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  1. Fulltext Physicochemical Characterization, Molecular Docking, and In Vitro Dissolution of Glimepiride-Captisol Inclusion Complexes
    Pal A, Roy S, Kumar A, Mahmood S, Khodapanah N, Thomas S, et al.
    ACS Omega, 2020 Aug 18;5(32):19968-19977.
    PMID: 32832751 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.0c01228
    This present study investigated the effect of Captisol, a chemically modified cyclodextrin, on the in vitro dissolution of glimepiride. We prepared glimepiride-Captisol complexes of different mass ratios (1:1, 1:2, and 1:3 w/w) by a physical mixing or freeze-drying technique, and found that complexation with Captisol enhanced the water solubility of glimepiride. Molecular docking and dynamic simulation predicted complex formation; at the same time, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, powder X-ray diffractometry, and scanning electron microscope indicated molecular interactions that support complexation. We also found that an inclusion complex was better than a physical mixture in enhancing the complexation of glimepiride with Captisol and enhancing water solubility. Phase solubility study of the glimepiride-Captisol complex showed an AL-type profile, implying the formation of a 1:1 inclusion complex. The study also revealed that pH influenced the stability of the complex because the stability constant of the glimepiride-Captisol complex was higher in distilled water of pH ∼6.0 than in phosphate buffer of pH 7.2.
  2. Fulltext Train-the-Trainers in hand hygiene: a standardized approach to guide education in infection prevention and control
    Tartari E, Fankhauser C, Masson-Roy S, Márquez-Villarreal H, Fernández Moreno I, Rodriguez Navas ML, et al.
    Antimicrob Resist Infect Control, 2019;8:206.
    PMID: 31893040 DOI: 10.1186/s13756-019-0666-4
    Background: Harmonization in hand hygiene training for infection prevention and control (IPC) professionals is lacking. We describe a standardized approach to training, using a "Train-the-Trainers" (TTT) concept for IPC professionals and assess its impact on hand hygiene knowledge in six countries.

    Methods: We developed a three-day simulation-based TTT course based on the World Health Organization (WHO) Multimodal Hand Hygiene Improvement Strategy. To evaluate its impact, we have performed a pre-and post-course knowledge questionnaire. The Wilcoxon signed-rank test was used to compare the results before and after training.

    Results: Between June 2016 and January 2018 we conducted seven TTT courses in six countries: Iran, Malaysia, Mexico, South Africa, Spain and Thailand. A total of 305 IPC professionals completed the programme. Participants included nurses (n = 196; 64.2%), physicians (n = 53; 17.3%) and other health professionals (n = 56; 18.3%). In total, participants from more than 20 countries were trained. A significant (p 

  3. Fulltext A cost-effectiveness comparison of the NICE 2015 and WHO 2013 diagnostic criteria for women with gestational diabetes with and without risk factors
    Jacklin PB, Maresh MJ, Patterson CC, Stanley KP, Dornhorst A, Burman-Roy S, et al.
    BMJ Open, 2017 Aug 11;7(8):e016621.
    PMID: 28801424 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2017-016621
    OBJECTIVES: To compare the cost-effectiveness (CE) of the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) 2015 and the WHO 2013 diagnostic thresholds for gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM).

    SETTING: The analysis was from the perspective of the National Health Service in England and Wales.

    PARTICIPANTS: 6221 patients from four of the Hyperglycaemia and Adverse Pregnancy Outcomes (HAPO) study centres (two UK, two Australian), 6308 patients from the Atlantic Diabetes in Pregnancy study and 12 755 patients from UK clinical practice.

    PRIMARY AND SECONDARY OUTCOME MEASURES PLANNED: The incremental cost per quality-adjusted life year (QALY), net monetary benefit (NMB) and the probability of being cost-effective at CE thresholds of £20 000 and £30 000 per QALY.

    RESULTS: In a population of pregnant women from the four HAPO study centres and using NICE-defined risk factors for GDM, diagnosing GDM using NICE 2015 criteria had an NMB of £239 902 (relative to no treatment) at a CE threshold of £30 000 per QALY compared with WHO 2013 criteria, which had an NMB of £186 675. NICE 2015 criteria had a 51.5% probability of being cost-effective compared with the WHO 2013 diagnostic criteria, which had a 27.6% probability of being cost-effective (no treatment had a 21.0% probability of being cost-effective). For women without NICE risk factors in this population, the NMBs for NICE 2015 and WHO 2013 criteria were both negative relative to no treatment and no treatment had a 78.1% probability of being cost-effective.

    CONCLUSION: The NICE 2015 diagnostic criteria for GDM can be considered cost-effective relative to the WHO 2013 alternative at a CE threshold of £30 000 per QALY. Universal screening for GDM was not found to be cost-effective relative to screening based on NICE risk factors.

  4. Fulltext Hypertension care in demographic surveillance sites: a cross-sectional study in Bangladesh, India, Indonesia, Malaysia, Viet Nam
    Geldsetzer P, Tan MM, Dewi FS, Quyen BT, Juvekar S, Hanifi SM, et al.
    Bull World Health Organ, 2022 Oct 01;100(10):601-609.
    PMID: 36188011 DOI: 10.2471/BLT.22.287807
    Objective: To determine the proportion of adults with hypertension who reported: (i) having been previously diagnosed with hypertension; (ii) taking blood pressure-lowering medication; and (iii) having achieved hypertension control, in five health and demographic surveillance system sites across five countries in Asia.

    Methods: Data were collected during household surveys conducted between 2016 and 2020 in the five surveillance sites in Bangladesh, India, Indonesia, Malaysia and Viet Nam. We defined hypertension as systolic blood pressure ≥ 140 mmHg, diastolic blood pressure ≥ 90 mmHg or taking blood pressure-lowering medication. We defined hypertension control as systolic blood pressure

  5. A novel nano-anti-malarial induces redox damage and elicits cytokine response to the parasite
    Das S, Tripathy S, Pramanik P, Saha B, Roy S
    Cytokine, 2021 08;144:155555.
    PMID: 33992538 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2021.155555
    Emergence and spread of resistant parasites to the newest chemotherapeutic anti-malarial agents are the biggest challenges against malaria control programs. Therefore, developing a novel effective treatment to reduce the overgrowing burden of multidrug resistant malaria is a pressing need. Herein, we have developed a biocompatible and biodegradable, non-toxic chitosan-tripolyphosphate-chloroquine (CS-TPP CQ) nanoparticle. CS-TPP CQ nanoparticles effectively kill the parasite through redox generation and induction of the pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines in both sensitive and resistant parasite in vitro. The in vitro observations showed a strong inhibitory effect (p 
  6. Synthesis, structure, solution behavior, reactivity and biological evaluation of oxidovanadium(iv/v) thiosemicarbazone complexes
    Saswati, Adão P, Majumder S, Dash SP, Roy S, Kuznetsov ML, et al.
    Dalton Trans, 2018 Aug 21;47(33):11358-11374.
    PMID: 30059099 DOI: 10.1039/c8dt01668b
    The synthesis and characterization of an oxidovanadium(iv) [VIVO(L)(acac)] (1) and of two dioxidovanadium(v) [VVO2(L')] (2) and [VVO2(L)] (2a) complexes of the Schiff base formed from the reaction of 4-(p-fluorophenyl) thiosemicarbazone with pyridine-2-aldehyde (HL) are described. The oxidovanadium(iv) species [VIVO(L)(acac)] (1) was synthesized by the reaction of VIVO(acac)2 with the thiosemicarbazone HL in refluxing ethanol. The recrystallization of [VIVO(L)(acac)] (1) in DMF, CH3CN or EtOH gave the same product i.e. the dioxidovanadium(v) complex [VVO2(L)] (2a); however, upon recrystallization of 1 in DMSO a distinct compound [VVO2(L')] (2) was formed, wherein the original ligand L- is transformed to a rearranged one, L'-. In the presence of DMSO the ligand in complex 1 is found to undergo methylation at the carbon centre attached to imine nitrogen (aldimine) and transformed to the corresponding VVO2-species through in situ reaction. The synthesized HL and the metal complexes were characterized by elemental analysis, IR, UV-Vis, NMR and EPR spectroscopy. The molecular structure of [VVO2(L')] (2) was determined by single crystal X-ray crystallography. The methylation of various other ligands and complexes prepared from different vanadium precursors under similar reaction conditions was also attempted and it was confirmed that the imine methylation observed is both ligand and metal precursor specific. Complexes 1 and 2 show in vitro insulin-like activity against insulin responsive L6 myoblast cells, higher than VIVO(acac)2, with complex 1 being more potent. In addition, the in vitro cytotoxicity studies of HL, and of complexes 1 and 2 against the MCF-7 and Vero cell lines were also done. The ligand is not cytotoxic and complex 2 is significantly more cytotoxic than 1. DAPI staining experiments indicate that an increase in the time of incubation and an increase of concentration of the complexes lead to the increase in cell death.
  7. Realization of a Novel Free-Piston Engine Generator for Hybrid-Electric Vehicle Applications
    Smallbone A, Hanipah MR, Jia B, Scott T, Heslop J, Towell B, et al.
    Energy Fuels, 2020 Oct 15;34(10):12926-12939.
    PMID: 33122874 DOI: 10.1021/acs.energyfuels.0c01647
    Free-piston engine generators (FPEGs) have huge potential to be the principal energy conversion device for generating electricity from fuel as part of a hybrid-electric vehicle (EV) powertrain system. The principal advantages lay in the fact that they are theoretically more efficient, more compact, and more lightweight compared to other competing EV hybrid and range-extender solutions (internal combustion engines, rotary engines, fuel cells, etc.). However, this potential has yet to be realized. This article details a novel dual-piston FPEG configuration and presents the full layout of a system and provides technical evidence of a commercial FPEG system's likely size and weight. The work also presents the first results obtained from a project which set-out to realize an operational FPEG system in hardware through the development and testing of a flexible prototype test platform. The work presents the performance and control system characteristics, for a first of a kind system; these show great technical potential with stable and repeatable combustion events achieved with around 700 W per cylinder and 26% indicated efficiency.
  8. The molecular landscape of neurological disorders: insights from single-cell RNA sequencing in neurology and neurosurgery
    Awuah WA, Ahluwalia A, Ghosh S, Roy S, Tan JK, Adebusoye FT, et al.
    Eur J Med Res, 2023 Nov 16;28(1):529.
    PMID: 37974227 DOI: 10.1186/s40001-023-01504-w
    Single-cell ribonucleic acid sequencing (scRNA-seq) has emerged as a transformative technology in neurological and neurosurgical research, revolutionising our comprehension of complex neurological disorders. In brain tumours, scRNA-seq has provided valuable insights into cancer heterogeneity, the tumour microenvironment, treatment resistance, and invasion patterns. It has also elucidated the brain tri-lineage cancer hierarchy and addressed limitations of current models. Neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis have been molecularly subtyped, dysregulated pathways have been identified, and potential therapeutic targets have been revealed using scRNA-seq. In epilepsy, scRNA-seq has explored the cellular and molecular heterogeneity underlying the condition, uncovering unique glial subpopulations and dysregulation of the immune system. ScRNA-seq has characterised distinct cellular constituents and responses to spinal cord injury in spinal cord diseases, as well as provided molecular signatures of various cell types and identified interactions involved in vascular remodelling. Furthermore, scRNA-seq has shed light on the molecular complexities of cerebrovascular diseases, such as stroke, providing insights into specific genes, cell-specific expression patterns, and potential therapeutic interventions. This review highlights the potential of scRNA-seq in guiding precision medicine approaches, identifying clinical biomarkers, and facilitating therapeutic discovery. However, challenges related to data analysis, standardisation, sample acquisition, scalability, and cost-effectiveness need to be addressed. Despite these challenges, scRNA-seq has the potential to transform clinical practice in neurological and neurosurgical research by providing personalised insights and improving patient outcomes.
  9. Fulltext Polyphenolic compounds of amla prevent oxidative stress and fibrosis in the kidney and heart of 2K1C rats
    Rahman MM, Ferdous KU, Roy S, Nitul IA, Mamun F, Hossain MH, et al.
    Food Sci Nutr, 2020 Jul;8(7):3578-3589.
    PMID: 32724620 DOI: 10.1002/fsn3.1640
    Amla (Emblica officinalis Gaertn.) is a natural source of antioxidants and possesses valuable medicinal properties. However, the protective effect of amla in the kidney of two-kidneys-one-clip (2K1C) rats has not been explained sufficiently. This study was performed to evaluate the renoprotective effect of amla fruit powder (2.5% W/W) supplementation in kidneys of 2K1C rats. 2K1C rats increased the remnant kidney wet weight and also increased plasma creatinine and uric acid concentration compared to the control. Amla supplementation ameliorates elevated creatinine and uric acid concentration in plasma of 2K1C rats. Various oxidative stress indicators such as malondialdehyde, nitric oxide (NO), and advanced protein oxidation product (APOP) were also increased in plasma, heart, and kidney tissues in 2K1C rats that were also significantly brought down to normal level by amla supplementation. Moreover, the inflammatory cells entry and fibrosis in the 2K1C rat's tissues were prevented by amla supplementation. These research results suggest that amla may restore plasma antioxidant capacities and prevents oxidative stress, inflammation, and fibrosis in 2K1C rats. Taken these results as a base, clinical supplementation of dried amla powder in diet or juice to the CKD patients would be beneficial.
  10. Fulltext Genomic characterization of Plasmodium falciparum genes associated with anti-folate drug resistance and treatment outcomes in eastern India: A molecular surveillance study from 2008 to 2017
    Das S, Tripathy S, Das A, Sharma MK, Nag A, Hati AK, et al.
    Front Cell Infect Microbiol, 2022;12:865814.
    PMID: 36583107 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.865814
    INTRODUCTION: After being used vigorously for the previous two decades to treat P. falciparum, chloroquine and sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine were replaced in 2009 with an artemisinin-based combination therapy (artesunate-sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine) in an effort to combat multidrug-resistant parasites.

    METHODS: We set out to assess the genetic variants of sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine resistance and the effectiveness of its treatment in eastern India prior to, during, and 6 to 8 years following the introduction of the new pharmacological regime. In 2008-2009, 318 P. falciparum-positive patients got the recommended doses of sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine. We used 379 additional isolates from 2015 to 2017 in addition to the 106 isolates from 2010. All 803 isolates from two study sites underwent in vitro sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine sensitivity testing and genomic characterisation of sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine resistance (pfdhfr and pfdhps).

    RESULTS: In Kolkata and Purulia, we observed early treatment failure in 30.7 and 14.4% of patients, respectively, whereas recrudescence was found in 8.1 and 13.4% of patients, respectively, in 2008-2009. In 2017, the proportion of in vitro pyrimethamine and sulfadoxine resistance steadily grew in Kolkata and Purulia despite a single use of sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine. Treatment failures with sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine were linked to quintuple or quadruple pfdhfr- pfdhps mutations (AICII-AGKAT, AICII-AGKAA, AICII-SGKGT, AICII-AGKAA, AICNI-AGKAA) in 2008-2009 (p < 0.001). The subsequent spread of mutant-haplotypes with higher in vitro sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine resistance (p < 0.001), such as the sextuple (dhfr-AIRNI+dhps-AGEAA, dhfr-ANRNL+dhps-AGEAA) and septuple (dhfr-AIRNI+dhps-AGEAT), mutations were observed in 2015-2017.

    DISCUSSION: This successive spread of mutations with high in vitro sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine resistance confirmed the progressive increase in antifolate resistance even after an 8-year withdrawal of sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine.

  11. Fulltext Marvels of Bacilli in soil amendment for plant-growth promotion toward sustainable development having futuristic socio-economic implications
    Mukhopadhyay M, Mukherjee A, Ganguli S, Chakraborti A, Roy S, Choudhury SS, et al.
    Front Microbiol, 2023;14:1293302.
    PMID: 38156003 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1293302
    Microorganisms are integral components of ecosystems, exerting profound impacts on various facets of human life. The recent United Nations General Assembly (UNGA) Science Summit emphasized the critical importance of comprehending the microbial world to address global challenges, aligning with the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). In agriculture, microbes are pivotal contributors to food production, sustainable energy, and environmental bioremediation. However, decades of agricultural intensification have boosted crop yields at the expense of soil health and microbial diversity, jeopardizing global food security. To address this issue, a study in West Bengal, India, explored the potential of a novel multi-strain consortium of plant growth promoting (PGP) Bacillus spp. for soil bioaugmentation. These strains were sourced from the soil's native microbial flora, offering a sustainable approach. In this work, a composite inoculum of Bacillus zhangzhouensis MMAM, Bacillus cereus MMAM3), and Bacillus subtilis MMAM2 were introduced into an over-exploited agricultural soil and implications on the improvement of vegetative growth and yield related traits of Gylcine max (L) Meril. plants were evaluated, growing them as model plant, in pot trial condition. The study's findings demonstrated significant improvements in plant growth and soil microbial diversity when using the bacterial consortium in conjunction with vermicompost. Metagenomic analyses revealed increased abundance of many functional genera and metabolic pathways in consortium-inoculated soil, indicating enhanced soil biological health. This innovative bioaugmentation strategy to upgrade the over-used agricultural soil through introduction of residual PGP bacterial members as consortia, presents a promising path forward for sustainable agriculture. The rejuvenated patches of over-used land can be used by the small and marginal farmers for cultivation of resilient crops like soybean. Recognizing the significance of multi-strain PGP bacterial consortia as potential bioinoculants, such technology can bolster food security, enhance agricultural productivity, and mitigate the adverse effects of past agricultural activities.
  12. Fulltext Early intervention and care for Diabetic Foot Ulcers in Low and Middle Income Countries: Addressing challenges and exploring future strategies: A narrative review
    Swaminathan N, Awuah WA, Bharadwaj HR, Roy S, Ferreira T, Adebusoye FT, et al.
    Health Sci Rep, 2024 May;7(5):e2075.
    PMID: 38690005 DOI: 10.1002/hsr2.2075
    BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Diabetic Foot Ulcers (DFUs) are a significant health concern, particularly in Low- and Middle-Income Countries (LMICs). This review explores key strategies for managing DFUs in LMICs, including integrating podiatry, endocrinology, and wound care services, educating patients, promoting self-care, and preventive measures to reduce amputation rates.

    METHODS: A comprehensive literature review was conducted, focusing on studies conducted in Low and Middle Income Countries to facilitate a qualitative analysis. The review examined the aetiology and risk factors to developing DFUs, clinical presentation, multidisciplinary management and evidence based interventions, challenges to the provision of care and future directions, all pertaining to DFUs in low and middle income countries.

    RESULTS: The aetiology and risk factors contributing to the development of DFUs are complex and multifaceted. Factors such as limited access to health care, inadequate diabetes management, and socioeconomic disparities significantly influence the incidence of DFUs. Clinical presentation varies, with patients often presenting at advanced stages of the disease due to delayed or missed diagnoses. Multidisciplinary management, incorporating podiatry, endocrinology, and wound care services, has exhibited substantial promise in enhancing patient outcomes. Evidence-based interventions, including offloading techniques, wound debridement, and the use of advanced wound dressings, have proven effective in promoting ulcer healing.

    CONCLUSION: The burden of DFUs in LMICs requires comprehensive strategies. Integrating podiatry, endocrinology, and wound care services, along with patient education and self-care practices, is essential for reducing amputations and improving patients' quality of life. Regular follow-up and early detection are vital for effective DFU management, emphasizing the need for ongoing research and investment in LMIC health care infrastructure. Embracing these multidisciplinary, patient-centered approaches can effectively address the challenge of DFUs in LMICs, leading to better patient outcomes and improved quality of life.

  13. Bilateral Vestibular Atelectasis with Tullio's Phenomenon
    Roy S, Kumarasamy G, Salim R
    Indian J Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg, 2019 Nov;71(Suppl 2):1599-1602.
    PMID: 31750223 DOI: 10.1007/s12070-019-01685-z
    Vestibular dehiscence or atelectasis is a rarity known to cause vertigo. This pathology poses many challenges especially in diagnosis and treatment simply due to the scarcity of reported cases. The etiologic factors, disease pathophysiology and complications remain unclear. We report a young adult female who presented with unsteadiness for 2 years associated with headache. Tullio's phenomenon was observed which led to a finding of bilateral vestibular dehiscence involving the medial walls on high resolution computed tomography.
  14. Cationic starch: A functionalized polysaccharide based polymer for advancement of drug delivery and health care system - A review
    Chatterjee S, Mahmood S, Hilles AR, Thomas S, Roy S, Provaznik V, et al.
    Int J Biol Macromol, 2023 Sep 01;248:125757.
    PMID: 37429342 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.125757
    Research and development in health care industry is in persistence progression. To make it more patient-friendly or to get maximum benefits from it, special attention to different advanced drug delivery system (ADDS) is employed that delivers the drug at the target site and will be able to sustain/control release of drugs. ADDS should be non-toxic, biodegradable, biocompatible along with desirable showing physicochemical and functional properties. These drug delivery systems can be totally based on polymers, either with natural or synthetic polymers. The molecular weight of polymer can be tuned and different groups of polymers can be modified or substituted with other functional groups. Degree of substitution is also tailored. Cationic starch in recent years is exploited in drug delivery, tissue engineering and biomedicine. Due to their abundant availability, low cost, easy chemical modification, low toxicity, biodegradability and biocompatibility, extensive research is now being carried out. Our present discussion will shed light on the usage of cationic starch in health care system.
  15. Fulltext Research Priorities of Applying Low-Cost PM2.5 Sensors in Southeast Asian Countries
    Lung SC, Thi Hien T, Cambaliza MOL, Hlaing OMT, Oanh NTK, Latif MT, et al.
    Int J Environ Res Public Health, 2022 Jan 28;19(3).
    PMID: 35162543 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19031522
    The low-cost and easy-to-use nature of rapidly developed PM2.5 sensors provide an opportunity to bring breakthroughs in PM2.5 research to resource-limited countries in Southeast Asia (SEA). This review provides an evaluation of the currently available literature and identifies research priorities in applying low-cost sensors (LCS) in PM2.5 environmental and health research in SEA. The research priority is an outcome of a series of participatory workshops under the umbrella of the International Global Atmospheric Chemistry Project-Monsoon Asia and Oceania Networking Group (IGAC-MANGO). A literature review and research prioritization are conducted with a transdisciplinary perspective of providing useful scientific evidence in assisting authorities in formulating targeted strategies to reduce severe PM2.5 pollution and health risks in this region. The PM2.5 research gaps that could be filled by LCS application are identified in five categories: source evaluation, especially for the distinctive sources in the SEA countries; hot spot investigation; peak exposure assessment; exposure-health evaluation on acute health impacts; and short-term standards. The affordability of LCS, methodology transferability, international collaboration, and stakeholder engagement are keys to success in such transdisciplinary PM2.5 research. Unique contributions to the international science community and challenges with LCS application in PM2.5 research in SEA are also discussed.
  16. Fulltext Activity of Plumbago zeylanica Linn. root and Holoptelea integrifolia Roxb. bark pastes in acute and chronic paw inflammation in Wistar rat
    Kumar D, Ganguly K, Hegde HV, Patil PA, Roy S, Kholkute SD
    J Ayurveda Integr Med, 2014 Jan;5(1):33-7.
    PMID: 24812473 DOI: 10.4103/0975-9476.128853
    The pastes prepared from roots of Plumbago zeylanica Linn. and barks of Holoptelea integrifolia Roxb. are widely used by traditional healers for the treatment of arthritis in rural northern Karnataka.
  17. Fulltext Exploring the current landscape of single-cell RNA sequencing applications in gastric cancer research
    Awuah WA, Roy S, Tan JK, Adebusoye FT, Qiang Z, Ferreira T, et al.
    J Cell Mol Med, 2024 Apr;28(7):e18159.
    PMID: 38494861 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.18159
    Gastric cancer (GC) represents a major global health burden and is responsible for a significant number of cancer-related fatalities. Its complex nature, characterized by heterogeneity and aggressive behaviour, poses considerable challenges for effective diagnosis and treatment. Single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) has emerged as an important technique, offering unprecedented precision and depth in gene expression profiling at the cellular level. By facilitating the identification of distinct cell populations, rare cells and dynamic transcriptional changes within GC, scRNA-seq has yielded valuable insights into tumour progression and potential therapeutic targets. Moreover, this technology has significantly improved our comprehension of the tumour microenvironment (TME) and its intricate interplay with immune cells, thereby opening avenues for targeted therapeutic strategies. Nonetheless, certain obstacles, including tumour heterogeneity and technical limitations, persist in the field. Current endeavours are dedicated to refining protocols and computational tools to surmount these challenges. In this narrative review, we explore the significance of scRNA-seq in GC, emphasizing its advantages, challenges and potential applications in unravelling tumour heterogeneity and identifying promising therapeutic targets. Additionally, we discuss recent developments, ongoing efforts to overcome these challenges, and future prospects. Although further enhancements are required, scRNA-seq has already provided valuable insights into GC and holds promise for advancing biomedical research and clinical practice.
  18. Fulltext Setting research priorities for global respiratory medicine within the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Global Health Research Unit in Respiratory Health (RESPIRE)
    Rudan I, Agrawal D, Hussein N, Cheong AT, Cunningham S, Dockerell D, et al.
    J Glob Health, 2018 Dec;8(2):0201314.
    PMID: 30603076 DOI: 10.7189/jogh.08.020314
  19. Fulltext Circadian rhythm in systemic autoimmune conditions: Potential of chrono-immunology in clinical practice: A narrative review
    Awuah WA, Huang H, Kalmanovich J, Mehta A, Mikhailova T, Ng JC, et al.
    Medicine (Baltimore), 2023 Aug 11;102(32):e34614.
    PMID: 37565922 DOI: 10.1097/MD.0000000000034614
    The circadian rhythm (CR) is a fundamental biological process regulated by the Earth's rotation and solar cycles. It plays a critical role in various bodily functions, and its dysregulation can have systemic effects. These effects impact metabolism, redox homeostasis, cell cycle regulation, gut microbiota, cognition, and immune response. Immune mediators, cycle proteins, and hormones exhibit circadian oscillations, supporting optimal immune function and defence against pathogens. Sleep deprivation and disruptions challenge the regulatory mechanisms, making immune responses vulnerable. Altered CR pathways have been implicated in diseases such as diabetes, neurological conditions, and systemic autoimmune diseases (SADs). SADs involve abnormal immune responses to self-antigens, with genetic and environmental factors disrupting self-tolerance and contributing to conditions like Systemic Lupus Erythematosus, Rheumatoid Arthritis, and Inflammatory Myositis. Dysregulated CR may lead to increased production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, contributing to the systemic responses observed in SADs. Sleep disturbances significantly impact the quality of life of patients with SADs; however, they are often overlooked. The relationship between sleep and autoimmune conditions, whether causal or consequential to CR dysregulation, remains unclear. Chrono-immunology investigates the role of CR in immunity, offering potential for targeted therapies in autoimmune conditions. This paper provides an overview of the connections between sleep and autoimmune conditions, highlighting the importance of recognizing sleep disturbances in SADs and the need for further research into the complex relationship between the CR and autoimmune diseases.
  20. Fulltext Exploring the Immune-Boosting Functions of Vitamins and Minerals as Nutritional Food Bioactive Compounds: A Comprehensive Review
    Mitra S, Paul S, Roy S, Sutradhar H, Bin Emran T, Nainu F, et al.
    Molecules, 2022 Jan 16;27(2).
    PMID: 35056870 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27020555
    Food components have long been recognized to play a fundamental role in the growth and development of the human body, conferring protective functionalities against foreign matter that can be severe public health problems. Micronutrients such as vitamins and minerals are essential to the human body, and individuals must meet their daily requirements through dietary sources. Micronutrients act as immunomodulators and protect the host immune response, thus preventing immune evasion by pathogenic organisms. Several experimental investigations have been undertaken to appraise the immunomodulatory functions of vitamins and minerals. Based on these experimental findings, this review describes the immune-boosting functionalities of micronutrients and the mechanisms of action through which these functions are mediated. Deficiencies of vitamins and minerals in plasma concentrations can lead to a reduction in the performance of the immune system functioning, representing a key contributor to unfavorable immunological states. This review provides a descriptive overview of the characteristics of the immune system and the utilization of micronutrients (vitamins and minerals) in preventative strategies designed to reduce morbidity and mortality among patients suffering from immune invasions or autoimmune disorders.
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