Displaying publications 1 - 20 of 85 in total

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  1. Influence of recombinant interferon-gamma QN the expression of MHC class I and class II antigens on four human colonic carcinoma cell lines
    Norazmi MN, Hohmann AW, Bradley J
    Malays J Pathol, 1990 Dec;12(2):89-95.
    PMID: 2129402
    The occurrence of MHC class I and class II antigens on four human colonic carcinoma cell lines and the effect of recombinant interferon-gamma (rIFNg) on the expression of these antigens was investigated by immunofluorescent flow cytometry. The concentration of rIFNg which resulted in the largest increase in expression of class I and class II antigens was determined. Changes in the amount of MHC antigen on the membrane were indicated by a shift in the mean fluorescence intensity (MFI) of the cell population. Without addition of rIFNg, the COLO 206, COLO 320F and COLO 397 cell lines were class I positive although the COLO 206 cell line expressed less class I antigen than the other two lines. The HT-29 cell line expressed only a minimal level of class I antigen. Treatment with rIFNg increased the amount of class I antigen on these cell lines 5, 1.4, 2.5 and 20 times respectively. Maximum levels of class I antigen were found two days after treatment. Class I antigen expression returned to pre-treatment levels by day 8 in all but the HT-29 cell line, which maintained its increased level following a single dose of rIFNg. All four cell lines had little or no class II antigens. Following treatment with rIFNg, DR antigen appeared on all four lines whereas DP and DQ antigens could be induced only on the 320F and 397 lines. The amount of class II antigen reached its peak two days after treatment and gradually decreased over the next 6 days of culture.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
  2. Disparity in the percentage of CD4+ T lymphocytes and prognosis of HIV-infected intravenous drug users in Malaysia
    Norazmi MN, Suarn S
    Immunol Lett, 1994 Dec;43(3):177-82.
    PMID: 7721330
    The CD4+ T-lymphocyte absolute count (CD4ac), CD4+ T-lymphocyte percentage (CD4%) and total lymphocyte count (Løac) were assessed in HIV-seropositive intravenous drug users (IVDU) with reference to their correlation with the clinical categories A, B, and C as stipulated by the Centre of Disease Control and Prevention, USA (CDC) and with each other. It was found that while the CD4ac and Løac correlated with the clinical categories, CD4% did not. This may suggest that in our local setting, the CD4% may not necessarily be a suitable alternative marker to CD4ac as proposed by CDC. Furthermore, the CD4% of the normal subjects in this study was found to be relatively lower than the reported Caucasian levels. This may indicate that the use of the cut-off level of less than 14% as an AIDS-defining criteria may not be applicable for our HIV-seropositive IVDU. In addition, unlike the CD4ac which correlated directly with CD4% and Løac, the CD4% did not correlate with Løac. Therefore, due to the observed disparity with clinical status of patients and its possibly lower levels in our normal population, CD4% as a marker for staging HIV disease should be used with caution in our setting. Such findings may also have an impact on the use of established markers for the monitoring and classification of HIV-infected individuals in this region.
  3. Increased level of activated gamma delta lymphocytes correlates with disease severity in HIV infection
    Norazmi MN, Arifin H, Jamaruddin MA
    Immunol Cell Biol, 1995 Jun;73(3):245-8.
    PMID: 7590898
    The lymphocyte subset expressing the gamma delta T cell receptor is increased in several infectious diseases including HIV infection. In this study the expression on gamma delta lymphocytes of the T cell activation markers CD25, HLA-DR and CD38, as well as the two isoforms of CD45, namely CD45RA and CD45RO, was determined in the peripheral blood of 56 HIV-infected intravenous drug users and 34 HIV-seronegative blood donors by two-colour flow cytometry. The percentage of gamma delta lymphocytes expressing HLA-DR and CD38 was higher than those in HIV-seronegative controls (P < 0.001 and P < 0.0001, respectively). Furthermore the HLA-DR+gamma delta+ lymphocytes correlated inversely with CD4+ T lymphocyte absolute count (P < 0.02 for both). The levels of gamma delta lymphocytes expressing CD25, CD45RA and CD45RO were similar to those in HIV-seronegative controls. Activated gamma delta lymphocytes may play a role in the HIV disease process and could provide a useful marker for disease progression.
  4. Allele frequency distribution for 10 STR loci in the Malay population of Malaysia
    Panneerchelvam S, Haslindawaty N, Ravichandran M, Norazmi MN, Zainuddin ZF
    J Forensic Sci, 2003 Mar;48(2):451-2.
    PMID: 12665016
  5. Forensic DNA profiling and database
    Panneerchelvam S, Norazmi MN
    Malays J Med Sci, 2003 Jul;10(2):20-6.
    PMID: 23386793 MyJurnal
    The incredible power of DNA technology as an identification tool had brought a tremendous change in crimnal justice . DNA data base is an information resource for the forensic DNA typing community with details on commonly used short tandem repeat (STR) DNA markers. This article discusses the essential steps in compilation of COmbined DNA Index System (CODIS) on validated polymerase chain amplified STRs and their use in crime detection.
  6. The expression of cytokine genes in the peritoneal macrophages and splenic CD4- and CD8-positive lymphocytes of the nonobese diabetic mice
    Yaacob NS, Kaderi MA, Norazmi MN
    J Clin Immunol, 2004 Mar;24(2):177-84.
    PMID: 15024185 DOI: 10.1023/B:JOCI.0000019783.61674.1d
    Type 1 diabetes is an autoimmune disease that results from the destruction of the insulin-producing pancreatic beta islet cells, probably via the influence of cytokines. However, direct correlation between the expression of selected cytokines by various immune cells at different time points during the progression of the disease has not yet been clearly demonstrated. In this study, we showed that the mRNA expression of the pro-inflammatory cytokines, TNF-alpha, IL-1 beta, IL-6, and GM-CSF, were increased while the anti-inflammatory cytokine, TGF-beta, decreased in the peritoneal macrophages of nonobese diabetic (NOD) mice. IL-6 expression however decreased when the mice became diabetic. Surprisingly the expression of IFN-gamma and IL-2 by splenic CD4+ cells were lower in 5-week-old NOD mice as compared to the nonobese diabetic resistant (NOR) control mice, but their expression was higher in older NOD mice. The expression of IL-4 and IL-10 decreased in splenic CD4-positive lymphocytes. Splenic CD8-positive lymphocytes expressed increased levels of IFN-gamma and IL-10 but the latter decreased sharply when diabetes occurred. The relevance of these findings to the pathogenesis of type 1 diabetes is discussed.
  7. Allele frequency distribution for 9 STR loci in the Tamil population of Malaysia
    Panneerchelvam S, Thevan KK, KokFai L, Saravanakumar M, Sumathy V, Yuvaneswari KC, et al.
    J Forensic Sci, 2004 Jul;49(4):863-4.
    PMID: 15317219
  8. Polymorphism of 9 STRs in ethnic Chinese population of Malaysia
    Panneerchelvam S, Kumara KT, KokFai L, Saravanakumar M, Sumathy V, Yuvaneswari KC, et al.
    J Forensic Sci, 2004 Sep;49(5):1132-3.
    PMID: 15461127
  9. Quantification of human PPARgamma1 gene expression by competitive PCR using an homologous internal standard
    Yaacob NS, Bakar RA, Norazmi MN
    Ann Clin Lab Sci, 2004;34(1):47-56.
    PMID: 15038667
    The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is useful for amplifying specific mRNAs, particularly those present in low copy numbers. However, due to the exponential nature of the amplification process, PCR cannot readily be used to quantify gene expression. A competitive PCR technique was developed to address this shortcoming. An internal standard that is 100% homologous to, but shorter than, the target gene was constructed. The practicality of the method was demonstrated by determining the expression levels of a human transcription factor, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma 1 (hPPARgamma1) which is normally present in low copy numbers in selected cells. A mock system was used to test the accuracy and sensitivity of the method, which was subsequently used to determine the expression of this receptor in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-activated monocytes, which are known to express hPPARgamma1 differentially during cellular activation. Densitometric analysis showed that the competitive PCR method reliably estimated the expression levels of hPPARgamma1 at the attomole (10(-18)) level in monocytes.
  10. Autosomal STR polymorphism in Sikh population of Peninsular Malaysia
    Teck TC, Kook SC, Badruddin N, Panneerchelvam S, Norazmi MN
    J Forensic Sci, 2005 Sep;50(5):1223-4.
    PMID: 16225236 DOI: 10.1520/JFS2005156
  11. Cloning and expression of malaria and tuberculosis epitopes in mycobacterium bovis bacille calmette-guérin
    Suppian R, Zainuddin ZF, Norazmi MN
    Malays J Med Sci, 2006 Jan;13(1):13-20.
    PMID: 22589585
    Mycobacterium bovis bacille Calmette-Guèrin (BCG) represents one of the most promising live vectors for the delivery of foreign antigens to the immune system. A recombinant BCG containing a synthetic gene coding for the malarial epitopes namely, the fragment 2 of region II of EBA-175 (F2R(II)EBA) and the repeat sequence of the circumsporozoite protein NANP generated in favour of mycobacterium codon usage using assembly PCR was constructed. Two T-cell epitopes of the 6-kDa M. tuberculosis early-secreted antigenic target (ESAT-6) antigen were also clone in the same construct. Expression of the synthetic gene was driven by the heat shock protein 65 (hsp65) promoter from M. tuberculosis and the signal peptide from the MPT63 antigen of M. tuberculosis. Expression of the composite epitopes was detected by Western blotting of the cell extract and culture supernatant of the recombinant clones using a specific rabbit polyclonal antibody against F2R(II)EBA. This study demonstrates the possibility of cloning and expressing immunogenic epitopes from causative agents of two important diseases: malaria and tuberculosis (TB) in a single recombinant BCG construct.
  12. Immunogenicity of a recombinant Mycobacterium bovis bacille Calmette-Guèrin expressing malarial and tuberculosis epitopes
    Rapeah S, Norazmi MN
    Vaccine, 2006 Apr 24;24(17):3646-53.
    PMID: 16494975 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2006.01.053
    Recombinant Mycobacterium bovis bacille Calmette-Guèrin (rBCG) expressing the malarial epitopes F2R(II)EBA and (NANP)3 as well as two T cell epitopes of the M. tuberculosis ESAT-6 antigen, generated in favour of mycobacterium codon usage elicited specific immune response against these epitopes. Immunised Balb/c mice demonstrated an increase in almost all of the IgG subclasses against both malarial epitopes and enhanced splenocyte proliferative response against the malarial epitopes as well as selected peptides of ESAT-6. Furthermore, flow cytometric analyses showed elevated numbers of CD4+ lymphocytes expressing IFN-gamma and IL-2 against the ESAT-6 peptides, suggesting a specific Th1-mediated response. This study demonstrated that expressing malarial and TB epitopes in a single rBCG construct induced appropriate humoral and cellular immune response against immunogenic epitopes from both organisms.
  13. Allele frequency data for nine STRs polymorphism in a Gurkha population of Malaysia
    Tuladhar BS, Haslindawaty N, Nada B, Panneerchelvam S, Norazmi MN
    J Forensic Sci, 2006 Sep;51(5):1205-6.
    PMID: 17018114
  14. Fluoxetine potentiates chloroquine and mefloquine effect on multidrug-resistant Plasmodium falciparum in vitro
    Khairul MF, Min TH, Low JH, Nasriyyah CH, A'shikin AN, Norazmi MN, et al.
    Jpn J Infect Dis, 2006 Oct;59(5):329-31.
    PMID: 17060702
    Fluoxetine (FLX), a P-glycoprotein inhibitor with antimalarial activity, is promising candidate for reversing chloroquine/mefloquine (CQ/MQ) resistance. The Dd2 strain of CQ- and MQ-resistant Plasmodium falciparum was synchronized and assayed with various concentrations of CQ/MQ individually and in combination with FLX or verapamil (VPL). Our results indicated the 50% inhibitory concentration values of CQ and MQ were greatly lowered when FLX was used simultaneously. Isobolograms indicated that CQ-FLX combinations are more synergistic (mean fractional inhibitory concentration [FIC] index 0.55) than MQ-FLX (mean FIC index 0.64), and their synergistic effect was better than or at par with CQ-VPL (mean FIC index 0.88) and MQ-VPL (mean FIC index 0.60) combinations. We conclude that the FLX potentiates the CQ and MQ response on multidrug-resistant P. falciparum at clinically achievable concentrations.
  15. Roxithromycin potentiates the effects of chloroquine and mefloquine on multidrug-resistant Plasmodium falciparum in vitro
    Min TH, Khairul MF, Low JH, Che Nasriyyah CH, A'shikin AN, Norazmi MN, et al.
    Exp Parasitol, 2007 Apr;115(4):387-92.
    PMID: 17118354
    Chloroquine (CQ) and mefloquine (MQ) are no longer potent antimalarial drugs due to the emergence of resistant Plasmodium falciparum. Combination therapy has become the standard for many regimes in overcoming drug resistance. Roxithromycin (ROM), a known p-glycoprotein inhibitor, is reported to have antimalarial activity and it is hoped it will potentiate the effects of both CQ/MQ and reverse CQ/MQ-resistance. We assayed the effects of CQ and MQ individually and in combination with ROM on synchronized P. falciparum (Dd2 strain) cultures. The IC(50) values of CQ and MQ were 60.0+/-5.0 and 16.0+/-3.0 ng/ml; these were decreased substantially when combined with ROM. Isobolograms indicate that CQ-ROM combinations were relatively more synergistic (mean FICI 0.70) than MQ-ROM (mean FICI 0.85) with their synergistic effect at par with CQ-verapamil (VRP) (mean FICI 0.64) and MQ-VRP (mean FICI 0.60) combinations. We conclude that ROM potentiates the CQ/MQ response on multidrug-resistant P. falciparum.
  16. Modulation of cell growth and PPARgamma expression in human colorectal cancer cell lines by ciglitazone
    Yaacob NS, Darus HM, Norazmi MN
    Exp. Toxicol. Pathol., 2008 Sep;60(6):505-12.
    PMID: 18579355 DOI: 10.1016/j.etp.2008.05.006
    Studies have shown that ligand activation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARgamma) can induce differentiation and inhibit proliferation of several cancer cells. The present study was performed to investigate the effects of the PPARgamma ligand, ciglitazone, and the involvement of PPARgamma in modulating the growth of human colorectal cancer cells. Lactate dehydrogenase release assay showed that ciglitazone potently inhibited HT-29 (well-differentiated) and COLO-205 (poorly differentiated) colorectal adenocarcinoma cell growth. Measurement of apoptosis by flow cytometry using a fluorescein-conjugated monoclonal antibody against cytokeratin 18 revealed a high induction of apoptosis by ciglitazone in a time-dependent fashion. The expression of PPARgamma1 but not PPARgamma2 mRNA was significantly downregulated as measured by real-time quantitative PCR, and the PPARgamma protein levels were decreased as determined by Western blot analysis. We conclude that ciglitazone treatment suppressed colon cancer cell growth via induction of apoptosis. However, the anticancer effects of ciglitazone may not depend solely on PPARgamma activation.
  17. HLA polymorphism in six Malay subethnic groups in Malaysia
    Edinur HA, Zafarina Z, Spínola H, Nurhaslindawaty AR, Panneerchelvam S, Norazmi MN
    Hum Immunol, 2009 Jul;70(7):518-26.
    PMID: 19364514 DOI: 10.1016/j.humimm.2009.04.003
    In this study, human leukocyte antigen (HLA) class I and II were examined through sequence-specific primer typing in 176 unrelated individuals from six Malay subethnic groups of Peninsular Malaysia: Kelantan (n = 25), Minangkabau (34), Jawa (30), Bugis (31), Banjar (33), and Rawa (23). The most common HLA alleles in all groups were A*24 (26-41%), Cw*07 (24-32%), B*15 (22-30%), DRB1*12 (15-36%), and DQB1*03 (25-51%). The Malay subethnic groups studied demonstrated a close relationship to each other and to other Asian populations, despite specific differences between them. Banjar, Bugis, and Jawa Malays demonstrated no significant difference from each other, which could be a result of their related origin from the islands around the Java Sea. These three Malay subethnic groups were then collapsed into one group, which also helped to increase the sample number and sharpen statistical results. Minangkabau and Rawa Malays exhibited high similarities in allele group and haplotype frequencies, which could be a consequence of their common origin from Sumatera. Kelantan Malays, in addition to their statistically significant differences compared with the other groups, also exhibited differences on the most frequent haplotypes, which are almost absent in the other subethnic groups studied.
  18. Differential transcriptional expression of PPARalpha, PPARgamma1, and PPARgamma2 in the peritoneal macrophages and T-cell subsets of non-obese diabetic mice
    Yaacob NS, Kaderi MA, Norazmi MN
    J Clin Immunol, 2009 Sep;29(5):595-602.
    PMID: 19472040 DOI: 10.1007/s10875-009-9300-1
    BACKGROUND: The peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) have been implicated in immune regulation. We determined the transcriptional expression of the three isoforms, PPARalpha, PPARgamma1, and PPARgamma2 in the peritoneal macrophages, CD4- and CD8-positive lymphocytes in non-obese diabetic (NOD) mice at 5 and 10 weeks of age as well as at diabetic stage.

    RESULTS: Compared to the non-obese diabetic resistant (NOR) mice, the peritoneal macrophages of NOD mice expressed increased levels of PPARalpha but reduced levels of PPARgamma2, while PPARgamma1 expression was unchanged in all age groups. CD4-positive lymphocytes expressed low levels of PPARalpha in diabetic NOD mice and greatly reduced expression of PPARgamma2 in all age groups. Unlike peritoneal macrophages and CD4-positive cells, the CD8-positive cells expressed low levels of PPARgamma1 in diabetic NOD mice but no difference in PPARalpha and PPARgamma2 expression was observed compared to NOR mice.

    CONCLUSION: The current findings may suggest an important regulatory role of PPARs in the pathogenesis of autoimmune diabetes.

  19. Fulltext Plasmodium falciparum 19 kDa of merozoite surface protein-1 (MSP-1(19)) expressed in Mycobacterium bovis bacille Calmette Guerin (BCG) is reactive with an inhibitory but not a blocking monoclonal antibody
    Nurul AA, Rapeah S, Norazmi MN
    Trop Biomed, 2010 Apr;27(1):60-7.
    PMID: 20562815
    Proteins on the surface of Plasmodium falciparum merozoites are good targets for vaccine development against malaria because they are accessible to antibodies in the plasma. The 19 kDa C-terminus of merozoite surface protein-1 (MSP-1(19)) has been shown to induce both inhibitory as well as blocking antibodies, the latter blocking the protective effects of the former. Inhibitory antibodies bind to MSP-1(19) and inhibit merozoite invasion of red blood cells (RBC) but the binding of blocking antibodies can prevent binding of inhibitory antibodies thereby allowing the parasite to invade RBC. We constructed a synthetic version of the MSP-1(19) of the P. falciparum using mycobacterium codon usage by assembly PCR. The synthetic MSP-1(19) was mutated at various sites to promote the production of inhibitory but not blocking antibodies as previously reported. The native and mutated MSP-1(19) were cloned and expressed in Mycobacterium bovis bacille Calmette-Guerin (BCG) and the expressions of the recombinant proteins were detected by specific monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) namely, 12.10 and 1E1 against MSP-1(19) using Western blotting. The mutated MSP-1(19) protein reacted with the inhibitory mAb, 12.10, but not the blocking mAb, 1E1, paving the way for the construction of a potential recombinant BCG (rBCG) blood stage vaccine against malaria.
  20. Sequence polymorphisms of mtDNA HV1, HV2, and HV3 regions in the Malay population of Peninsular Malaysia
    Nur Haslindawaty AR, Panneerchelvam S, Edinur HA, Norazmi MN, Zafarina Z
    Int J Legal Med, 2010 Sep;124(5):415-26.
    PMID: 20502908 DOI: 10.1007/s00414-010-0469-x
    The uniparentally inherited mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) is in the limelight for the past two decades, in studies relating to demographic history of mankind and in forensic kinship testing. In this study, human mtDNA hypervariable segments 1, 2, and 3 (HV1, HV2, and HV3) were analyzed in 248 unrelated Malay individuals in Peninsular Malaysia. Combined analyses of HV1, HV2, and HV3 revealed a total of 180 mtDNA haplotypes with 149 unique haplotypes and 31 haplotypes occurring in more than one individual. The genetic diversity was estimated to be 99.47%, and the probability of any two individuals sharing the same mtDNA haplotype was 0.93%. The most frequent mtDNA haplotype (73, 146, 150, 195, 263, 315.1C, 16140, 16182C, 16183C, 16189, 16217, 16274, and 16335) was shared by 11 (4.44%) individuals. The nucleotide diversity and mean of pair-wise differences were found to be 0.036063 ± 0.020101 and 12.544022 ± 6.230486, respectively.
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