Affiliations 

  • 1 Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Civil, Planning, and Geo Engineering, Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember, Kampus ITS, Sukolilo, Surabaya, 60111, Indonesia. Electronic address: voijant@its.ac.id
  • 2 Department of Chemical and Process Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600, UKM, Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia. Electronic address: rozaimah@ukm.edu.my
  • 3 Department of Civil and Structural Engineering, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600, UKM, Bangi, Malaysia
  • 4 Tasik Chini Research Center, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600, UKM, Bangi, Malaysia
  • 5 Department of Chemical and Process Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600, UKM, Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
  • 6 Department of Civil Engineering, Politeknik Negeri Semarang, 50275, Semarang, Indonesia
Chemosphere, 2022 Mar;291(Pt 3):132952.
PMID: 34798103 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.132952

Abstract

Lead (Pb) is one of the toxic heavy metals that pollute the environment as a result of industrial activities. This study aims to optimize Pb removal from water by using horizontal free surface flow constructed wetland (HFSFCW) planted with Scirpus grossus. Optimization was conducted using response surface methodology (RSM) under Box-Behnken design with the operational parameters of initial Pb concentration, retention time, and aeration. Optimization results showed that 37 mg/L of initial Pb concentration, 32 days of retention time, and no aeration were the optimum conditions for Pb removal by using the systems. Validation test was run under two different conditions, namely, non-bioaugmented and bioaugmented with rhizobacteria (Bacillus cereus, B. pumilus, B. subtilis, Brevibacillus choshinensis, and Rhodococcus rhodochrous). Results of the validation test showed that Pb removal in water achieved 99.99% efficiency with 0.2% error from the RSM prediction, while the adsorption of Pb by plants reached 5160.18 mg/kg with 10.6% error from the RSM prediction. The bioaugmentation of the five rhizobacterial species showed a slight improvement in Pb removal from water and Pb adsorption by plants. However, no significant improvement was achieved (p 

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