Displaying publications 1 - 20 of 26 in total

Abstract:
Sort:
  1. Socio-economic determinants of nutritional status of children in rural peninsular Malaysia
    Marjan ZM, Taib MN, Lin KG, Siong TE
    Asia Pac J Clin Nutr, 1998 Dec;7(3/4):307-10.
    PMID: 24393689
    The data presented is part of the findings from a four-year collaborative research project between Universiti Putra Malaysia, the Institute for Medical Research and the Ministry of Health Malaysia. The project assessed the nutritional status of the major functional groups in Peninsular Malaysia. Mukim Sayong and Pulau Kemiri in the District of Kuala Kangsar, Perak were two of the subdistricts selected to represent small rubber holdings in Peninsular Malaysia. This paper attempts to analyse the socio-economic profile of the households and the nutritional status of children below 9 years of age. A total of 307 households were studied. Approximately 63% of the households were involved in rubber activities and the majority of them were hired tappers. The average monthly income of the households was RM467 and the income ranged between RM30 to RM2120. Based on the per capita poverty line income of RM84.38, it was found that 14.1% of the households earned less than RM42.19, which can be considered as hard-core poor, while 32.7% were poor (monthly per capita income between RM42.19 and RM84.38). Slightly more than half (52.7%) earned income above the poverty line. The average family size was 4.5, ranging from 1 through to 16. The majority of the heads of households (56.6%) had between 3 and 6 years of education, and 14.5% did not receive any formal education. The prevalence of stunting among children 0-5 years of age was 26%, while 31.5% were underweight and 3.8% wasted. Among children aged between 5 and 9 years, almost the same pattern of nutritional status was noted. The overall percentages of stunting, underweight and wasting among these children were 29.2%, 26.1% and 0.62%, respectively. Analysis on nutritional status according to income level showed a noticeable difference in the prevalence of malnutrition in children above and below the poverty line income. The Student's t-test indicated significant differences in weight-for-age and weight-for-height between the two poverty line income for children below 5 years of age. Pearson's correlation coefficient showed a significant correlation between height-for-age with household size (r = -0.26, p<0.05), and monthly per capita income with weight-for-height (r = 0.25, p<0.05). There was a highly significant correlation between acreage of land cultivated and weight-for-height (r = 0.42, p<0.01), and weight-for-age (r = 0.25, p<0.05). The findings indicated the influence of socio-economic factors on the nutritional status of children.
    Matched MeSH terms: Child Nutrition Disorders
  2. Factors associated with undernutrition among children in a rural district of Kelantan, Malaysia
    Cheah WL, Wan Muda WA, Mohd Hussin ZA, Thon CC
    Asia Pac J Public Health, 2012 Mar;24(2):330-42.
    PMID: 20833668 DOI: 10.1177/1010539510380737
    The aim of the study was to identify the factors associated with undernutrition indicators in children 5 years and younger in a rural community in Malaysia. A total of 295 children and their carers were selected from community clinics based on a multistage sampling method. Pretested questionnaire, anthropometric measurement, and dietary assessment were used for data collection. There was 69% stunting, 63.4% underweight, 40% wasting, and 26.8% with mid-upper-arm circumference (MUAC) for age below a z score of -2 among children. In all, 10 factors were found to be associated with different indicators of undernutrition. Age was the only factor that had association with all the undernutrition indicators. Total household income and total expenditure showed significant association with underweight. Birth weight was reported to have significant association with underweight, stunting, and low MUAC-for-age. The findings suggest that the factors of undernutrition were different for different indicators of undernutrition and thus give a more comprehensive picture on factors contributing to acute and chronic malnutrition.
    Matched MeSH terms: Child Nutrition Disorders/epidemiology*
  3. Socioeconomic correlates of iodine status among school children in Sarawak, Malaysia
    Wah-Yun Low, Siti Norazah Zulkifli, Rajeswari Karuppiah
    Asia Pac J Public Health, 2002;14(2):110-7.
    PMID: 12862416 DOI: 10.1177/101053950201400210
    Iodine deficiency is recognized as a public health problem. This paper assesses iodine status by socioeconomic factors in school children in Sarawak, East Malaysia. Kuching, Bau and Simunjan districts were chosen based on advice from the Sarawak's Medical and Health Authority. 803 school children, aged eight years, were selected from 19 schools via proportionate systematic sampling. About half the proportion of the school children were from Kuching, 24% from Simunjan and 22% from Bau. Almost all were equally distributed by sex. By mother's race, almost half were Malays, followed by Bidayuh, Iban, Chinese and other races. Mean urinary iodine concentration was 3.36 microg/ 100ml, mean creatinine level was 111.10 mg/100ml and mean creatinine/iodine ratio was 39.45 microg/ gram. Four female children (0.5%) were found to have enlarged thyroid. Urinary iodine levels were significantly different by district, mother's race and household income. It was highest in Kuching, among children with Malay mothers, and with household incomes more than RM500 per month. Conversely, it was lowest in Bau, among children of Iban/Dayak and Chinese mothers, and incomes of RM500 or less per month. Based on the WHO/UNICEF/ICCIDD classification, the Sarawak school children in the present study fall into the moderate IDD category. The low prevalence of goitre is a positive finding indicating that iodine deficiency is corrected over time.
    Matched MeSH terms: Child Nutrition Disorders/epidemiology*
  4. Nutritional problems of Malaysian children and approaches taken to overcome them
    Arokiasamy JT
    Asia Pac J Public Health, 1990;4(1):65-71.
    PMID: 2223281
    Nutritional status of children is an important factor in child survival, especially in developing countries. It is therefore important that nutritional problems are addressed and overcome. This paper reviews the many studies conducted in Malaysia on nutritional problems among children. It also documents the approaches, including intersectoral approaches, that have been taken to overcome these problems. Possible actions that have to be taken in the future to further improve the nutritional status of Malaysian children are discussed.
    Matched MeSH terms: Child Nutrition Disorders/ethnology; Child Nutrition Disorders/epidemiology*; Child Nutrition Disorders/prevention & control
  5. Fulltext Anemia among children aged 2-5 years in the Gaza Strip- Palestinian: a cross sectional study
    El Kishawi RR, Soo KL, Abed YA, Wan Muda WA
    BMC Public Health, 2015;15:319.
    PMID: 25879619 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-015-1652-2
    Anemia is a major public health problem worldwide, with adverse consequences on child growth, development, and survival. This deficiency has affected approximately a quarter of the world population. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of anemia and the associated factors among preschool children in the Gaza Strip.
    Matched MeSH terms: Child Nutrition Disorders/epidemiology
  6. Fulltext Risk factors of malnutrition among preschool children in Terengganu, Malaysia: a case control study
    Wong HJ, Moy FM, Nair S
    BMC Public Health, 2014;14:785.
    PMID: 25086853 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2458-14-785
    Childhood malnutrition is a multi-dimensional problem. An increase in household income is not sufficient to reduce childhood malnutrition if children are deprived of food security, education, access to water, sanitation and health services. The aim of this study is to identify the characteristics of malnourished children below five years of age and to ascertain the risk factors of childhood malnutrition in a state in Malaysia.
    Matched MeSH terms: Child Nutrition Disorders
  7. Micronutrient status and intervention programs in Malaysia
    Khor GL
    Food Nutr Bull, 2005 Jun;26(2 Suppl 2):S281-5.
    PMID: 16075579
    Approximately 70% of the world's malnourished children live in Asia, giving that region the highest concentration of childhood malnutrition worldwide. Prevalence of stunting and underweight are high especially in south Asia where one in every two preschool children is stunted. Iron-deficiency anemia affects 40%-50% of preschool and primary schoolchildren. Nearly half of all vitamin A deficiency and xerophthalmia in the world occurs in south and southeast Asia. Iodine deficiency disorders have resulted in high goiter rates in India, Pakistan, and parts of Indonesia. Compared with other developing countries in Asia, the nutrition situation in Malaysia is considerably better, owing to rapid economic and socioeconomic development that has occurred since Malaysia gained its independence in 1957. Prevalence of undernutrition and micronutrient deficiency is markedly lower in Malaysian children. Nonetheless, undernutrition in the form of underweight, stunting, and anemia can be found in poor communities throughout the country. A prevalence of 25% underweight and 35% stunting is reported among young children from poor rural households. Anemia and subclinical forms of vitamin A deficiency were reported in children under 5 years old. Typical of a country in nutrition transition, Malaysia faces the dual burden of malnutrition in children, with the persistence of under-nutrition problems especially among the poor and the emerging overweight problem especially in urban areas. Since 1996, nutrition programs of the government sector are coordinated under the National Plan of Action for Nutrition. These activities and other nutrition intervention efforts by other agencies are discussed in this paper.
    Matched MeSH terms: Child Nutrition Disorders/epidemiology*; Child Nutrition Disorders/prevention & control
  8. Regional study of nutritional status of urban primary schoolchildren. 3. Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
    Tee ES, Khor SC, Ooi HE, Young SI, Zakiyah O, Zulkafli H
    Food Nutr Bull, 2002 Mar;23(1):41-7.
    PMID: 11975368
    A total of 5,995 (7.8% of all 7- to 10-year-old primary schoolchildren in Kuala Lumpur), randomly selected from 166 schools (97.6% of all schools), were measured for their weight and height. The analyses of all weight and height data, including the cutoffs used for defining stunting, underweight, and wasting and for thinness and overweight, were carried out as recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO). The prevalances of stunting (height-for-age Z score < -2 SD), underweight (weight-for-age Z score < -2 SD) and wasting (weight-for-height Z score < -2 SD) among all the children studies were 6.7%, 7.1%, and 4.5%, respectively. Undernutrition among boys was more serious than among girls according to all three indicators. Because it was not possible to analyze the weight-for-height data for most of the children above 8.5 years of age, body mass index (BMI)-for-age was used to determine the prevalences of thinness and overweight for all the children. Based on the reference data, the prevalence of overweight (at or above the 95th percentile) was 9.7% and 7.1% for boys and girls, respectively, and 8.4% overall.
    Matched MeSH terms: Child Nutrition Disorders/epidemiology; Child Nutrition Disorders/physiopathology
  9. Fulltext Undernutrition prevalence and its determinants among children below five years of age in shabelle zone, Somali Region, Eastern Ethiopia
    Abdi Guled, Rashid, Nik Mazlan Mamat, Wan Azdie Mohd Abu Bakar, Belachew, Tefera, Assefa, Nega
    International Journal of Allied Health Sciences, 2017;1(2):72-91.
    MyJurnal
    Malnutrition is a major public health problem worldwide. More than half of under-five child deaths are due to undernutrition, mainly in developing countries. Ethiopia is among the highestin Sub-Saharan Africa. While,Somali regionis the worstin Ethiopia.
    Matched MeSH terms: Child Nutrition Disorders
  10. Malnutrition among 3 to 5 years old children in Baghdad city, Iraq: a cross-sectional study
    Ghazi HF, Mustafa J, Aljunid S, Isa Z, Abdalqader MA
    J Health Popul Nutr, 2013 Sep;31(3):350-5.
    PMID: 24288949
    The unstable geopolitical situation in Iraq since 2003 still affects the health of people, especially children. Several factors may indirectly affect a child's nutritional status. The main aim of this study was to identify factors contributing to malnutrition among 3 to 5 years old children in Baghdad city, Iraq. Two hundred twenty children aged 3 to 5 years were chosen randomly from four kindergartens in Baghdad city according to the cross-sectional design. The nutritional status of the children was assessed using a weight-for-age z-score based on the World Health Organization 2007 cutoff points, in which any child with a z-score of
    Matched MeSH terms: Child Nutrition Disorders/epidemiology*
  11. Nutritional status of refugee children entering DeKalb County, Georgia
    Shah AY, Suchdev PS, Mitchell T, Shetty S, Warner C, Oladele A, et al.
    J Immigr Minor Health, 2014 Oct;16(5):959-67.
    PMID: 23828627 DOI: 10.1007/s10903-013-9867-8
    This study determines the nutritional status among refugee children entering one of the largest resettlement counties in the United States and identifies differences between incoming populations. Medical records of all newly arriving pediatric refugees (0-18 years) entering DeKalb County, Georgia between October 2010 and July 2011 were reviewed. Refugee children were grouped as African, Bhutanese, or Burmese (resettling from either Thailand or Malaysia) for comparative analysis. Approximately one in five refugees were anemic or malnourished, while a quarter had stool parasites, and nearly half had dental caries. African refugees had the highest anemia but the lowest underweight prevalence (p < 0.05). Compared to Burmese resettling from Malaysia, Burmese children from Thailand had a higher prevalence of anemia, underweight, and stool parasites (p < 0.05). Clinicians should use CDC medical screening guidelines for newly arriving pediatric refugees, as well as ensure proper nutritional support and follow-up care.
    Matched MeSH terms: Child Nutrition Disorders/ethnology; Child Nutrition Disorders/epidemiology
  12. Common diseases of children as seen in the general hospital, Singapore
    Williams CD
    Journal of the Malaya Branch of the British Medical Association, 1938;2:113-23.
    Matched MeSH terms: Child Nutrition Disorders
  13. Fulltext Community-based supplementary feeding programme for malnourished indigenous children: sharing an experience in Kemar, Hulu Perak settlement
    Noor Asmah A. S. A., Farhana A. K., Norazlina M. N., Mohd Shazuan Irwan M. S.
    Malaysian Journal of Medicine and Health Sciences, 2019;15(104):3-3.
    MyJurnal
    Introduction: Childhood malnutrition is common and severe among indigenous community. The Community Feed-ing Program was first launched in 2010 among 15 villages in Kemar indigenous settlement among children below six years old. The objective of this study was to improve the nutrition status of indigenous children in Kemar settlement, Hulu Perak. Methods: All the indigenous children aged below six received high calorie food, full cream milk and multivitamin with an average of 500kcal/day. Ready to Use Therapeutic Food (RUTF), specified for malnourished children, provides nutrition that accounts for one-half to two-thirds of a child’s daily needs. The feeding sessions was carried out once a day, five days a week and managed by a group of trained local volunteers and research assistants. Weight and height were measured monthly. Results: The coverage throughout 2013 to 2018, ranged from 90.3% to 100%. The percentage of children with normal body weight had increased from only 38.7 % in 2010 to 60.6% in 2018. From year 2013 to 2018, the percentage of stunted children had reduced from 77% to 72.5%, and severe stunting reduced from 35.2% in 2015 to 24.9% in 2018. Conclusion: The continuity of this program is essential to sustain normal nutritional status and hence the wellbeing of this group of children in the interior remote community.
    Matched MeSH terms: Child Nutrition Disorders
  14. Fulltext Nutritional Assessment of Pre-School Children in Rural Villages of the Family Dynamics, Lifestyles and Nutrition Study (1997-2001) II. Prevalence of Undernutrition and Relationship to Household Socio-Economic Indicators
    Chee H, Khor G, Arshad F, Wan Muda W, Mohdtaib M, Safii N, et al.
    Malays J Nutr, 2002 Mar;8(1):33-53.
    PMID: 22692438
    This paper describes the nutritional status of pre-school children and analyzes its relationship to various household socio-economic indicators. Padi, rubber and fishing villages from the Functional Groups Study (1992-1996) were selected for having a high prevalence of child undernutrition, and all children between the ages of 12 and 72 months were measured for their weights and heights in April-May 1998. The NCHS reference values were used to calculate z-scores, which were categorised according to WHO (1983) recommendations. Children between minus 2SD and minus 1SD of reference median were classified as mildly malnourished. Prevalence of underweight was higher (30.5%) than stunting (22.3%), while wasting was only 9.7%. Padi villages had the highest prevalence of undernutrition, followed by fishing, and then rubber villages. Mean household incomes were found to be significantly lower for children with worse nutritional status, and undernutrition was higher in households below the poverty line income. The odds ratios for having stunted children were significantly higher for households whose heads were agricultural own-account workers (OR 3.66, 95% CI = 1.37-9.79), agricultural waged workers (OR 2.75, 95% CI = 1.06-7.10), and non-agricultural manual workers (OR 2.49, 95% CI = 1.04-6.00) compared to non-manual workers. Various household socio-economic indicators showed significantly higher odds ratios for underweight, stunting and wasting. After adjusting for confounding effects by logistic regression analysis, however, only mother's education was found to be a significant predictor for stunting, while poverty level and access to piped water supply were significant predictors for both underweight and stunting. Households without livestock were significant predictors for wasting. Thus, this study identified specific socio-economic factors that should be prioritized for policy and research towards the amelioration of childhood malnutrition in rural areas.
    Matched MeSH terms: Child Nutrition Disorders
  15. Fulltext Nutritional assessment of pre-school children in rural villages of the family dynamics, lifestyles and nutrition study (1997-2001) I. Socio-economic status of households
    Chee HL, Khor G, Arshad F, Wanmuda W, Shabdin A, Abusamah A, et al.
    Malays J Nutr, 2002 Mar;8(1):13-31.
    PMID: 22692437
    This paper presents the socio-economic profile of households in the Family Dynamics Study (FDS) (1997-2001) and makes comparisons with the earlier Functional Groups Study (FGS) (1992-1996). For the current study, FGS villages with a high prevalence of child malnutrition were purposively selected. In each village selected, all households were included, and interviews with a structured questionnaire were conducted in April-May 1998. Incomes were generally low and incidence of poverty was high; 49.6% of the households were under the poverty line income, of which 37.2% were poor and 12.4% were hard core poor. Overall, only 23.2% of heads of households were in agricultural occupations, others being primarily waged workers and petty traders. Livestock rearing was widespread (57.8%), and most households (90.4%) owned at least one motorised vehicle, the most common being the motorcycle. The majority of households had refrigerators (73.6%), washing machines (58.8%), and televisions (91.1%); but telephones (42.2%), mobile phones (6.1%) and computers (2.3%) were less common. Although 99.7% of households had electricity supply and 95.1% had either a flush or pour flush latrine, only 57.4% had piped water supply. In comparison to the FGS, poverty in the current study is lower (49.6% of FDS households are poor compared to 55.2% of FGS households), the proportion of household heads in agricultural occupations is also lower (26.9% compared to 55.3%), while all other socioeconomic indicators were better, except for piped water supply, which remains inadequate for households in the current study.
    Matched MeSH terms: Child Nutrition Disorders
  16. Fulltext Nutritional status of Malaysian primary school children aged 8-10 years: findings from the 2008 national IDD survey
    Ahmad Ali Zainuddin, Rusidah Selamat, Azli Baharudin, Suhaila Abdul Ghaffar, Norsyamline Che Abdul Rahim, Tahir Aris
    Malays J Nutr, 2013;19(2):149-161.
    MyJurnal
    Introduction: Child malnutrition continues to be a major public health problem in developing countries. This study aims to determine the current nutritional status of Malaysian school children using the anthropometric indicators of weight for age (WAZ), height for age (HAZ), and body mass index for age (BAZ). Methods: A nationwide school-based survey was undertaken in all Malaysian
    states and territories, which included 18,078 children aged 8-10 years attending 445 primary schools. The software WHO AnthroPlus was used to calculate zscores for the nutritional status (WAZ, HAZ and BAZ) of the target population relative to the World Health Organization (WHO) 2007 reference. Results: The national prevalence of underweight among school children was 13.6% and in
    rural areas, this rate was nearly double that of urban areas. The national prevalence rate for stunting was 10.9%, double among rural school children compared to their urban counterparts. As for thinness, the national prevalence was 6.5%. Using the WAZ indicator, we found that the national prevalence of overweight children was 7.6%. Additionally, we found that urban areas showed a higher
    prevalence of overweight children (8.8%) than rural areas (5.9%). Conclusion: The findings of this study indicate that Malaysian school children face the burden of malnutrition, suffering from both undernourishment and overweight. Malaysia must make a concerted effort to overcome the problems of malnutrition among children.
    Matched MeSH terms: Child Nutrition Disorders
  17. Fulltext Factors influencing malnutrition among young children in a rural community of Sarawak
    Eunice, M.J., Cheah, W.L., Lee, P.Y.
    Malays J Nutr, 2014;20(2):145-164.
    MyJurnal
    Introduction: This study aimed to determine the prevalence of malnutrition and factors influencing malnutrition among children aged five years and below in Serian District of Sarawak, a district where the majority of people are indigenous. Methods: Using a cross-sectional method, a total of 177 children were randomly selected and assessed, and their mothers or caregivers were interviewed. Data were collected using a pretested questionnaire; anthropometric measurements were also taken. Data were analysed using SPSS version 17.0. Results: The prevalence of underweight, stunting and wasting in children aged five years and below was 20.9%, 11.9% and 10.2% respectively. The results suggest that the significant factors contributing to underweight are birth weight, frequency of child visit to the clinic, and individual insecurity. Only age, when complementary diet was introduced, was found to be significantly associated with stunting. For wasting, individual insecurity, duration of family planning and met recommended protein intake per day were found to be significant factors. Conclusion: The prevalence of malnutrition in children 5 years and below in Serian District of Sarawak is high compared to state figures. The major contributing factors were found to be manifested at the individual and family level. There is a need for appropriate public health promotion and socio- economic improvement interventions towards improving the nutritional status and health of children in Serian District.
    Matched MeSH terms: Child Nutrition Disorders
  18. Fulltext Prevalence and risk factors associated with malnutrition among children with learning disabilities: a scoping review
    Nur Hamiza Ruzaini Hashim, Sakinah Harith, Raishan Shafini Bakar, Nur-Fazimah Sahran
    Malays J Nutr, 2017;23(1):65-80.
    MyJurnal
    Introduction: By the end of 2015, about 72,152 children with learning disabilities were registered under the Malaysian Welfare Service Department (JKM). Malnutrition has been found to be a common setback among children with learning disability (LD). This study presents available evidence on the prevalence and risk factors associated with malnutrition in children with LD.

    Methods: A framework suggested by Arksey & O`Male (2005) was used to carry out this scoping review. Published articles, reviews and reports were identified through a complete search. Inclusion criteria for the search were English articles related to LD, published from 2005 to 2016.

    Results: Seventeen international studies published from 2005 until 2015 with a total of 318,596 participants and one study involving 281 participants from Malaysia, were identified and included in this review (n=18). The target age range of the sample in these 18 studies was 2 - 20 years, with a mean age of 3.2 - 14.2 years. The prevalence of underweight among children with LD was 3.4 - 36%, overweight 7.6 - 37% and obesity 5.7 - 52%. Several studies reveal that malnutrition risk among children with LD is significantly associated with gender, age, genetic syndrome, type of disability, medication used, and country economic status.

    Conclusion: A number of studies show that children with LD have a higher prevalence of being overweight and obese than typically developing children and the risk associated with obesity significantly increases with age.
    Matched MeSH terms: Child Nutrition Disorders
  19. Association between household food access insecurity and nutritional status indicators among children aged <5 years in Nepal: results from a national, cross-sectional household survey
    Sreeramareddy CT, Ramakrishnareddy N, Subramaniam M
    Public Health Nutr, 2015 Nov;18(16):2906-14.
    PMID: 25435296 DOI: 10.1017/S1368980014002729
    OBJECTIVE: To examine the association between household food insecurity score and Z-scores of childhood nutritional status indicators.

    DESIGN: Population-based, cross-sectional survey, Nepal Demographic and Health Survey 2011.

    SETTING: A nationally representative sample of 11 085 households selected by a two-stage, stratified cluster sampling design to interview eligible men and women.

    SUBJECTS: Children (n 2591) aged 0-60 months in a sub-sample of households selected for men's interview.

    RESULTS: Prevalence of moderate and severe household food insecurity was 23·2% and 19·0%, respectively, for children aged 0-60 months. Weighted prevalence rates for stunting (height-for-age Z-score (HAZ) child and environmental factors, household food access insecurity score was associated with HAZ (β=-0·02, P=0·01) and WAZ (β=-0·01, P=0·01) but was not associated with WHZ and BMI-for-age Z-score. A 10-point increase in household food access insecurity score was associated with a decrease in HAZ of 0·2 (95% CI 0·05, 0·39) and decrease in WAZ of 0·1 (95% CI 0·03, 0·27).

    CONCLUSIONS: Our results from a nationally representative sample confirm the previously reported association of household food insecurity with stunting and underweight. Community nutrition interventions may use household food insecurity scales for identifying those households where children may be at risk of growth faltering.

    Matched MeSH terms: Child Nutrition Disorders/etiology; Child Nutrition Disorders/epidemiology
  20. Fulltext A structural equation model of the determinants of malnutrition among children in rural Kelantan, Malaysia
    Cheah WL, Wan Muda WAM, Zamh ZH
    Rural Remote Health, 2010;10(1):1248.
    PMID: 20184392
    Many studies had shown that poor growth in children is associated with malnutrition. The underlying factors are diverse, multisectoral and interrelated, ranging from biological to social, cultural and economically related. Because the highest levels of under-nutrition worldwide are found in South Asia, it is essential that policymakers in the region understand the underlying determinants, in order to design effective public health intervention programs. This is especially so if public resources are limited. The purpose of this cross-sectional study was to examine causal relationships among the biological, behavioural and environmental factors related to malnutrition in children aged 5 years and under.
    Matched MeSH terms: Child Nutrition Disorders/epidemiology*
Related Terms
Filters
Contact Us

Please provide feedback to Administrator (afdal@afpm.org.my)

External Links