Displaying publications 1 - 20 of 77 in total

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  1. Disability in schizophrenia and mood disorders in a developing country
    Rahman MB, Indran SK
    Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol, 1997 Oct;32(7):387-90.
    PMID: 9383969
    The aim of this study was to investigate how the prevalence and severity of psychiatric disabilities in patients with chronic schizophrenia compares with that in patients with chronic mood disorders. A total of 128 patients, 80 with chronic schizophrenia and 48 with chronic mood disorders as confirmed by DSM-III-R, were examined using the World Health Organization Psychiatric Disability Assessment Schedule (WHO/ DAS). There were no significant differences in the prevalence and severity of disabilities between the two disorders. Two-thirds of the patients with chronic schizophrenia and over half the patients with chronic mood disorders had dysfunctional behaviour and experienced significant disabilities. The prevalence of disabilities among these Malaysian patients was not markedly different from that seen in developed countries, suggesting that the prognosis in developing countries may not be as favourable as previously thought.
  2. Fulltext Effect of alcohol structure on the optimum condition for novozym 435-catalyzed synthesis of adipate esters
    Abdul Rahman MB, Chaibakhsh N, Basri M
    Biotechnol Res Int, 2011;2011:162987.
    PMID: 22389769 DOI: 10.4061/2011/162987
    Immobilized Candida antarctica lipase B, Novozym 435, was used as the biocatalyst in the esterification of adipic acid with four different isomers of butanol (n-butanol, sec-butanol, iso-butanol, and tert-butanol). Optimum conditions for the synthesis of adipate esters were obtained using response surface methodology approach with a four-factor-five-level central composite design concerning important reaction parameters which include time, temperature, substrate molar ratio, and amount of enzyme. Reactions under optimized conditions has yielded a high percentage of esterification (>96%) for n-butanol, iso-butanol, and sec-butanol, indicating that extent of esterification is independent of the alcohol structure for primary and secondary alcohols at the optimum conditions. Minimum reaction time (135 min) for achieving maximum ester yield was obtained for iso-butanol. The required time for attaining maximum yield and also the initial rates in the synthesis of di-n-butyl and di-sec-butyl adipate were nearly the same. Immobilized Candida antarctica lipase B was also capable of esterifying tert-butanol with a maximum yield of 39.1%. The enzyme is highly efficient biocatalyst for the synthesis of adipate esters by offering a simple production process and a high esterification yield.
  3. Monte Carlo simulation of mixed nonionic Brij surfactants in water
    Yahya R, Karjiban RA, Basri M, Rahman MB, Girardi M
    J Mol Model, 2014 Nov;20(11):2512.
    PMID: 25381172 DOI: 10.1007/s00894-014-2512-1
    Nonionic surfactants such as the Brij® series are important in the preparation of transdermal drug nanodelivery products using nanoemulsions because of their low toxicity and low irritancy. Here, Monte Carlo (MC) simulation was used to examine the physical behavior of the model deterministic system by using sampling procedures. Metropolis MC simulations were run on three mixtures of two different nonionic surfactants, Brij92 and Brij96, with different compositions in aqueous solution. The system was simulated in the canonical ensemble with constant temperature, volume and number of molecules. Hence, the acceptance ratio for single atom moves of the mixed surfactants increased as the concentration of surfactants increased from 0.494 to 0.591. The lowest total energy for the mixed surfactant systems was -99,039 kcal mol(-1) due to the interaction between all molecules in the system simulated. The physicochemical properties of models such as the radius of gyration and radial distribution function, were also determined. These observations indicate that the behavior and physicochemical of mixed surfactant and PKOEs nanoemulsion systems were described adequately during the simulation.
  4. An insight into structure and stability of DNA in ionic liquids from molecular dynamics simulation and experimental studies
    Jumbri K, Abdul Rahman MB, Abdulmalek E, Ahmad H, Micaelo NM
    Phys Chem Chem Phys, 2014 Jul 21;16(27):14036-46.
    PMID: 24901033 DOI: 10.1039/c4cp01159g
    Molecular dynamics simulation and biophysical analysis were employed to reveal the characteristics and the influence of ionic liquids (ILs) on the structural properties of DNA. Both computational and experimental evidence indicate that DNA retains its native B-conformation in ILs. Simulation data show that the hydration shells around the DNA phosphate group were the main criteria for DNA stabilization in this ionic media. Stronger hydration shells reduce the binding ability of ILs' cations to the DNA phosphate group, thus destabilizing the DNA. The simulation results also indicated that the DNA structure maintains its duplex conformation when solvated by ILs at different temperatures up to 373.15 K. The result further suggests that the thermal stability of DNA at high temperatures is related to the solvent thermodynamics, especially entropy and enthalpy of water. All the molecular simulation results were consistent with the experimental findings. The understanding of the properties of IL-DNA could be used as a basis for future development of specific ILs for nucleic acid technology.
  5. Fulltext Modification of palm kernel oil esters nanoemulsions with hydrocolloid gum for enhanced topical delivery of ibuprofen
    Salim N, Basri M, Rahman MB, Abdullah DK, Basri H
    Int J Nanomedicine, 2012;7:4739-47.
    PMID: 22973096 DOI: 10.2147/IJN.S34700
    During recent years, there has been growing interest in the use of nanoemulsion as a drug-carrier system for topical delivery. A nanoemulsion is a transparent mixture of oil, surfactant and water with a very low viscosity, usually the product of its high water content. The present study investigated the modification of nanoemulsions with different hydrocolloid gums, to enhanced drug delivery of ibuprofen. The in vitro characterization of the initial and modified nanoemulsions was also studied.
  6. Fulltext Structure-based and ligand-based virtual screening of novel methyltransferase inhibitors of the dengue virus
    Lim SV, Rahman MB, Tejo BA
    BMC Bioinformatics, 2011;12 Suppl 13:S24.
    PMID: 22373153 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2105-12-S13-S24
    The dengue virus is the most significant arthropod-borne human pathogen, and an increasing number of cases have been reported over the last few decades. Currently neither vaccines nor drugs against the dengue virus are available. NS5 methyltransferase (MTase), which is located on the surface of the dengue virus and assists in viral attachment to the host cell, is a promising antiviral target. In order to search for novel inhibitors of NS5 MTase, we performed a computer-aided virtual screening of more than 5 million commercially available chemical compounds using two approaches: i) structure-based screening using the crystal structure of NS5 MTase and ii) ligand-based screening using active ligands of NS5 MTase. Structure-based screening was performed using the LIDAEUS (LIgand Discovery At Edinburgh UniverSity) program. The ligand-based screening was carried out using the EDULISS (EDinburgh University LIgand Selection System) program.
  7. Fulltext Optimization of lipase-mediated synthesis of 1-nonene oxide using phenylacetic acid and hydrogen peroxide
    Abdulmalek E, Arumugam M, Basri M, Rahman MB
    Int J Mol Sci, 2012;13(10):13140-9.
    PMID: 23202943 DOI: 10.3390/ijms131013140
    Herein, an efficient epoxidation of 1-nonene is described. In a simple epoxidation system, commercially available Novozym 435, an immobilized Candida antarctica lipase B, and hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2)) were utilized to facilitate the in situ oxidation of phenylacetic acid to the corresponding peroxy acid which then reacted with 1-nonene to give 1-nonene oxide with high yield and selectivity. The aliphatic terminal alkene was epoxidised efficiently in chloroform to give an excellent yield (97%-99%) under the optimum reaction conditions, including temperature (35 °C), initial H(2)O(2) concentration (30%), H(2)O(2) amount (4.4 mmol), H(2)O(2) addition rate (one step), acid amount (8.8 mmol), and stirring speed (250 rpm). Interestingly, the enzyme was stable under the single-step addition of H(2)O(2) with a catalytic activity of 190.0 Ug-1. The entire epoxidation process was carried out within 12 h using a conventional water bath shaker.
  8. Molecular dynamics of thermoenzymes at high temperature and pressure: a review
    Abedi Karjiban R, Lim WZ, Basri M, Abdul Rahman MB
    Protein J, 2014 Aug;33(4):369-76.
    PMID: 24871480 DOI: 10.1007/s10930-014-9568-8
    Lipases are known for their versatility in addition to their ability to digest fat. They can be used for the formulation of detergents, as food ingredients and as biocatalysts in many industrial processes. Because conventional enzymes are frangible at high temperatures, the replacement of conventional chemical routes with biochemical processes that utilize thermostable lipases is vital in the industrial setting. Recent theoretical studies on enzymes have provided numerous fundamental insights into the structures, folding mechanisms and stabilities of these proteins. The studies corroborate the experimental results and provide additional information regarding the structures that were determined experimentally. In this paper, we review the computational studies that have described how temperature affects the structure and dynamics of thermoenzymes, including the thermoalkalophilic L1 lipase derived from Bacillus stearothermophilus. We will also discuss the potential of using pressure for the analysis of the stability of thermoenzymes because high pressure is also important for the processing and preservation of foods.
  9. Modeling and optimization of lipase-catalyzed production of succinic acid ester using central composite design analysis
    Abdul Rahman MB, Jarmi NI, Chaibakhsh N, Basri M
    J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol, 2011 Jan;38(1):229-34.
    PMID: 20803246 DOI: 10.1007/s10295-010-0817-3
    Esterification of succinic acid with oleyl alcohol catalyzed by immobilized Candida antarctica lipase B (Novozym 435) was investigated in this study. Response surface methodology (RSM) based on a five-level, four-variable central composite design (CCD) was used to model and analyze the reaction. A total of 21 experiments representing different combinations of the four parameters including temperature (35-65°C), time (30-450 min), enzyme amount (20-400 mg), and alcohol:acid molar ratio (1:1-8:1) were generated. A partial cubic equation could accurately model the response surface with a R(2) of 0.9853. The effect and interactions of the variables on the ester synthesis were also studied. Temperature was found to be the most significant parameter that influenced the succinate ester synthesis. At the optimal conditions of 41.1°C, 272.8 min, 20 mg enzyme amount and 7.8:1 alcohol:acid molar ratio, the esterification percentage was 85.0%. The model can present a rapid means for estimating the conversion yield of succinate ester within the selected ranges.
  10. Anticancer activity of 3-O-acylated betulinic acid derivatives obtained by enzymatic synthesis
    Ahmad FB, Ghaffari Moghaddam M, Basri M, Abdul Rahman MB
    Biosci Biotechnol Biochem, 2010;74(5):1025-9.
    PMID: 20460723
    An easy and efficient strategy to prepare betulinic acid esters with various anhydrides was used by the enzymatic synthesis method. It involves lipase-catalyzed acylation of betulinic acid with anhydrides as acylating agents in organic solvent. Lipase from Candida antarctica immobilized on an acrylic resin (Novozym 435) was employed as a biocatalyst. Several 3-O-acyl-betulinic acid derivatives were successfully obtained by this procedure. The anticancer activity of betulinic acid and its 3-O-acylated derivatives were then evaluated in vitro against human lung carcinoma (A549) and human ovarian (CAOV3) cancer cell lines. 3-O-glutaryl-betulinic acid, 3-O-acetyl-betulinic acid, and 3-O-succinyl-betulinic acid showed IC(50)<10 microg/ml against A549 cancer cell line tested and showed better cytotoxicity than betulinic acid. In an ovarian cancer cell line, all betulinic acid derivatives prepared showed weaker cytotoxicity than betulinic acid.
  11. Binding of tetrabutylammonium bromide based deep eutectic solvent to DNA by spectroscopic analysis
    Yusof R, Jumbri K, Ahmad H, Abdulmalek E, Abdul Rahman MB
    Spectrochim Acta A Mol Biomol Spectrosc, 2021 May 15;253:119543.
    PMID: 33636491 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2021.119543
    The binding characteristics of DNA in deep eutectic solvents (DESs), particularly the binding energy and interaction mechanism, are not widely known. In this study, the binding of tetrabutylammonium bromide (TBABr) based DES of different hydrogen bond donors (HBD), including ethylene glycol (EG), glycerol (Gly), 1,3-propanediol (1,3-PD) and 1,5-pentanediol (1,5-PD), to calf thymus DNA was investigated using fluorescence spectroscopy. It was found that the shorter the alkyl chain length (2 carbons) and higher EG ratios of TBABr:EG (1:5) increased the binding constant (Kb) between DES and DNA up to 5.75 × 105 kJ mol-1 and decreased the binding of Gibbs energy (ΔGo) to 32.86 kJ mol-1. Through displacement studies, all synthesised DESs have been shown to displace DAPI (4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole) and were able to bind on the minor groove of Adenine-Thymine (AT)-rich DNA. A higher number of hydroxyl (OH) groups caused the TBABr:Gly to form more hydrogen bonds with DNA bases and had the highest ability to quench DAPI from DNA, with Stern-Volmer constants (Ksv) of 115.16 M-1. This study demonstrated that the synthesised DESs were strongly bound to DNA through a combination of electrostatic, hydrophobic, and groove binding. Hence, DES has the potential to solvate and stabilise nucleic acid structures.
  12. Fulltext Elucidating the Aromatic Properties of Covalent Organic Frameworks Surface for Enhanced Polar Solvent Adsorption
    Borzehandani MY, Abdulmalek E, Abdul Rahman MB, Latif MAM
    Polymers (Basel), 2021 Jun 03;13(11).
    PMID: 34205141 DOI: 10.3390/polym13111861
    Covalent organic frameworks (COFs) have a distinguished surface as they are mostly made by boron, carbon, nitrogen and oxygen. Many applications of COFs rely on polarity, size, charge, stability and hydrophobicity/hydrophilicity of their surface. In this study, two frequently used COFs sheets, COF-1 and covalent triazine-based frameworks (CTF-1), are studied. In addition, a theoretical porous graphene (TPG) was included for comparison purposes. The three solid sheets were investigated for aromaticity and stability using quantum mechanics calculations and their ability for water and ethanol adsorption using molecular dynamics simulations. COF-1 demonstrated the poorest aromatic character due to the highest energy delocalization interaction between B-O bonding orbital of sigma type and unfilled valence-shell nonbonding of boron. CTF-1 was identified as the least kinetically stable and the most chemically reactive. Both COF-1 and CTF-1 showed good surface properties for selective adsorption of water via hydrogen bonding and electrostatic interactions. Among the three sheets, TPG's surface was mostly affected by aromatic currents and localized π electrons on the phenyl rings which in turn made it the best platform for selective adsorption of ethanol via van der Waals interactions. These results can serve as guidelines for future studies on solvent adsorption for COFs materials.
  13. Synthesis and in vitro Bioactivity Evaluation of New Galactose and Fructose Ester Derivatives of 5-Aminosalicylic Acid
    Yousefi S, Bayat S, Rahman MB, Ibrahim Z, Abdulmalek E
    Chem Biodivers, 2017 Apr;14(4).
    PMID: 28036129 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.201600362
    Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is the main risk factor for developing colorectal cancer which is common in patients of all ages. 5-Aminosalicylic acid (5-ASA), structurally related to the salicylates, is highly active in the treatment of IBD with minor side effects. In this study, the synthesis of galactose and fructose esters of 5-ASA was planned to evaluate the role of glycoconjugation on the bioactivity of the parent drug. The antibacterial activity of the new compounds were evaluated against two Gram-negative and two Gram-positive species of bacteria, with a notable effect observed against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli in comparisons with the 5-ASA. Cytotoxicity testing over HT-29 and 3T3 cell lines indicated that the toxicity of the new products against normal cells was significantly reduced compared with the original drug, whereas their activity against cancerous cells was slightly decreased. The anti-inflammatory activity test in RAW264.7 macrophage cells indicated that the inhibition of nitric oxide by both of the monosaccharide conjugated derivatives was slightly improved in comparison with the non-conjugated drug.
  14. Fulltext Size-Controlled Preparation of Docetaxel- and Curcumin-Loaded Nanoemulsions for Potential Pulmonary Delivery
    Asmawi AA, Salim N, Abdulmalek E, Abdul Rahman MB
    Pharmaceutics, 2023 Feb 15;15(2).
    PMID: 36839974 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15020652
    Lung cancer is one of the deadliest pulmonary diseases in the world. Although docetaxel (DTX) has exhibited superior efficacy in lung cancer treatment, it has demonstrated numerous adverse effects and poor bioavailability. The natural product extract, curcumin (CCM), has reportedly reduced toxicity and synergistically improved DTX bioavailability. Nonetheless, the hydrophobic nature of DTX and CCM limits their clinical use. Nanoemulsion pulmonary delivery of DTX and CCM has demonstrated potential as a drug carrier to alleviate these drawbacks. The controlled preparation of inhalable DTX- and CCM-loaded nanoemulsions within the 100 to 200 nm range was explored in this study. A response surface methodology (RSM) based on a central composite design (CCD) was utilized to fabricate the desired size of the nanoemulsion under optimized conditions. Different process parameters were employed to control the size of the nanoemulsions procured through a high-energy emulsification technique. The size of the resultant nanoemulsions decreased with increasing energy input. The actual response according to the targeted sizes for DTX- and CCM-loaded nanoemulsion models exhibited excellent agreement with the predicted value at below 5% residual standard error under optimized conditions. The nanoemulsion of 100 nm particle size demonstrated better membrane permeability than their larger counterparts. Moreover, the formulations documented favorable physicochemical and aerodynamic pulmonary delivery properties and reduced toxicity in human lung fibroblast (MRC-5) cells. Hence, this tunable size of nanoemulsions could be a suitable alternative drug delivery for pulmonary diseases with increased local lung concentration.
  15. Fulltext Selection of a compatible electron transport layer and hole transport layer for the mixed perovskite FA0.85Cs0.15Pb (I0.85Br0.15)3, towards achieving novel structure and high-efficiency perovskite solar cells: a detailed numerical study by SCAPS-1D
    Rahman MB, Noor-E-Ashrafi, Miah MH, Khandaker MU, Islam MA
    RSC Adv, 2023 Jun 05;13(25):17130-17142.
    PMID: 37293469 DOI: 10.1039/d3ra02170j
    The first and foremost intent of our present study is to design a perovskite solar cell favorable for realistic applications with excellent efficiency by utilizing SCAPS-1D. To ensure this motive, the detection of a compatible electron transport layer (ETL) and hole transport layer (HTL) for the suggested mixed perovskite layer entitled FA0.85Cs0.15Pb (I0.85Br0.15)3 (MPL) was carried out, employing diver ETLs such as SnO2, PCBM, TiO2, ZnO, CdS, WO3 and WS2, and HTLs such as Spiro-OMeTAD, P3HT, CuO, Cu2O, CuI, and MoO3. The attained simulated results, especially for FTO/SnO2/FA0.85Cs0.15Pb (I0.85Br0.15)3/Spiro-OMeTAD/Au, have been authenticated by the theoretical and experimental data, which endorse our simulation process. From the detailed numerical analysis, WS2 and MoO3 were chosen as ETL and HTL, respectively, for designing the proposed novel structure of FA0.85Cs0.15Pb (I0.85Br0.15)3-based perovskite solar cells. With the inspection of several parameters such as variation of the thickness of FA0.85Cs0.15Pb (I0.85Br0.15)3, WS2, and MoO3 including different defect densities, the novel proposed structure has been optimized, and a noteworthy efficiency of 23.39% was achieved with the photovoltaic parameters of VOC = 1.07 V, JSC = 21.83 mA cm-2, and FF = 73.41%. The dark J-V analysis unraveled the reasons for the excellent photovoltaic parameters of our optimized structure. Furthermore, the scrutinizing of QE, C-V, Mott-Schottky plot, and the impact of the hysteresis of the optimized structure was executed for further investigation. Our overall investigation disclosed the fact that the proposed novel structure (FTO/WS2/FA0.85Cs0.15Pb (I0.85Br0.15)3/MoO3/Au) can be attested as a supreme structure for perovskite solar cells with greater efficiency as well as admissible for practical purposes.
  16. Fulltext Modeling the Effect of Composition on Formation of Aerosolized Nanoemulsion System Encapsulating Docetaxel and Curcumin Using D-Optimal Mixture Experimental Design
    Asmawi AA, Salim N, Abdulmalek E, Abdul Rahman MB
    Int J Mol Sci, 2020 Jun 19;21(12).
    PMID: 32575390 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21124357
    The synergistic anticancer effect of docetaxel (DTX) and curcumin (CCM) has emerged as an attractive therapeutic candidate for lung cancer treatment. However, the lack of optimal bioavailability because of high toxicity, low stability, and poor solubility has limited their clinical success. Given this, an aerosolized nanoemulsion system for pulmonary delivery is recommended to mitigate these drawbacks. In this study, DTX- and CCM-loaded nanoemulsions were optimized using the D-optimal mixture experimental design (MED). The effect of nanoemulsion compositions towards two response variables, namely, particle size and aerosol size, was studied. The optimized formulations for both DTX- and CCM-loaded nanoemulsions were determined, and their physicochemical and aerodynamic properties were evaluated as well. The MED models achieved the optimum formulation for DTX- and CCM-loaded nanoemulsions containing a 6.0 wt% mixture of palm kernel oil ester (PKOE) and safflower seed oils (1:1), 2.5 wt% of lecithin, 2.0 wt% mixture of Tween 85 and Span 85 (9:1), and 2.5 wt% of glycerol in the aqueous phase. The actual values of the optimized formulations were in line with the predicted values obtained from the MED, and they exhibited desirable attributes of physicochemical and aerodynamic properties for inhalation therapy. Thus, the optimized formulations have potential use as a drug delivery system for a pulmonary application.
  17. Fulltext Progress in Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticles as Drug Delivery Agents for Cancer Treatment
    Mohamed Isa ED, Ahmad H, Abdul Rahman MB, Gill MR
    Pharmaceutics, 2021 Jan 24;13(2).
    PMID: 33498885 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13020152
    Cancer treatment and therapy have made significant leaps and bounds in these past decades. However, there are still cases where surgical removal is impossible, metastases are challenging, and chemotherapy and radiotherapy pose severe side effects. Therefore, a need to find more effective and specific treatments still exists. One way is through the utilization of drug delivery agents (DDA) based on nanomaterials. In 2001, mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSNs) were first used as DDA and have gained considerable attention in this field. The popularity of MSNs is due to their unique properties such as tunable particle and pore size, high surface area and pore volume, easy functionalization and surface modification, high stability and their capability to efficiently entrap cargo molecules. This review describes the latest advancement of MSNs as DDA for cancer treatment. We focus on the fabrication of MSNs, the challenges in DDA development and how MSNs address the problems through the development of smart DDA using MSNs. Besides that, MSNs have also been applied as a multifunctional DDA where they can serve in both the diagnostic and treatment of cancer. Overall, we argue MSNs provide a bright future for both the diagnosis and treatment of cancer.
  18. Fulltext Tetrabutylammonium bromide (TBABr)-based deep eutectic solvents (DESs) and their physical properties
    Yusof R, Abdulmalek E, Sirat K, Rahman MB
    Molecules, 2014 Jun 13;19(6):8011-26.
    PMID: 24932572 DOI: 10.3390/molecules19068011
    Density, viscosity and ionic conductivity data sets of deep eutectic solvents (DESs) formed by tetrabutylammonium bromide (TBABr) paired with ethlyene glycol, 1,3-propanediol, 1,5-pentanediol and glycerol hydrogen bond donors (HBDs) are reported. The properties of DES were measured at temperatures between 303 K and 333 K for HBD percentages of 66.7% to 90%. The effects of HBDs under different temperature and percentages are systematically analyzed. As expected, the measured density and viscosity of the studied DESs decreased with an increase in temperature, while ionic conductivity increases with temperature. In general, DESs made of TBABr and glycerol showed the highest density and viscosity and the lowest ionic conductivity when compared to other DESs. The presence of an extra hydroxyl group on glycerol in a DES affected the properties of the DES.
  19. Fulltext Molecular dynamics simulation of palmitate ester self-assembly with diclofenac
    Abedi Karjiban R, Basri M, Abdul Rahman MB, Salleh AB
    Int J Mol Sci, 2012;13(8):9572-9583.
    PMID: 22949816 DOI: 10.3390/ijms13089572
    Palm oil-based esters (POEs) are unsaturated and non-ionic esters with a great potential to act as chemical penetration enhancers and drug carriers for transdermal drug nano-delivery. A ratio of palmitate ester and nonionic Tween80 with and without diclofenac acid was chosen from an experimentally determined phase diagram. Molecular dynamics simulations were performed for selected compositions over a period of 15 ns. Both micelles showed a prolate-like shape, while adding the drug produced a more compact micellar structure. Our results proposed that the drug could behave as a co-surfactant in our simulated model.
  20. Fulltext Optimization of nanoemulsion containing gemcitabine and evaluation of its cytotoxicity towards human fetal lung fibroblast (MRC5) and human lung carcinoma (A549) cells
    Wahgiman NA, Salim N, Abdul Rahman MB, Ashari SE
    Int J Nanomedicine, 2019;14:7323-7338.
    PMID: 31686809 DOI: 10.2147/IJN.S212635
    BACKGROUND: Gemcitabine (GEM) is a chemotherapeutic agent, which is known to battle cancer but challenging due to its hydrophilic nature. Nanoemulsion is water-in-oil (W/O) nanoemulsion shows potential as a carrier system in delivering gemcitabine to the cancer cell.

    METHODS: The behaviour of GEM in MCT/surfactants/NaCl systems was studied in the ternary system at different ratios of Tween 80 and Span 80. The system with surfactant ratio 3:7 of Tween 80 and Span 80 was chosen for further study on the preparation of nanoemulsion formulation due to the highest isotropic region. Based on the selected ternary phase diagram, a composition of F1 was chosen and used for optimization by using the D-optimal mixture design. The interaction variables between medium chain triglyceride (MCT), surfactant mixture Tween 80: Span 80 (ratio 3:7), 0.9 % sodium chloride solution and gemcitabine were evaluated towards particle size as a response.

    RESULTS: The results showed that NaCl solution and GEM gave more effects on particle size, polydispersity index and zeta potential of 141.57±0.05 nm, 0.168 and -37.10 mV, respectively. The optimized nanoemulsion showed good stability (no phase separation) against centrifugation test and storage at three different temperatures. The in vitro release of gemcitabine at different pH buffer solution was evaluated. The results showed the release of GEM in buffer pH 6.5 (45.19%) was higher than GEM in buffer pH 7.4 (13.62%). The cytotoxicity study showed that the optimized nanoemulsion containing GEM induced cytotoxicity towards A549 cell and at the same time reduced cytotoxicity towards MRC5 when compared to the control (GEM solution).

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