Displaying publications 1 - 20 of 24 in total

Abstract:
Sort:
  1. An Andrographis paniculata Burm. Nees extract standardized for three main Andrographolides prevents house dust mite-induced airway inflammation, remodeling, and hyperreactivity by regulating Th1/Th2 gene expression in mice
    Sulaiman I, Okwuofu EO, Mohtarrudin N, Lim JCW, Stanslas J
    J Ethnopharmacol, 2024 Jan 30;319(Pt 1):117082.
    PMID: 37652197 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2023.117082
    ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Andrographis paniculata Burm. Nees (AP) is an herb used traditionally in Indian and Chinese traditional medicine for the treatment of various inflammatory and respiratory tract diseases. However, the anti-inflammatory potential of standardized Andrographis paniculata 50% ethanol extract (APEE50) in the murine model of asthma has not been investigated.

    AIM OF THE STUDY: This study aimed to evaluate the protective anti-inflammatory potential and better understand the underlying mechanism of action of APEE50 in a clinically-relevant mouse asthma model. Thereafter, develop the ethanolic extract of AP as a supplement for asthma prophylaxis.

    MATERIALS AND METHOD: APEE50 was prepared and standardized for AGP, NAG, and DDAG using a high-performance liquid chromatography system. Asthma was induced according to a 14-day house dust mite (HDM) induction protocol. The prophylactic potential of APEE50 (50 mg/kg - 200 mg/kg) was determined by assessing cardinal asthma features, which included BALF leukocyte and differential cell count, BALF cytokine assay, histology, gene expression, and airway hyperreactivity study.

    RESULTS: APEE50 significantly inhibited HDM-induced airway eosinophilia and neutrophilia. In addition to decreased levels of IL-4, IL-5, IL-13, and eotaxin in bronchoalveolar fluid, APEE50 abrogated HDM-induced airway mucus over-secretion and airway hyper-responsiveness. Administration of APEE50 downregulated HDM-induced upregulation of the oxidative stress enzyme Duox1 (dual oxidase 1) and marginally induced Nfe2l2 (nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2) gene expressions. Similarly, Th2-related (Serpinb2, Clca3a1, Il4 and Il13) and Muc5ac gene expression were significantly downregulated.

    CONCLUSION: Prophylactic administration of APEE50 prevented the progression of HDM-induced asthmatic responses by down-regulating Th2 cytokine gene expression and oxidative stress level.

  2. Prevalence and Risk Factors for Dangerous Abbreviations in Malaysian Electronic Clinical Notes
    Mohd Sulaiman I, Bulgiba A, Abdul Kareem S
    Eval Health Prof, 2023 Mar;46(1):41-47.
    PMID: 36444613 DOI: 10.1177/01632787221142623
    Medical abbreviations can be misinterpreted and endanger patients' lives. This research is the first to investigate the prevalence of abbreviations in Malaysian electronic discharge summaries, where English is widely used, and elicit the risk factors associated with dangerous abbreviations. We randomly sampled and manually annotated 1102 electronic discharge summaries for abbreviations and their senses. Three medical doctors assigned a danger level to ambiguous abbreviations based on their potential to cause patient harm if misinterpreted. The predictors for dangerous abbreviations were determined using binary logistic regression. Abbreviations accounted for 19% (33,824) of total words; 22.6% (7640) of those abbreviations were ambiguous; and 52.3% (115) of the ambiguous abbreviations were labelled dangerous. Increased risk of danger occurs when abbreviations have more than two senses (OR = 2.991; 95% CI 1.586, 5.641), they are medication-related (OR = 6.240; 95% CI 2.674, 14.558), they are disorders (OR = 7.771; 95% CI 2.054, 29.409) and procedures (OR = 3.492; 95% CI 1.376, 8.860). Reduced risk of danger occurs when abbreviations are confined to a single discipline (OR = 0.519; 95% CI 0.278, 0.967). Managing abbreviations through awareness and implementing automated abbreviation detection and expansion would improve the quality of clinical documentation, patient safety, and the information extracted for secondary purposes.
  3. A review on colorimetric methods for determination of organophosphate pesticides using gold and silver nanoparticles
    Che Sulaiman IS, Chieng BW, Osman MJ, Ong KK, Rashid JIA, Wan Yunus WMZ, et al.
    Mikrochim Acta, 2020 01 15;187(2):131.
    PMID: 31940088 DOI: 10.1007/s00604-019-3893-8
    This review (with 99 refs.) summarizes the progress that has been made in colorimetric (i.e. spectrophotometric) determination of organophosphate pesticides (OPPs) using gold and silver nanoparticles (NPs). Following an introduction into the field, a first large section covers the types and functions of organophosphate pesticides. Methods for colorimetric (spectrophotometric) measurements including RGB techniques are discussed next. A further section covers the characteristic features of gold and silver-based NPs. Syntheses and modifications of metal NPs are covered in section 5. This is followed by overviews on enzyme inhibition-based assays, aptamer-based assays and chemical (non-enzymatic) assays, and a discussion of specific features of colorimetric assays. Several Tables are presented that give an overview on the wealth of methods and materials. A concluding section addresses current challenges and discusses potential future trends and opportunities. Graphical abstractSchematic representation of organophosphate pesticide determinations based on aggregation of nanoparticles (particular silver or gold nanoparticles). This leads to a color change which can be determined visually and monitored by a red shift in the absorption spectrum.
  4. Advances and challenges in developing andrographolide and its analogues as cancer therapeutic agents
    Soo HL, Quah SY, Sulaiman I, Sagineedu SR, Lim JCW, Stanslas J
    Drug Discov Today, 2019 09;24(9):1890-1898.
    PMID: 31154065 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2019.05.017
    Andrographolide (AGP), a naturally occurring bioactive compound, has been investigated as a lead compound in cancer drug development. Its multidimensional therapeutic effects have raised interest among medicinal chemists, which has led to extensive structural modification of the compound, resulting in analogues with improved pharmacological and pharmaceutical properties. Nevertheless, the analogues with the improved properties need to be rigorously studied to identify drug-like lead compounds. We scrutinised articles published from 2012 to 2018, to objectively provide opinions on the mechanisms of action of AGP and its analogues, as well as their potential as viable anticancer drugs. Preclinical and clinical data, along with the extensive medicinal chemistry efforts, indicate the compounds are potential anticancer agents with specific value in treating recalcitrant cancers such as pancreatic and lung cancers.
  5. Andrographolide prevented toluene diisocyanate-induced occupational asthma and aberrant airway E-cadherin distribution via p38 MAPK-dependent Nrf2 induction
    Sulaiman I, Tan K, Mohtarrudin N, Lim JCW, Stanslas J
    Pulm Pharmacol Ther, 2018 12;53:39-51.
    PMID: 30244166 DOI: 10.1016/j.pupt.2018.09.008
    Toluene diisocyanate (TDI) is a major cause of chemical-induced occupational asthma, which contributes about 15% of global asthma burden. Resistance and compounded side effects associated with the use of corticosteroid in asthma necessitate the search for alternative drugs. Andrographolide (AGP), a naturally occurring diterpene lactone is known to exhibit various bioactivities. Its ability to ameliorate cardinal features of allergic asthma was previously suggested in an eosinophilic asthma endotype. However, its potential antiasthma activity and mechanism of action in a neutrophilic occupational asthma model, as well as its effect on epithelial dysfunction remain unknown. BALB/c mice were dermally sensitised with 0.3% TDI or acetone olive oil (AOO) vehicle on day 1 and 8, followed by 0.1% TDI intranasal challenge on days 15, 18 and 21. Endpoints were evaluated via bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) cell analysis, 2',7'-dichlorofluorescein diacetate (DCFDA) assays, immunoblotting, immunohistochemistry and methacholine challenge test. Decreases in total and differential leukocyte counts of BALF were recorded in AGP-treated animals. The compound dose-dependently reduced intracellular de-esterification of DCFDA, thus suggesting AGP's potential to inhibit intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS). Mechanistically, the treatment prevented TDI-induced aberrant E-cadherin distribution and restored airway epithelial β-catenin at cell to cell contact site. Furthermore, AGP ameliorated TDI induced pulmonary collagen deposition. In addition, the treatment significantly upregulated pulmonary HO-1, Nrf2 and phospho-p38 levels. Airway hyperresponsiveness was markedly suppressed among AGP-treated animals. Collectively, these findings suggest AGP's protective function against TDI-induced airway epithelial barrier dysfunction and oxidative lung damage possibly through the upregulation of adherence junction proteins and the activation of p38/Nrf2 signalling. This study elucidates the therapeutic potential of AGP in the control and management of chemical-induced allergic asthma. To the best of our knowledge, the potential anti-asthma activity of AGP in TDI-induced occupational asthma has not been reported previously.
  6. Mapping Acute Coronary Syndrome Registries to SNOMED CT. A Comparative Study between Malaysia and Sweden
    Mohd Sulaiman I, Karlsson D, Koch S
    Methods Inf Med, 2017 Aug 11;56(4):330-338.
    PMID: 28361156 DOI: 10.3414/ME16-02-0027
    BACKGROUND: Malaysia and Sweden have mapped their acute coronary syndrome registries using SNOMED CT. Since similar-purposed patient registries can be expected to collect similar data, these data should be mapped to the same SNOMED CT codes despite the different languages used. Previous studies have however shown variations in mapping between different mappers but the reasons behind these variations and the influence of different mapping approaches are still unknown.

    OBJECTIVES: To analyze similar-purposed registries and their registry-to-SNOMED CT maps, using two national acute coronary syndrome registries as examples, to understand the reasons for mapping similarities and differences as well as their implications.

    METHODS: The Malaysian National Cardiovascular Disease - Acute Coronary Syndrome (NCVD-ACS) registry was compared to the Swedish Register of Information and Knowledge about Swedish Heart Intensive Care Admissions (RIKS-HIA). The structures of NCVD-ACS and RIKS-HIA registry forms and their distributions of headings, variables and values were studied. Data items with equivalent meaning (EDIs) were paired and their mappings were categorized into match, mismatch, and non-comparable mappings. Reasons for match, mismatch and non-comparability of each paired EDI were seen as factors that contributed to the similarities and differences between the maps.

    RESULTS: The registries and their respective maps share a similar distribution pattern regarding the number of headings, variables and values. The registries shared 101 EDIs, whereof 42 % (42) were mapped to SNOMED CT. 45 % (19) of those SNOMED CT coded EDIs had matching codes. The matching EDIs occurred only in pre-coordinated SNOMED CT expressions. Mismatches occurred due to challenges arising from the mappers themselves, limitations in SNOMED CT, and complexity of the registries. Non-comparable mappings appeared due to the use of other coding systems, unmapped data items, as well as requests for new SNOMED CT concepts.

    CONCLUSIONS: To ensure reproducible and reusable maps, the following three actions are recommended: (i) develop a specific mapping guideline for patient registries; (ii) openly share maps; and (iii) establish collaboration between clinical research societies and the SNOMED CT community.

  7. Molecularly targeted therapies for asthma: Current development, challenges and potential clinical translation
    Sulaiman I, Lim JC, Soo HL, Stanslas J
    Pulm Pharmacol Ther, 2016 Oct;40:52-68.
    PMID: 27453494 DOI: 10.1016/j.pupt.2016.07.005
    Extensive research into the therapeutics of asthma has yielded numerous effective interventions over the past few decades. However, adverse effects and ineffectiveness of most of these medications especially in the management of steroid resistant severe asthma necessitate the development of better medications. Numerous drug targets with inherent airway smooth muscle tone modulatory role have been identified for asthma therapy. This article reviews the latest understanding of underlying molecular aetiology of asthma towards design and development of better antiasthma drugs. New drug candidates with their putative targets that have shown promising results in the preclinical and/or clinical trials are summarised. Examples of these interventions include restoration of Th1/Th2 balance by the use of newly developed immunomodulators such as toll-like receptor-9 activators (CYT003-QbG10 and QAX-935). Clinical trials revealed the safety and effectiveness of chemoattractant receptor-homologous molecule expressed on Th2 cells (CRTH2) antagonists such as OC0000459, BI-671800 and ARRY-502 in the restoration of Th1/Th2 balance. Regulation of cytokine activity by the use of newly developed biologics such as benralizumab, reslizumab, mepolizumab, lebrikizumab, tralokinumab, dupilumab and brodalumab are at the stage of clinical development. Transcription factors are potential targets for asthma therapy, for example SB010, a GATA-3 DNAzyme is at its early stage of clinical trial. Other candidates such as inhibitors of Rho kinases (Fasudil and Y-27632), phosphodiesterase inhibitors (GSK256066, CHF 6001, roflumilast, RPL 554) and proteinase of activated receptor-2 (ENMD-1068) are also discussed. Preclinical results of blockade of calcium sensing receptor by the use of calcilytics such as calcitriol abrogates cardinal signs of asthma. Nevertheless, successful translation of promising preclinical data into clinically viable interventions remains a major challenge to the development of novel anti-asthmatics.
  8. Evaluate the impact of hospital types on the availability of antidotes for the management of acute toxic exposures and poisonings in Malaysia
    Al-Sohaim SI, Awang R, Zyoud SH, Rashid SM, Hashim S
    Hum Exp Toxicol, 2012 Mar;31(3):274-81.
    PMID: 21478291 DOI: 10.1177/0960327111405861
    The availability of antidotes may be considered essential and lifesaving in the management of certain poisonings. Surveys carried out in a number of countries have demonstrated inadequate availability of a variety of poisoning antidotes.
  9. Availability of decontamination, elimination enhancement, and stabilization resources for the management of acute toxic exposures and poisonings in emergency departments in Malaysia
    Awang R, Al-Sohaim SI, Zyoud SH, Khan HR, Hashim S
    Intern Emerg Med, 2011 Oct;6(5):441-8.
    PMID: 21750875 DOI: 10.1007/s11739-011-0662-z
    Acute poisoning is a common medical emergency in Malaysia. Life can be saved if the patient is diagnosed properly and receives the appropriate treatment such as gastrointestinal decontamination techniques and resources to increase poison elimination according to clinical guidelines at a reasonable time. The aims of this study were to determine the availability of decontamination, elimination enhancement, and stabilization resources for the management of acute toxic exposures and poisonings in accident and emergency departments in Malaysia, and to compare the availability of such facilities among various types of hospitals. A comparative, descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted using a structured questionnaire. Seventy-four (58.3%) out of the targeted 127 hospitals replied and completed the questionnaire. The availabilities of most items related to stabilization resources were far better in general hospitals compared to district hospitals with specialists and district hospitals without specialists. These items were mechanical ventilators (p = 0.011), non-invasive positive pressure ventilators (0.024), pacemakers (p = 0.019), and transcutaneous cardiac pacing (p < 0.001). The availability of decontamination resources varied substantially with hospital type. Nevertheless, these differences did not reach statistical significance in any of the cases, whereas sodium sulphate, sorbitol, and polyethylene glycol were almost never available. The availabilities of most items related to elimination enhancement resources were far better in general hospitals and district hospitals with specialists compared to district hospitals without specialists. These items were haemodialysis (p = 0.046), haemoperfusion (p = 0.002), haemofiltration (p = 0.002), acid diuresis (p = 0.04), peritoneal dialysis (p < 0.001), and exchange transfusion (p < 0.001). Most Malaysian hospitals have certain important immediate interventions such as gastrointestinal decontamination techniques and resources to increase poison elimination. The availabilities of most facilities were far better in the general hospitals. Coordination between the National Poison Centre in Malaysia and hospitals should be established regarding the emergency facilities for effective management of poisoning cases in each hospital in order to direct the poisoned patients to the hospital where the appropriate management resources is available.
  10. Atlanto-occipital fusion: an osteological study with clinical implications
    Kassim NM, Latiff AA, Das S, Ghafar NA, Suhaimi FH, Othman F, et al.
    Bratisl Lek Listy, 2010;111(10):562-5.
    PMID: 21125803
    Atlanto-occipital fusion may be symptomatic or asymptomatic in nature. The anomaly may be incidentally detected at autopsies or during routine cadaveric dissections. The fusion of the atlas with occipital bone may result in the compression of vertebral artery and first cervical nerve.
  11. The anomalous origin and branches of the obturator artery with its clinical implications
    Jusoh AR, Abd Rahman N, Abd Latiff A, Othman F, Das S, Abd Ghafar N, et al.
    Rom J Morphol Embryol, 2010;51(1):163-6.
    PMID: 20191138
    The obturator artery (OA) originates from the internal iliac artery. Variation in the origin of the OA may be asymptomatic in individuals and occasionally be detected during routine cadaveric dissections or autopsies. In the present study, we observed the origin and the branching pattern of the OA on 34 lower limbs (17 right sides and 17 left sides) irrespective of sex. The bifurcation of the common iliac artery into internal and external iliac from the sacral ala varied between 4.3-5.3 cm. The distance of the origin of the anterior division of internal iliac artery from the bifurcation of common iliac artery varied between 1-6 cm. The distance of the origin of the posterior division of the internal iliac artery from the point of bifurcation of the common iliac artery varied between 0-6 cm. Out of 34 lower limbs studied, two specimens (5.8%) showed anomalous origin of the OA originating from the posterior division of the internal iliac artery. Of these two, one limb belonged to the right side while the other was from the left side. The anomalous OA gave off an inferior vesical branch to the prostate in both the specimens. No other associated anomalies regarding the origin or branching pattern of the OA were observed. Prior knowledge of the anatomical variations may be beneficial for vascular surgeons ligating the internal iliac artery or its branches and the radiologists interpreting angiograms of the pelvic region.
  12. Fulltext Environmental radon/thoron concentrations and radiation levels in Sarawak and Sabah
    Sulaiman, I., Omar, M.
    Journal of Nuclear and Related Technologies, 2010;2010(1):1-13.
    MyJurnal
    The indoor and outdoor radon/thoron progenies concentrations and natural background radiation levels throughout Sarawak and Sabah were measured. The measurements were carried out at 234 locations in 40 towns in Sarawak and Sabah. The mean indoor and outdoor radon equilibrium equivalent concentrations (EEC) in Sarawak were found to be 1.2 Bqm-3 and 1.5 Bqm-3 respectively. In Sabah, the mean indoor and outdoor radon equilibrium equivalent concentrations were 1.7 Bqm-3. The mean indoor and outdoor thoron equilibrium equivalent concentrations of 0.4 Bqm-3 and 0.3Bqm-3 respectively, were the same for Sarawak and Sabah. The mean indoor and outdoor radiation levels of 46 nGyh-1 and 42 nGyh-1 in Sarawak were slightly lower than the respective values in Sabah, i.e. 53 nGyh-1 and 46 nGy h-1.
  13. An unusual case of additional branches of median nerve innervating the corachobrachialis muscle and its clinical implications
    Das S, Maatoq Sulaiman I, Hussan F, Haji Suhaimi F, Latiff AA, Othman F
    Clin Ter, 2009;160(1):25-7.
    PMID: 19290409
    The flexor compartment muscles of the arm comprising of biceps brachii, brachialis and the coracobrachialis are innervated by the musculocutaneous nerve arising from the lateral cord of the brachial plexus. In the present study, we report a case of anomalous innervation of the corachobrachialis muscle on the left side of a 45-year-old male cadaver. The musculocutaneous nerve originated from the lateral cord, as usual and pierced the corachobrachialis muscle. The median nerve was formed by a contribution from both lateral and medial roots, both of which took origin from the lateral and medial cords, respectively. In addition to the usual musculocutaneous nerve which pierced the corachobrachialis muscle and innervated it, two more anomalous branches from the median nerve were observed to innervate the corachobrachialis. The anatomical knowledge of the variations of the innervations of the corachobrachialis muscle may be important not only for surgeons performing coracoid transfer but also for clinicians diagnosing nerve lesions.
  14. The sternalis muscle in cadavers: anatomical facts and clinical significance
    Rahman NA, Das S, Maatoq Sulaiman I, Hlaing KP, Haji Suhaimi F, Latiff AA, et al.
    Clin Ter, 2009;160(2):129-31.
    PMID: 19452102
    The sternalis is an anomalous muscle located in the anterior wall of thorax and several past reports have described its presence with clinical implications. The sternalis muscle may be incidentally detected during routine cadaveric dissections and autopsies. We observed the presence of anomalous sternalis muscle on both sides of the anterior chest wall in 25 cadavers (n = 50), over a span of three years. Out of a 50 cases, we observed a single case of sternalis on the right side of the 55-year-old male cadaver (2%). The sternalis was found to be absent in the rest 49 cases (98%). The sternalis muscle displayed an oblique course in the anterior wall of the thorax. The muscle originated near the seventh costal cartilage extending obliquely upwards to insert into the second costal cartilage close to the sternum. The originating portion of the muscle was located at a distance of 3.5 cm lateral to the mid-sternal plane. The vertical length and the maximum width of the anomalous sternalis muscle measured 9 cm and 1.9 cm, respectively. The fibers of the muscle vertically ascended upwards. No other associated anomalies were observed in the same cadaver. The presence of sternalis muscle is considered to be a rare variation with no earlier studies being performed in the Malaysian population. The anomalous sternalis muscle may be important for reconstructive surgeons performing mastectomy and radiologists interpreting mammograms. Thus, the sternalis muscle may be academically, anthropologically and surgically important.
  15. The accessory foramen ovale of the skull: an osteological study
    Abd Latiff A, Das S, Sulaiman IM, Hlaing KP, Suhaimi FH, Ghazalli H, et al.
    Clin Ter, 2009;160(4):291-3.
    PMID: 19795082
    The sphenoid bone is known to have several foramina and the foramen ovale is one amongst them. The foramen ovale transmits the mandibular nerve, accessory meningeal artery, lesser petrosal nerve and the emissary veins. There have been past reports on the variations of the different foramina present in the skull but there are no reports on the variations of the skull foramina from any of the South-East Asian countries. The present study aims to highlight the presence of an accessory foramen ovale in the skull in Malaysian population. Both sides of fifteen adult skulls (n = 30) were taken for observation of any variations in the foramen ovale. We observed the presence of accessory foramen ovale on the left side of a single skull (3.33%). The minute accessory foramen ovale was located 0.1 cm medial to the normal foramen ovale. The anomalous accessory foramen ovale was circular in shape and measured 0.1 cm in diameter. Anatomical knowledge of the foramen ovale is important for all neurosurgical procedures involving the trigeminal nerve and administration of anaesthesia in the mandibular nerve. Interestingly, the percutaneous biopsy of the cavernous sinus is also performed through the foramen ovale. Prior knowledge of the presence of an accessory foramen ovale may be important for academic, anthropological, forensic and clinical purpose and the present study aims to highlight such.
  16. Fulltext Absorbed dose rate levels around amang plant buildings
    Omar, M., Sulaiman, I., Hassan, A.
    Journal of Nuclear and Related Technologies, 2008;2008(2):73-76.
    MyJurnal
    The measurements of absorbed dose rate in air around amang plant buildings were carried out using a scintillation detector. It was found that the mean radiation levels at seven amang plants were in the range of 1.6 – 5.5 µGy h -1. The individual maximum value measured was 56 µGy h -1. The annual dose to a worker transporting the minerals to the plant was estimated to be 1.5 mSv y -1.
  17. Radiation dose assessment at amang processing plants in Malaysia
    Omar M, Sulaiman I, Hassan A, Wood AK
    Radiat Prot Dosimetry, 2007;124(4):400-6.
    PMID: 17510205
    Measurements of external radiation level, radon/thoron daughters concentrations in air and uranium/thorium concentrations in airborne mineral dust at 16 amang plants in Malaysia were carried out for three consecutive months to assess radiation dose to workers. Estimated occupational dose was within the range of 1.7-10.9 mSv y(-1). The mean total dose at the amang plants was 4.1 mSv y(-1). Overall, it was found that the major dose contribution of 80% came from external radiation. Radon/thoron daughters and airborne mineral dust contributed to only 11 and 9% of the total dose, respectively.
  18. Radiation exposure during travelling in Malaysia
    Omar M, Hassan A, Sulaiman I
    Radiat Prot Dosimetry, 2006;121(4):456-60.
    PMID: 16702237
    Absorbed dose rates in vehicles during travelling by different modes of transport in Malaysia were measured. Radiation levels measured on roads in Peninsular Malaysia were within a broad range, i.e. between 36 and 1560 nGy h(-1). The highest reading, recorded while travelling near monazite and zircon mineral dumps, was 13 times the mean environmental radiation level of Malaysia. It is evident that radioactive material dumps on the roadsides can influence the radiation level on the road. The absorbed dose rates measured while travelling on an ordinary train were between 60 and 350 nGy h(-1). The highest reading was measured when the train passed a tunnel built through a granite rock hill. The measurement during sea travelling by ferries gave the lowest radiation level owing to merely cosmic radiation at the sea level.
  19. Distribution of radium in oil and gas industry wastes from Malaysia
    Omar M, Ali HM, Abu MP, Kontol KM, Ahmad Z, Ahmad SH, et al.
    Appl Radiat Isot, 2004 May;60(5):779-82.
    PMID: 15082059
    Radium concentrations in 470 samples of the various types of waste from oil and gas industries were analysed using gamma spectrometers. The results showed that the radium concentration varied within a wide range. The highest mean 226Ra and 228Ra concentrations of 114,300 and 130,120 Bq/kg, respectively, were measured in scales. Overall, 75% of the waste, mostly sludge and extraction residue lies within the normal range of radium concentration in soils of Malaysia. However, some platform sludge can have radium concentration up to 560 Bq/kg.
  20. Infection of Aedes albopictus (Diptera: Culicidae) and Ae. aegypti with Lambornella stegomyiae (Ciliophora: Tetrahymenidae)
    Arshad HH, Sulaiman I
    J Invertebr Pathol, 1995 Nov;66(3):303-6.
    PMID: 8568285
    The transformation of Lambornella stegomyiae trophonts to theronts, the distribution of invasion cysts on larval Aedes albopictus cuticle, and the virulence of L. stegomyiae to Ae. albopictus and Aedes aegypti were studied in the laboratory. Transformation of trophonts into theronts was induced by a morphogenic agent released from larval Ae. albopictus homogenate. The first transformation was observed 4 hr after exposure to larval mosquito homogenate, but most transformations occurred between 12 and 16 hr. Distribution of invasion cysts on the cuticle of mosquito larvae was not uniform and most cysts were formed on the abdomen and head. L. stegomyiae was highly infective and virulent to Ae. albopictus (mortality rate: 99.53%) and Ae. aegypti (mortality rate: 90.83%) larvae.
Related Terms
    Try searching for something
Filters
Contact Us

Please provide feedback to Administrator (afdal@afpm.org.my)

External Links