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Fulltext The potential of the coelomic fluid in sea cucumber as an antioxidant

Hawa I, Zulaikah M, Jamaludin M, Zainal Abidin A, Kaswandi M, Ridzwan B

Malays J Nutr, 1999 Dec;5(1):55-9.
PMID: 22692358 MyJurnal

In a biological system the product of free-radical induced-lipid peroxidation are conjugated dienes (CDs), lipid peroxides and malondialdehyde (MDA). Its control depends on antioxidant activities. Antioxidant defend the body system by controlling the damage caused by the free radicals. This paper describes lipid peroxidation process and antioxidant activities present in three species of holothuroid obtained from the coastal waters of Terengganu, Malaysia. Among the three species studied, the coelomic fluid of Bohadschia mamorata vitiensis contained the highest level of protein (7.24 + 0.04)g/L. The coelomic fluid of Stichopus badionotus Selenka contained the highest level of superoxide dismutase (SOD) (9.46 + 0.99)X 105 IU/g protein, MDA (16.46 + 1.28)nmol/g protein and total antioxidant activities (AOA) (58.81 + 5.70) %. In Stichopus variegatus Semper the coelomic fluid only demonstrated the highest level of CDs (94.19 + 11.34) RU/g protein compared with the other two species. This preliminary study indicated that some form of antioxidant activities are present in the coelomic fluid of holothuroids.
Fulltext Protozoan parasites of four species of wild anurans from a local zoo in Malaysia

Mohammad KN, Badrul MM, Mohamad N, Zainal-Abidin AH

Trop Biomed, 2013 Dec;30(4):615-20.
PMID: 24522131 MyJurnal

The parasitic protozoan fauna in sixty-six anurans comprising of Duttaphrynus melanostictus, Phrynoidis juxtaspera, Hylarana erythraea and Polypedates leucomystax collected from Zoo Negara Malaysia was investigated. The distribution and prevalence rate of parasitic species in the digestive tract and blood were examined. Seven species of intestinal protozoa (Opalina ranarum, Cepedea dimidiata, Nycthetorus cordiformis, Entamoeba ranarum, Iodamoeba butschlii, Endamoeba blattae, and Tritrichomonas sp.) and two species of blood protozoa (Lankesterella sp. and Trypanosoma sp.) were recorded. Opalina ranarum was the most common protozoan found in the rectum and intestine (prevalence rate: 34.8%) infecting all host species, with P. juxtaspera heavily infected with the parasite, whereas Tritrichomonas sp. was the least prevalent intestinal species infecting only D. melanostictus. Both Lankesterella sp. and Trypanosoma sp. were found in the blood of H. erythraea.
Influence of various Cu/Fe ratios on the surface properties of green synthesized Cu-Fe-BTC and it`s relation to methylene blue adsorption

Siew WY, Abu Bakar NHH, Abu Bakar M, Zainal Abidin A

J Hazard Mater, 2021 Aug 15;416:125846.
PMID: 34492799 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.125846

The incorporation of different percentages of Fe2+ into copper benzene-1,3,5-tricarboxylate (CuBTC) was successfully carried out at room-temperature synthesis with water as the only solvent. The XRD and XPS analysis shows that the Fe2+ were substituted into the paddlewheel structure. The incorporation of 18% Fe2+ into CuBTC can increase the surface area and porosity of the framework. The BET surface area of Cu82Fe18BTC (1240 m2/g) was significantly higher than CuBTC (708 m2/g). Further increase in the Fe2+ percentage will reduce the surface area of the compound. The presence of Fe2+ in the framework successfully disturbs the pore formation and widens the pore size on the surface of these compounds. This as well as the pHpzc, which is related to the surface acidity of the resulting bimetallic organic framework (BMOF), play an important role in the adsorption process. Cu53Fe47BTC with an adsorption capacity of 94.42 mg/g shows approximately 6 times greater adsorption capacity against MB compared to CuBTC. This shows that by utilizing a different ratio of Cu and a second metal, it is possible to effectively design the surface morphology of BMOF for specific applications.
Fulltext 4-(3,4-Dihydro-β-carbolin-1-yl)pyrimidin-2-amine

Mukhtar MR, Zainal Abidin A, Awang K, A Hadi AH, Ng SW

Acta Crystallogr Sect E Struct Rep Online, 2009;65(Pt 3):o594.
PMID: 21582249 DOI: 10.1107/S160053680900600X

The mol-ecule of accanthomine A, C(15)H(13)N(5), is approximately planar, with the indolyl fused-ring and the pyrimidyl ring being twisted by 31.7 (1)° The amino group of the five-membered ring is an intramolecular hydrogen-bond donor to a nitro-gen acceptor of the pyrimide ring. The amino group of the pyrimide ring is a hydrogen-bond donor to the N atoms of adjacent mol-ecules. These hydrogen-bonding inter-actions give rise to a layered network with a 4.8(2) topology.
Fulltext Clinical features of malaria in Orang Asli population in Pos Piah, Malaysia

Norhayati M, Rohani AK, Hayati MIN, Halimah AS, Sharom MY, Zainah Abidin AH, et al.

Med J Malaysia, 2001 Sep;56(3):271-4.
PMID: 11732070

A malaria survey was conducted to examine the presence of common clinical features of malaria in individuals living in an endemic area of malaria. The overall infection rate was 11.0% with 7.5% and 3.5% infected with Plasmodium vivax and Plasmodium falciparum respectively. The mean parasitaemia level of both species was 2905.9 parasites/microliter blood, with the mean parasitaemia level of P. vivax and P. falciparum at 682.7 parasites/microliter blood and 6981.7 parasites/microliter blood respectively. The infection rates were higher in the younger age group. Hepatomegaly, hepatosplenomegaly and clinical anaemia were significantly associated with malaria. None of the patients were febrile. In conclusion, in low endemic areas, the presence of clinical anaemia, hepatomegaly and hepatosplenomegaly in afebrile individuals could be considered as useful criteria for the presence of asymptomatic parasitaemia. It is important to carry out laboratory diagnostic investigations, to ensure all the asymptomatic parasitaemia which act as reservoirs are detected and treated.
Fatty acid compositions in local sea cucumber, Stichopus chloronotus, for wound healing

Fredalina BD, Ridzwan BH, Abidin AA, Kaswandi MA, Zaiton H, Zali I, et al.

Gen. Pharmacol., 1999 Oct;33(4):337-40.
PMID: 10523072

Fatty acid profile from crude extracts of local sea cucumber Stichopus chloronotus was determined using gas chromatography (GC) technique. The extracts were prepared separately in methanol, ethanol, phosphate buffer saline (PBS), and distilled water as part of our study to look at the affinity of these solvents in extracting the lipid from sea cucumber. The PBS and distilled water extractions indicate water-soluble components, while the organic fractions are extracted in methanol and ethanol as organic solvents. Furthermore, water extraction is the conventional method practiced in Malaysia. In our analysis the C14:0 (myristic), C16:0 (palmitic), C18:0 (stearic), C18:2 (linoleic), C20:0 (arachidic), and C20:5 (eicosapentaenoic, EPA) were significantly different (p < 0.01) in the four solvent extractions. However, the PBS extraction contained a much higher percentage of EPA (25.69%) compared to 18.89% in ethanol, 7.84% in distilled water, and only 5.83% in methanol, and variances were significantly different (p < 0.01 ). On the other hand, C22:6 (docosahexaenoic acid or DHA) is much higher in water extraction (57.55%), in comparison to the others where only 3.63% in PBS and 1.20% in methanol, and this difference is significant at p < 0.01. No DHA was detected in ethanol extractions. Subsequently, C18:1 (oleic acid) was only detected in PBS (21.98%) and water extraction (7.50%). It is interesting that palmitic acid, C16:() was higher in methanol (20.82%) and ethanol (2.18%), while 12.55% was detected in PBS and only 2.20% in water extraction: and again this was significantly different at p < 0.01. Although our results have shown that all four solvents were different in terms of their ability to extract fatty acids, the major component for tissue repair was well preserved. Probably this is one of the important precocious steps when working with a delicate sea cucumber, in both experimental and/or at the preparative stages. Freshness of the sea cucumber samples is important when undertaking this type of experiment. Finally, we believe that the local sea cucumber S. chloronotus contains all the fatty acids required to play a potential active role in tissue repair.
The global prevalence of multidrug-resistance among Acinetobacter baumannii causing hospital-acquired and ventilator-associated pneumonia and its associated mortality: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Mohd Sazlly Lim S, Zainal Abidin A, Liew SM, Roberts JA, Sime FB

J Infect, 2019 12;79(6):593-600.
PMID: 31580871 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinf.2019.09.012

OBJECTIVE: The objective of this works was to assess the global prevalence of multidrug-resistance among A. baumannii causing hospital-acquired (HAP) and ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP), and describe its associated mortality.
METHODS: We performed a systematic search of four databases for relevant studies. Meta-analysis was done based on United Nations geoscheme regions, individual countries and study period. We used a random-effects model to calculate pooled prevalence and mortality estimates with 95% confidence intervals (CIs), weighted by study size.
RESULTS: Among 6445 reports screened, we identified 126 relevant studies, comprising data from 29 countries. The overall prevalence of multidrug-resistance among A. baumannii causing HAP and VAP pooled from 114 studies was 79.9% (95% CI 73.9-85.4%). Central America (100%) and Latin America and the Caribbean (100%) had the highest prevalence, whereas Eastern Asia had the lowest (64.6%; 95% CI, 50.2-77.6%). The overall mortality estimate pooled from 27 studies was 42.6% (95% CI, 37.2-48.1%).
CONCLUSIONS: We observed large amounts of variation in the prevalence of multidrug-resistance among A. baumannii causing HAP and VAP and its mortality rate among regions and lack of data from many countries. Data from this review can be used in the development of customized strategies for infection control and antimicrobial stewardship.
Fulltext Association of coping mechanisms with medication adherence among young People living with HIV (PLHIV) in Klang Valley

Zainal-Abidin ANI, Miptah HN, Ariffin F, Razali S, Badlishah-Sham SF

Heliyon, 2024 Feb 29;10(4):e25740.
PMID: 38380003 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e25740

BACKGROUND: As young People Living with HIV (PLHIV) will need to take antiretroviral therapy (ART) for life, there is a need to understand their coping mechanisms in living with the disease. Lack of coping mechanisms leads to poor medication adherence and hospital follow-up, poor health outcomes and shortened life expectancy.
OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to determine the pattern of coping mechanisms in young PLHIV and its association with medication adherence.
METHODS: This study was a cross-sectional study amongst young PLHIV patients (aged 20-39 years old) attending two HIV clinics in Klang Valley. Data was collected between February to August 2022. The pattern of coping strategies was assessed using the 28-item Brief Coping Orientation to Problems Experienced (COPE) questionnaire in English and Malay language, which was validated and found to have good internal consistency. Self-reported medication adherence was measured using the one-item Medical Outcomes Study (MOS) Specific Adherence Scale. Statistical analysis included descriptive statistics, single and multiple logistic regression.
RESULTS: A total of 395 respondents were recruited for the study. The mean scores for each coping mechanism were: 1) problem-focused coping 2.98 (SD 0.62), 2) emotion-focused coping 2.40 (SD 0.48), 3) dysfunctional coping 1.84 (SD 0.44) and 4) religion/spirituality coping 3.07 (SD 0.97). The majority of the respondents (66.8%) were adherent to their ART. Respondents who had a longer duration of medication [OR:1.014 (95% CI: 1.002,1.026)] and those who adopted less religion/spirituality coping mechanisms [OR: 0.495 (95% CI:0.246, 0.997)] were found to be significantly associated with medication adherence.
CONCLUSION: This study revealed an overall medication adherence rate of 66.8%. Patients with longer ART duration and who adopted less religion or spirituality coping had better medication adherence. These study findings provide input into the design of intervention by clinicians and healthcare policy makers for young PLHIV in clinical practice.
Fulltext Prevalence of occupational injury and determination of safety climate in small scale manufacturing industry: A cross-sectional study

Abidin A, Awang Lukman K, Sajali H, Syed Abdul Rahim SS, Robinson F, Hassan MR, et al.

Ann Med Surg (Lond), 2021 Sep;69:102699.
PMID: 34429955 DOI: 10.1016/j.amsu.2021.102699

Background: Occupational injuries are among the most important workplace issues. This study aims to determine the safety climate and prevalence of occupational injuries in the small-scale manufacturing industry.
Methods: A cross-sectional study with ten small scale manufacturers participated accounting for a total of 300 respondents. Data were collected from July to August 2020 using the NOSACQ-50 questionnaire.
Results: The prevalence of occupational injury for the past 12 months was at 18%. The most often injured body parts were hands and legs while among the most common injury types were open wound, burns and bleeding. The mean NOSACQ-50 scores for all dimensions are good. The associated factors are working hours per week, and compliance to SOP. There are differences in the mean scores of NOSACQ-50 between injured and non-injured workers across all dimensions.
Conclusion: The safety climate among manufacturing industry employees is at a good level, while the prevalence of occupational injury is relatively low.
Health status of Orang Asli (aborigine) community in Pos Piah, Sungai Siput, Perak, Malaysia

Norhayati binti Moktar M, Noor Hayati MI, Nor Fariza N, Rohani AK, Halimah AS, Sharom MY, et al.

Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health, 1998 Mar;29(1):58-61.
PMID: 9740269

A study of health status of Orang Asli population (based on physical examination findings) was conducted in 4 villages in Pos Piah, Sungai Siput Perak, Malaysia. In all 356 individuals between 4 months-72 years old (178 males and 178 females) participated in this study. Poor general health status, physical and mental handicaps were seen in 7.8%, 0.3% and 0.3% of the population, respectively. About one-fifth of the population had dental caries. Splenomegaly, hepatomegaly and hepatosplenomegaly were among the commonest abnormalities with the occurrence rates of 19.8%, 13.7% and 6.7%, respectively, being detected in the population. About one-fifth of the population showed signs suggestive of protein-energy deficiency; whilst less than 5% showed signs indicative of riboflavin, iodine and iron deficiencies. Vitamin A deficiency was the commonest nutritional deficiency identified in this community with almost 38.4% of them showing signs of the deficiency. The commonest skin infection was scabies.
Fulltext Amidine containing compounds: Antimicrobial activity and its potential in combating antimicrobial resistance

Zainal Abidin A, Norrrahim MNF, Mohamed Shakrin NNS, Ibrahim B, Abdullah N, Abdul Rashid JI, et al.

Heliyon, 2024 Aug 15;10(15):e32010.
PMID: 39170404 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e32010

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a growing and concerning threat to global public health, necessitating innovative strategies to combat this crisis. Amidine-containing compounds have emerged as promising agents in the battle against AMR. This review gives a summary of recent advances from the past decade in studies of antimicrobial amidine-containing compounds with the aim to feature their structural diversity and the pharmacological relevance of the moiety to antimicrobial activity and their potential use in combating antimicrobial resistance, to the greatest extent possible. Highlighting is put on chemical structure of such compounds in relation to antimicrobial activities such as antibacterial, antifungal, and antiparasitic activities. Researchers commonly modify molecules containing amidine or incorporate amidine into existing antimicrobial agents to enhance their pharmacological attributes and combat antimicrobial resistance. This comprehensive review consolidates the current knowledge on amidine-containing compounds, elucidating their antimicrobial mechanisms and highlighting their promise in addressing the global AMR crisis. By offering a multidisciplinary perspective, we aim to inspire further research and innovation in this critical area of antimicrobial research.

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