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  1. Fulltext A malignant looking unilateral enlarged tonsil with fungating surface is not always malignant: a case report
    A. B. M. Tofazzal Hossain, Shaila Kabir, Charissa Winston, Loo Yizhan, Sadia Choudhury Shimmi, M. Tanveer Hossain Parash, et al.
    Malaysian Journal of Medicine and Health Sciences, 2019;15(106):95-95.
    MyJurnal
    Introduction:A unilateral enlarged tonsil always is a suspicion of carcinoma. Especially if it is with fungating ulcer-ative surface. Neoplasms in unilaterally enlarged tonsil include squamous cell carcinomas and lymphomas. Lym-phomas in oropharynx are not common specially with fungating surface. Usually lymphomas in these areas are Non-Hodgkin’s type. Case description: A 62-year-old woman was admitted in the tertiary level hospital of Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, with the complaint of sore throat, odynophagia and right neck swelling. She was treated as a case of acute tonsillitis by general practitioner without any noticeable improvement. Oral cavity examination revealed a hugely enlarged right tonsil with fungating ulcerative surface and almost obstructing the oropharynx. Trismus was seen which make the examination difficult. A non-tender right upper neck swelling was palpable. All baseline lab-oratory investigations were normal. A contrast-enhanced computed tomography (CECT) showed a heterogeneously enhancing mass at oropharynx compromising the airway, right supraclavicular lymphadenopathy. Histology of biop-sy from right tonsillar mass showed High grade B-cell lymphoma. Chemotherapy was planned. First cycle of chemo-therapy was administered, Patient was discharged home with the complete plan of chemotherapy. Conclusion: This patient was clinically suspicious of carcinoma of palatine tonsil. But later proven as high grade B-cell lymphoma. All unilateral enlarged tonsils are not always carcinoma.
    Matched MeSH terms: Carcinoma, Squamous Cell
  2. Fulltext Commando in locoregional recurrence of oropharyngeal carcinoma
    Abdul Azim Al-Abrar Ahmad Kailani, Ahmad Kusyairi Khalid, Mohd Razif Mohamad Yunus, Irfan Mohamad
    Journal of Clinical and Health Sciences, 2020;5(2):61-65.
    MyJurnal
    Squamous cell carcinoma is the most common malignant neoplasm of the upper aerodigestive
    tract, and presentation is usually at the late stages when the diagnosis is made. Recurrence
    after 1st therapy is common especially in the locoregional area of the tumour. For cancers
    affecting the oral cavity, oropharynx, and mandible, “COMMANDO” (Combined
    Mandibulectomy and Neck Dissection Operation) is one of the surgical approaches which
    constitutes of primary tumour resection, mandibulectomy and neck dissection. We describe a
    case of rapid locoregional recurrence following 1st surgical procedure of bilateral tonsillectomy
    and extended neck dissection of oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma in a young healthy
    individual without history of alcohol and tobacco abuse involving the right buccal region which
    after positron emission tomography was done, showed involvement of right pterygoid muscles,
    right-sided tongue muscle, and right mandible. The patient underwent redo salvage surgery
    and reconstruction with anterolateral thigh flap.
    Matched MeSH terms: Carcinoma, Squamous Cell
  3. Fulltext Deregulation of lysophosphatidic acid metabolism in oral cancer promotes cell migration via the up-regulation of COX-2
    Abdul Rahman M, Tan ML, Johnson SP, Hollows RJ, Chai WL, Mansell JP, et al.
    PeerJ, 2020;8:e10328.
    PMID: 33240646 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.10328
    Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is the sixth most common cancer worldwide and accounts for 300,000 new cases yearly. The five-year survival rate is approximately 50% and the major challenges to improving patient prognosis include late presentation, treatment resistance, second primary tumours and the lack of targeted therapies. Therefore, there is a compelling need to develop novel therapeutic strategies. In this study, we have examined the effect of lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) on OSCC cell migration, invasion and response to radiation, and investigated the contribution of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) in mediating the tumour promoting effects of LPA. Using the TCGA data set, we show that the expression of the lipid phosphate phosphatases (LPP), LPP1 and LPP3, was significantly down-regulated in OSCC tissues. There was no significant difference in the expression of the ENPP2 gene, which encodes for the enzyme autotaxin (ATX) that produces LPA, between OSCCs and control tissues but ENPP2 levels were elevated in a subgroup of OSCCs. To explore the phenotypic effects of LPA, we treated OSCC cell lines with LPA and showed that the lipid enhanced migration and invasion as well as suppressed the response of the cells to irradiation. We also show that LPA increased COX-2 mRNA and protein levels in OSCC cell lines and inhibition of COX-2 activity with the COX-2 inhibitor, NS398, attenuated LPA-induced OSCC cell migration. Collectively, our data show for the first time that COX-2 mediates some of the pro-tumorigenic effects of LPA in OSCC and identifies the ATX-LPP-LPA-COX-2 pathway as a potential therapeutic target for this disease.
    Matched MeSH terms: Carcinoma, Squamous Cell
  4. Fulltext Profiling lysophosphatidic acid levels in plasma from head and neck cancer patients
    Abdul Rahman M, Mohamad Haron DE, Hollows RJ, Abdul Ghani ZDF, Ali Mohd M, Chai WL, et al.
    PeerJ, 2020;8:e9304.
    PMID: 32547888 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.9304
    Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) represents a significant world health problem, with approximately 600,000 new cases being diagnosed annually. The prognosis for patients with HNSCC is poor and, therefore, the identification of biomarkers for screening, diagnosis and prognostication would be clinically beneficial. A limited number of studies have used lipidomics to profile lipid species in the plasma of cancer patients. However, the profile and levels of lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) species have not been examined in HNSCC. In this study, a targeted lipidomics approach using liquid chromatography triple quadrupole mass spectrometry (LCMS/MS) was used to analyse the concentration of LPA (16:0 LPA, 18:0 LPA, 18:1 LPA, 18:2 LPA and 20:4 LPA) in the plasma of patients with oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) and nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC), together with healthy controls. The levels of three LPA species (18:1 LPA, 18:2 LPA and 20:4 LPA) were significantly lower in the plasma of OSCC patients, whilst the concentrations of all five LPA species tested were significantly lower in plasma from NPC patients. Furthermore, the order of abundance of LPA species in plasma was different between the control and cancer groups, with 16:0 LPA, 18:0 LPA levels being more abundant in OSCC and NPC patients. Medium to strong correlations were observed using all pairs of LPA species and a clear separation of the normal and tumour groups was observed using PCA analysis. In summary, the results of this study showed that the levels of several LPA species in the plasma of patients with OSCC and NPC were lower than those from healthy individuals. Understanding these variations may provide novel insights into the role of LPA in these cancers.
    Matched MeSH terms: Carcinoma, Squamous Cell
  5. Fulltext Tumor markers of bladder cancer: the schistosomal bladder tumors versus non-schistosomal bladder tumors
    Abdulamir AS, Hafidh RR, Kadhim HS, Abubakar F
    J Exp Clin Cancer Res, 2009;28:27.
    PMID: 19243595 DOI: 10.1186/1756-9966-28-27
    The aim of this study is to comparatively elucidate the underlying molecular pathways and clinicopathological criteria in schistosomal bladder tumor (SBT) versus non-schistosomal bladder tumor (NSBT).
    Matched MeSH terms: Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/metabolism; Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/parasitology*; Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/pathology
  6. Rehabilitation of an extraoral and intraoral defect complicated with microstomia. A study case
    Abdulhadi LM
    Eur J Prosthodont Restor Dent, 2012 Jun;20(2):81-5.
    PMID: 22852525
    A 72-year-old man was referred from the surgery department for rehabilitation following surgical resection of Basaloid carcinoma. The first surgical intervention involved the anterior palatal region and was restored with a simple obturator. Two years later further surgery was undertaken to excise a recurrent tumor in the nose and part of the cheek. This resulted in an exposed nasal cavity and maxillary sinus. In addition, there was a small oral aperture composed of thin tissue that stretched to its maximum due to scar formation. The defect was restored with a full thickness skin flap but it subsequently broke down leaving the midface exposed with limited mouth opening due to tissue contraction and scar formation after the flap operation. The defect was rehabilitated with Co-Cr obturator intraorally and a silicone nose retained to the naso-palatal extension of the obturator by a magnet extraorally. This resulted in practically good retention, placement, and adaptation of the two parts of the prosthesis.
    Matched MeSH terms: Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/complications; Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/rehabilitation*
  7. Multiple retentive means for prosthetic restoration of a large facial defect - a case report
    Abdulhadi LM
    Chin J Dent Res, 2010;13(1):61-6.
    PMID: 20936194
    A 70-year-old man who suffered from extensive extra and intraoral defects was rehabilitated with a prosthesis using multiple retaining means. The treatment was performed in two parts: externally involving the construction of an episthesis supported only by the remaining intact boundaries of the defect and retained by mini-dental implants and spectacle frame with a modified ear hook; and intraorally by an acrylic resin obturator to restore the function of the hemi-sectioned hard and soft palate. The episthesis was securely retained with minimal movement and/or dislodgment of the prosthesis during function. Multiple retentive techniques may be used to fix heavy external prostheses as an alternative to conventional implants or biological adhesives.
    Matched MeSH terms: Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/rehabilitation
  8. Late presentation of esophageal cancer: observations in a multiracial South-East Asian population
    Abdullah M, Karim AA, Goh KL
    J Dig Dis, 2010 Feb;11(1):28-33.
    PMID: 20132428 DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-2980.2009.00410.x
    Esophageal cancer (ECA) is an important cancer in Malaysia. The aim of the study is to review the demographic data and clinical presentation of patients with ECA seen at the University of Malaya Medical Centre, Kuala Lumpur.
    Matched MeSH terms: Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/ethnology; Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/epidemiology; Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/pathology*
  9. Management of a cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma in an American flamingo (Phoenicopterus ruber)
    Abu J, Wünschmann A, Redig PT, Feeney D
    J. Avian Med. Surg., 2009 Mar;23(1):44-8.
    PMID: 19530406
    A 32-year-old female American flamingo (Phoenicopterus ruber) was presented with a squamous cell carcinoma of the middle digit of the right foot. No clinical, hematologic, or radiologic evidence of metastasis was present. Salvage amputation of the digit resulted in complete cure, whereas previous electrosurgery and radiation therapy were unsuccessful. Three years later, another squamous cell carcinoma was diagnosed in the middle digit of the left foot. The digit was also amputated. Seven months after the second amputation, the bird did not have any recurrence or signs of metastasis.
    Matched MeSH terms: Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/pathology; Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/surgery; Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/veterinary*
  10. Epidemiology of cervical carcinoma in Brunei Darussalam. Analysis of data on 27,208 women screened with cytologic examinations
    Affandi MZ, Dun T, Mantuano V, Sidhu R, Lumplugh C, Telisinghe PU
    Acta Cytol., 1993 Mar-Apr;37(2):175-80.
    PMID: 8465637
    During the five-year period from January 1985 to December 1989 a total of 27,208 women, representing 44.0% of the total female population over age 15 years in Brunei Darussalam, underwent a cytologic examination. The majority of them were Malays (62.32%), followed by Chinese (22.23%), while the remainder were the expatriate population living in the country. High grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (moderate dysplasia) was detected in 88 women (3.3/1,000), high grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (carcinoma in situ) was seen in 32 women (1.22/1,000), and invasive carcinoma was found in 43 women (1.37/1,000). The overall detection rate for cervical cancer was 2.79/1,000 women in the population screened. In Brunei Darussalam Malay women marry at an early age, 44% by the age of 19 years, leading to sexual contact before the age of 20. However, the incidence of cervical cancer is low among them. This could be because they belong to the Orthodox Muslim Society, in which promiscuity is not permitted. Hence, multiple sex partners could be an important factor in the etiology of cervical cancer, confirming the current trend of thought that cervical cancer is a sexually transmitted disease. A comparison of the epidemiologic risk factors among the various races living in Brunei Darussalam is made.
    Matched MeSH terms: Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/epidemiology*; Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/prevention & control
  11. Squamous cell carcinoma of the larynx with sarcoma like stroma
    Ahluwalia HS, Kandiah S, Kaur H
    Med J Malaysia, 1977 Dec;32(2):172-4.
    PMID: 614488
    Matched MeSH terms: Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/diagnosis*; Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/pathology
  12. Fulltext Risk factors associated with the mortality rate of oral squamous cell carcinoma patients: A 10-year retrospective study
    Ahmad P, Nawaz R, Qurban M, Shaikh GM, Mohamed RN, Nagarajappa AK, et al.
    Medicine (Baltimore), 2021 Sep 10;100(36):e27127.
    PMID: 34516504 DOI: 10.1097/MD.0000000000027127
    In Malaysia, oral cancer is very common and the reported 5-year survival of such patients is nearly 50% after treatment with surgery and radiotherapy, much lower than most of the developed countries. This study aimed to investigate the socio-demographic and clinicopathological parameters that influence the mortality rate of the patients suffering from oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) in the Kelantanse population.In this retrospective study, data regarding socio-demographic, clinicopathological factors, and treatment outcome associated with OSCC were gathered from the archives of the medical records office of Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia. For statistical analysis, simple and multiple logistic regression were performed. The significance level was set to P 
    Matched MeSH terms: Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/etiology; Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/mortality*
  13. Fulltext Anterolateral thigh free flap in reconstruction of oral cavity malignancy: UMMC experience
    Ahmad, N.A., Margaret, L.
    JUMMEC, 2008;11(1):33-36.
    MyJurnal
    Oral cavity malignancy reconstructive surgery has advanced from pedicle flaps to microvascular free tissue transfer. Previously, reconstruction of these defects were done using radial forearm free flaps in this centre. We report our experience using anterolateral thigh free flap in a 49 year old lady with squamous cell carcinoma of the tongue. Excision of tumour left a defect which was later reconstructed using microvascular free tissue transfer using the right anterolateral thigh free flap. The flap was well taken up at the recepient site and no evidence of flap failure noted post operatively and on completion of radiotherapy. She was able to maintain comprehensible speech and swallowing ability.
    Matched MeSH terms: Carcinoma, Squamous Cell
  14. Loss of weight in a female heavy smoker with diffuse interstitial pulmonary fibrosis
    Al-Adsani A, Dahniya MH, Al-Adsani N
    Postgrad Med J, 2001 Feb;77(904):127, 137-8.
    PMID: 11161092
    Matched MeSH terms: Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/etiology*
  15. Histopathological findings for cervical lesions in Malaysian women
    Al-Jashamy K, Al-Naggar RA, San P, Mashani M
    Asian Pac J Cancer Prev, 2009;10(6):1159-62.
    PMID: 20192603
    OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to determine the histopathological features and cell morphology of various cervical lesions observed among Malaysian women.

    METHODOLOGY: A retrospective study was conducted to evaluate 77 cervical cases collected from the histopathology laboratory of Ipoh hospital from 1st January, 2005, to 31st December, 2006.

    RESULTS: Cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) was found in 33 (42%) cases, CIN III accounting for 27%, and CIN I, CIN II and CIN II-III 5% each. The highest rate for CIN cases was 43% in the 41-50 year age group and the lowest rate was 6% in the group aged 61-70 years. Non-keratinizing and metastatic squamous cell carcinomas (SCCs) accounted for 16% and 13%, respectively, the combination being second in majority (29%), followed by adenocarcinoma (17%). The histopathological results showed CIN I to be characterized by mild papillary projections of the epithelium with some degree of nuclear enlargement, pleomorphism, mild koilocytosis, bionucleated cells and a low nucleo-cytoplasmic ratio. CIN II demonstrated typical squamous epithelium with disorganization of the lower part of the epithelium accompanied by nuclear hyperchromatism, an increased nucleo-cytoplasmic ratio, and scanty mitotic figures. CIN III was characterized by pleomorphic nuclei, atypical cells with mitotic figures, nucleo-cytoplasmic ratio, anisokaryosis and hyperchromasia.

    CONCLUSION: Lesions related to cervical cancer showed tumor progression correlating with histopathological changes in cell morphology.

    Matched MeSH terms: Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/epidemiology; Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/pathology*; Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/virology
  16. Fulltext Cytotoxic Effects of Betel Quid and Areca Nut Aqueous Extracts on Mouse Fibroblast, Human Mouth-Ordinary-Epithelium 1 and Human Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma Cell Lines
    Al-Tayar BA, Ahmad A, Yusoff ME, Abdullah SF, Mohamad NK, Md Hashim SN, et al.
    Asian Pac J Cancer Prev, 2020 Apr 01;21(4):1005-1009.
    PMID: 32334462 DOI: 10.31557/APJCP.2020.21.4.1005
    BACKGROUND: Betel quid chewing is more common among the older generation in rural areas of Malaysia. Oral cancer in Asia has been associated with the habit of chewing betel quid and areca nut.

    OBJECTIVE:   This study aims to investigate the cytotoxic effects of betel quid and areca nut extracts on the fibroblast (L929), mouth-ordinary-epithelium 1 (MOE1) and oral squamous cell carcinoma (HSC-2) cell lines.

    METHODS: L929, MOE1 and HSC-2 cells were treated with 0.1, 0.2 and 0.4 g/ml of betel quid and areca nut extracts for 24, 48 and 72 h. MTT assay was performed to assess the cell viability.

    RESULTS: Both extracts, regardless of concentration, significantly reduced the cell viability of L929 compared with the control (P<0.05). Cell viability of MOE1 was significantly enhanced by all betel quid concentrations compared with the control (P<0.05). By contrast, 0.4 g/ml of areca nut extract significantly reduced the cell viability of MOE1 at 48 and 72 h of incubation. Cell viability of HSC-2 was significantly lowered by all areca nut extracts, but 0.4 g/ml of betel quid significantly increased the cell viability of HSC-2 (P<0.05).

    CONCLUSION: Areca nut extract is cytotoxic to L929 and HSC-2, whereas the lower concentrations of areca nut extract significantly increased the cell viability of MOE1 compared to the higher concentration and control group. Although betel quid extract is cytotoxic to L929, the same effect is not observed in MOE1 and HSC-2 cell lines. Further investigations are needed to clarify the mechanism of action.
    .

    Matched MeSH terms: Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/drug therapy; Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/pathology*
  17. Fulltext Mitochondrial DNA alterations may influence the cisplatin responsiveness of oral squamous cell carcinoma
    Aminuddin A, Ng PY, Leong CO, Chua EW
    Sci Rep, 2020 May 12;10(1):7885.
    PMID: 32398775 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-64664-3
    Cisplatin is the first-line chemotherapeutic agent for the treatment of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). However, the intrinsic or acquired resistance against cisplatin remains a major obstacle to treatment efficacy in OSCC. Recently, mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) alterations have been reported in a variety of cancers. However, the role of mtDNA alterations in OSCC has not been comprehensively studied. In this study, we evaluated the correlation between mtDNA alterations (mtDNA content, point mutations, large-scale deletions, and methylation status) and cisplatin sensitivity using two OSCC cell lines, namely SAS and H103, and stem cell-like tumour spheres derived from SAS. By microarray analysis, we found that the tumour spheres profited from aberrant lipid and glucose metabolism and became resistant to cisplatin. By qPCR analysis, we found that the cells with less mtDNA were less responsive to cisplatin (H103 and the tumour spheres). Based on the findings, we theorised that the metabolic changes in the tumour spheres probably resulted in mtDNA depletion, as the cells suppressed mitochondrial respiration and switched to an alternative mode of energy production, i.e. glycolysis. Then, to ascertain the origin of the variation in mtDNA content, we used MinION, a nanopore sequencer, to sequence the mitochondrial genomes of H103, SAS, and the tumour spheres. We found that the lower cisplatin sensitivity of H103 could have been caused by a constellation of genetic and epigenetic changes in its mitochondrial genome. Future work may look into how changes in mtDNA translate into an impact on cell function and therefore cisplatin response.
    Matched MeSH terms: Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/genetics*; Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/metabolism; Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/pathology
  18. Fulltext GSTM1, GSTT1 and CYP1A1 polymorphisms and risk of oral cancer: a case-control study in Jakarta, Indonesia
    Amtha R, Ching CS, Zain R, Razak IA, Basuki B, Roeslan BO, et al.
    Asian Pac J Cancer Prev, 2009 Jan-Mar;10(1):21-6.
    PMID: 19469619
    PURPOSE: to investigate genetic polymorphisms in GSTM1, GSTT1 and CYP1A1 and the association with the risk of oral cancer in the Jakarta population.
    METHOD: A total of 81 cases and 162 controls matched for age and sex were selected from 5 hospitals in Jakarta. Sociodemographic data using questionnaires were obtained and peripheral blood samples were collected with informed consent for PCR-RFLP assay. Conditional logistic regression analysis was performed to obtain the association between the risk of oral cancer and GSTM1, GSTT1 and CYP1A1 polymorphisms.
    RESULTS: GSTM1 and GSTT1 null were slightly overrepresented among cases (60.5% and 45.7% respectively) compared to controls (55.6% and 41.4% respectively), but no statistically significant differences were observed. In contrast, the distribution of CYP1A1 polymorphism was higher among controls compared to cases (52.5 % versus 42.4 %). The odds ratio of null GSTM1 and GSTT1 genotypes was slightly higher compared to wild type genotypes (OR 1.19, 95% CI 0.70-2.02 and OR 1.19, 95% CI 0.72-2.05 respectively). Furthermore, the presence of CYP1A1 polymorphism did not increase the risk of oral cancer (OR 0.70, 95% 0.39-1.25).
    CONCLUSION: Genetic polymorphisms of GSTM1, GSTT1 and CYP1A1 may not be risk factors for oral cancer in the Jakarta population.
    Matched MeSH terms: Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/genetics*
  19. Nasopharyngeal carcinoma in Malaysian Chinese: occupational exposures to particles, formaldehyde and heat
    Armstrong RW, Imrey PB, Lye MS, Armstrong MJ, Yu MC, Sani S
    Int J Epidemiol, 2000 Dec;29(6):991-8.
    PMID: 11101539 DOI: 10.1093/ije/29.6.991
    BACKGROUND: During 1990-1992, 282 Chinese residents of Selangor and the Federal Territory, Malaysia with histologically confirmed nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) were interviewed about occupational history, diet, alcohol consumption, and tobacco use, as were an equal number of Malaysian Chinese population controls, pair-matched to cases by age and sex.

    METHODS: Exposures to 20 kinds of workplace substances, solar and industrial heat, and cigarette smoke, were analysed by univariate and multivariate methods.

    RESULTS: Nasopharyngeal carcinoma was associated with occupational exposures to construction, metal and wood dusts; motor fuel and oil; paints and varnishes; certain other chemicals; industrial heat; solar heat from outdoor occupations; certain smokes; cigarette smoking; and childhood exposure to parental smoking. After adjustment for risk from diet and cigarette smoke, only wood dust (OR = 2.36; 95% CI : 1.33- 4.19), and industrial heat (OR = 2.21; 95% CI : 1.12-4.33) remained clearly associated. Wood dust remained statistically significant after further adjustment for social class. No significant crude or adjusted association was found between NPC and formaldehyde (adjusted OR = 0.71; 95% CI : 0.34-1.43).

    CONCLUSIONS: This study supports previous findings that some occupational inhalants are risk factors for NPC. The statistical effect of wood dust remained substantial after adjustment for diet, cigarette smoke, and social class. Intense industrial heat emerged as a previously unreported risk factor, statistically significant even after adjustment for diet and cigarette smoke. No association was found between NPC and formaldehyde.
    Matched MeSH terms: Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/epidemiology*
  20. Fulltext Salted fish and inhalants as risk factors for nasopharyngeal carcinoma in Malaysian Chinese
    Armstrong RW, Armstrong MJ, Yu MC, Henderson BE
    Cancer Res, 1983 Jun;43(6):2967-70.
    PMID: 6850606
    We conducted a case-control study of nasopharyngeal carcinoma among Malaysian Chinese to test inhalants, salted fish consumption, and use of tobacco, alcohol, and nasal ointments as risk factors for the disease. Interviews with 100 cases and 100 controls indicated that salted fish consumption during childhood was a significant risk factor (relative risk, 3.0; p = 0.04); childhood daily consumption of this food item compared to nonconsumption carried a relative risk of 17.4 [95% confidence interval = (2.7, 111.1)]. Occupational exposure to smokes (relative risk, 6.0; p = 0.006) and to dusts (relative risk, 4.0; p less than 0.001) was also significantly associated with nasopharyngeal carcinoma. The two risk factors (consumption of salted fish and exposure to smoke and/or dust) were independent of each other. There was no association between nasopharyngeal carcinoma and tobacco, alcohol, or nasal ointments.
    Matched MeSH terms: Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/etiology
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