METHODS: Cytochrome b gene sequences (479 bp) generated from India and available at MalAvi database were used to study the avian haemosporidian prevalence and phylogenetic analysis of lineages at local and world levels.

RESULTS: One common (COLL2) and only once in the study (CYOPOL01, CHD01, CYORUB01, EUMTHA01, GEOCIT01) haemosporidian lineages were discovered. 5.88% prevalence of haemosporidian infection was found in 102 samples belonging to 6 host species. Haemoproteus prevalence was 4.90% across five host species (Phylloscopus trochiloides, Cyornis poliogenys, C. hainanus dialilaemus, C. rubeculoides, Eumiyas thalassinus) and Plasmodium prevalence was 0.98% in Geokichla citrina. Spatial phylogeny at the global level showed that COLL2 lineage, found in C. poliogenys in India, was genetically identical to H. pallidus lineages (COLL2) in parts of Africa, Europe, North America, Malaysia, and the Philippines. The Plasmodium lineage (GEOCIT01) was related to PADOM16 in Egypt, but the sequences were only 93.89% alike.

OBJECTIVE: This study aims to comprehensively explore the diverse mechanisms of cancer drug resistance, assess the evolution of resistance detection methods, and identify strategies for overcoming this challenge. The evolution of resistance detection methods and identification strategies for overcoming the challenge.

METHODS: A comprehensive literature review was conducted to analyze intrinsic and acquired drug resistance mechanisms, including altered drug efflux, reduced uptake, inactivation, target mutations, signaling pathway changes, apoptotic defects, and cellular plasticity. The evolution of mutation detection techniques, encompassing clinical predictions, experimental approaches, and computational methods, was investigated. Strategies to enhance drug efficacy, modify pharmacokinetics, optimizoptimizee binding modes, and explore alternate protein folding states were examined.

RESULTS: The study comprehensively overviews the intricate mechanisms contributing to cancer drug resistance. It outlines the progression of mutation detection methods and underscores the importance of interdisciplinary approaches. Strategies to overcome drug resistance challenges, such as modulating ATP-binding cassette transporters and developing multidrug resistance inhibitors, are discussed. The study underscores the critical need for continued research to enhance cancer treatment efficacy.

MATERIALS AND METHODS: This study was a retrospective-prospective analysis of 173 patients of more than 50 years of age enrolled between November 2017 and December 2018. Herewith, we have compared retrospectively collected laboratory investigations of 124 fragility fracture patients with prospectively collected laboratory investigations of 49 patients with high energy trauma. The laboratory investigations, including the liver function tests, renal function tests, indices of calcium metabolism, serum electrolytes, complete blood counts, and bone mineral density (BMD) scores.

RESULTS: Both groups were similar to each other as far as baseline demographic characteristics were concerned. The proportion of female patients and patients with non-osteoporotic range BMD (T-score >-2.5) was significantly higher in the high-energy fracture group (P value <0.05). Hypoalbuminemia (<3.4gm/dl) 17.3%, abnormalities sodium (<135mmol/L or >148mmol/L) 23.2%, Anaemia (<10g/dl) 12.7%, Hypercalcemia (>10.4mg/dl) 16.3%, Vitamin D deficiency (<20ng/ml) 17.3% are the common laboratory abnormality found in study population. No statistically significant difference was found among the two groups in terms of laboratory investigation abnormalities.