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  1. Nutritional problems of Malaysian children and approaches taken to overcome them
    Arokiasamy JT
    Asia Pac J Public Health, 1990;4(1):65-71.
    PMID: 2223281
    Nutritional status of children is an important factor in child survival, especially in developing countries. It is therefore important that nutritional problems are addressed and overcome. This paper reviews the many studies conducted in Malaysia on nutritional problems among children. It also documents the approaches, including intersectoral approaches, that have been taken to overcome these problems. Possible actions that have to be taken in the future to further improve the nutritional status of Malaysian children are discussed.
    Matched MeSH terms: Child Nutrition Disorders/ethnology; Child Nutrition Disorders/epidemiology*; Child Nutrition Disorders/prevention & control
  2. Fulltext The nutritional status of children in resettlement villages in Kelantan
    Zulkifli A, Khairul Anuar A, Atiya AS
    Southeast Asian J. Trop. Med. Public Health, 1999 Mar;30(1):122-8.
    PMID: 10695800
    A cross-sectional survey of the nutritional status of children aged 1-10 years old from the Kuala Betis resettlement villages was carried out. A total of 620 children were examined, of which 329 were preschool children and 291 were schoolchildren. The age was determined and anthropometric measurements such as weight, height and MUAC were taken. The nutritional status was assessed by looking at the distributions of the z-scores of weight-for-age (WAZ), height-for-age (HAZ) and weight-for-height (WHZ) in relation to the growth charts of the National Center for Health Statistics reference population. It was found that the nutritional status of the Orang Asli children was poor, with a prevalence of 33.7-65.3% underweight, 55.3-74.4% stunting and 4.4-29.7% wasting based on the NCHS reference values. The prevalence of malnutrition among the Malay children was lower, underweight--7.3-34.1%, stunting--9.8-34.1% and wasting--1.7-17.1%. The nutritional status of the Orang Asli children were poorer compared to the Malay children. More preschool Orang Asli children were stunted compared to the Orang Asli schoolchildren. This may be due to the poor economic base of the Orang Asli community during the transformation period after resettlement. A comprehensive primary health care program is essential, especially targeting the preschool Orang Asli children in these resettlement villages.
    Matched MeSH terms: Child Nutrition Disorders/diagnosis*; Child Nutrition Disorders/ethnology; Child Nutrition Disorders/etiology; Child Nutrition Disorders/epidemiology*; Child Nutrition Disorders/prevention & control
  3. Development of a questionnaire for the study of malnutrition among children in rural Kelantan, Malaysia
    Cheah W, Wan Abdul Manan W, Zabidi-Hussin Z, Chang C
    Rural Remote Health, 2009 Jul-Sep;9(3):1155.
    PMID: 19705956
    Historical data have shown that the factors contributing to and underlying malnutrition among children are diverse, multisectoral and include interrelated biological, social, cultural and economic factors. To determine the these factors in a given population an accurate and reliable questionnaire is essential. This article concerns the process of questionnaire development and validation.
    Matched MeSH terms: Child Nutrition Disorders/etiology*; Child Nutrition Disorders/epidemiology
  4. Micronutrient status and intervention programs in Malaysia
    Khor GL
    Food Nutr Bull, 2005 Jun;26(2 Suppl 2):S281-5.
    PMID: 16075579
    Approximately 70% of the world's malnourished children live in Asia, giving that region the highest concentration of childhood malnutrition worldwide. Prevalence of stunting and underweight are high especially in south Asia where one in every two preschool children is stunted. Iron-deficiency anemia affects 40%-50% of preschool and primary schoolchildren. Nearly half of all vitamin A deficiency and xerophthalmia in the world occurs in south and southeast Asia. Iodine deficiency disorders have resulted in high goiter rates in India, Pakistan, and parts of Indonesia. Compared with other developing countries in Asia, the nutrition situation in Malaysia is considerably better, owing to rapid economic and socioeconomic development that has occurred since Malaysia gained its independence in 1957. Prevalence of undernutrition and micronutrient deficiency is markedly lower in Malaysian children. Nonetheless, undernutrition in the form of underweight, stunting, and anemia can be found in poor communities throughout the country. A prevalence of 25% underweight and 35% stunting is reported among young children from poor rural households. Anemia and subclinical forms of vitamin A deficiency were reported in children under 5 years old. Typical of a country in nutrition transition, Malaysia faces the dual burden of malnutrition in children, with the persistence of under-nutrition problems especially among the poor and the emerging overweight problem especially in urban areas. Since 1996, nutrition programs of the government sector are coordinated under the National Plan of Action for Nutrition. These activities and other nutrition intervention efforts by other agencies are discussed in this paper.
    Matched MeSH terms: Child Nutrition Disorders/epidemiology*; Child Nutrition Disorders/prevention & control
  5. Hookworm infection and protein-energy malnutrition: transverse evidence from two Malaysian ecological groups
    Foo LC
    Trop Geogr Med, 1990 Jan;42(1):8-12.
    PMID: 2124397
    Anthropometric and parasitological data from cross-sectional studies of two groups of primary school children (Group I of Indian origin, 325 boys and 259 girls, age = 7 years; Group II of Malay origin, 284 boys and 335 girls, age = 7-9 years) from two different ecological settings in Peninsular Malaysia were examined for epidemiological evidence of an association between hookworm infection and protein-energy malnutrition. In both ecological groups, significant weight, height and haemoglobin deficits were observed in children with hookworm infection after adjustment for covariables including Ascaris and Trichuris infection intensities and other child and family characteristics. The deficits were related to the intensity of infection based on egg counts. These findings suggest that hookworm may be an important determinant of chronic protein-energy malnutrition, as well as anaemia, in areas where diets are generally inadequate in protein, energy, and iron. Well-controlled intervention studies are needed to confirm these observations.
    Matched MeSH terms: Child Nutrition Disorders/etiology*; Child Nutrition Disorders/epidemiology; Child Nutrition Disorders/parasitology
  6. Fulltext Undernutrition prevalence and its determinants among children below five years of age in shabelle zone, Somali Region, Eastern Ethiopia
    Abdi Guled, Rashid, Nik Mazlan Mamat, Wan Azdie Mohd Abu Bakar, Belachew, Tefera, Assefa, Nega
    International Journal of Allied Health Sciences, 2017;1(2):72-91.
    MyJurnal
    Malnutrition is a major public health problem worldwide. More than half of under-five child deaths are due to undernutrition, mainly in developing countries. Ethiopia is among the highestin Sub-Saharan Africa. While,Somali regionis the worstin Ethiopia.
    Matched MeSH terms: Child Nutrition Disorders
  7. Factors associated with undernutrition among children in a rural district of Kelantan, Malaysia
    Cheah WL, Wan Muda WA, Mohd Hussin ZA, Thon CC
    Asia Pac J Public Health, 2012 Mar;24(2):330-42.
    PMID: 20833668 DOI: 10.1177/1010539510380737
    The aim of the study was to identify the factors associated with undernutrition indicators in children 5 years and younger in a rural community in Malaysia. A total of 295 children and their carers were selected from community clinics based on a multistage sampling method. Pretested questionnaire, anthropometric measurement, and dietary assessment were used for data collection. There was 69% stunting, 63.4% underweight, 40% wasting, and 26.8% with mid-upper-arm circumference (MUAC) for age below a z score of -2 among children. In all, 10 factors were found to be associated with different indicators of undernutrition. Age was the only factor that had association with all the undernutrition indicators. Total household income and total expenditure showed significant association with underweight. Birth weight was reported to have significant association with underweight, stunting, and low MUAC-for-age. The findings suggest that the factors of undernutrition were different for different indicators of undernutrition and thus give a more comprehensive picture on factors contributing to acute and chronic malnutrition.
    Matched MeSH terms: Child Nutrition Disorders/epidemiology*
  8. Socioeconomic correlates of iodine status among school children in Sarawak, Malaysia
    Wah-Yun Low, Siti Norazah Zulkifli, Rajeswari Karuppiah
    Asia Pac J Public Health, 2002;14(2):110-7.
    PMID: 12862416 DOI: 10.1177/101053950201400210
    Iodine deficiency is recognized as a public health problem. This paper assesses iodine status by socioeconomic factors in school children in Sarawak, East Malaysia. Kuching, Bau and Simunjan districts were chosen based on advice from the Sarawak's Medical and Health Authority. 803 school children, aged eight years, were selected from 19 schools via proportionate systematic sampling. About half the proportion of the school children were from Kuching, 24% from Simunjan and 22% from Bau. Almost all were equally distributed by sex. By mother's race, almost half were Malays, followed by Bidayuh, Iban, Chinese and other races. Mean urinary iodine concentration was 3.36 microg/ 100ml, mean creatinine level was 111.10 mg/100ml and mean creatinine/iodine ratio was 39.45 microg/ gram. Four female children (0.5%) were found to have enlarged thyroid. Urinary iodine levels were significantly different by district, mother's race and household income. It was highest in Kuching, among children with Malay mothers, and with household incomes more than RM500 per month. Conversely, it was lowest in Bau, among children of Iban/Dayak and Chinese mothers, and incomes of RM500 or less per month. Based on the WHO/UNICEF/ICCIDD classification, the Sarawak school children in the present study fall into the moderate IDD category. The low prevalence of goitre is a positive finding indicating that iodine deficiency is corrected over time.
    Matched MeSH terms: Child Nutrition Disorders/epidemiology*
  9. Fulltext Prevalence of malnutrition among children in an urban squatter settlement in Petaling Jaya
    Chee HL
    Med J Malaysia, 1992 Sep;47(3):170-81.
    PMID: 1491642
    In a study of mild to significant malnutrition in an urban squatter settlement, the weights for age of 297 children between birth and ten years, and the heights for age and weights for height of 197 children between two to ten years were analysed. Using NCHS standards, the overall prevalence of underweight was found to be 18.9%, stunting 15.2%, and wasting 11.2%. Age and ethnicity were significantly associated with the prevalence of underweight and stunting. The growth achievement of children below the age of two years were significantly better off than the older children, and Chinese children significantly better off than Malay and Indian children.
    Matched MeSH terms: Child Nutrition Disorders/epidemiology*
  10. Fulltext Nutritional status of children in rural Sarawak, Malaysia
    Kiyu A, Teo B, Hardin S, Ong F
    Southeast Asian J. Trop. Med. Public Health, 1991 Jun;22(2):211-5.
    PMID: 1948281
    The nutritional status of 641 children between the ages of 0 to 4 years old, from 835 households in 41 randomly selected rural villages with water supply in Sarawak were determined. Based on Waterlow's classification and the National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS) standards, 61% of the children were stunted and 44.1% were wasted. Based on Gomez's classification and the NCHS standards 81.9% of the children were malnourished. There was no sex difference in nutritional status. The percentage of malnourished children increased continuously with age while the percentage of children who were wasted increased from 6 to 36 months and then it leveled off. The percentage of stunted children also increased with age but the increase was sharpest in children who were 12 to 23 months old. It is noted that the Gomez classification overestimates the prevalence of undernutrition.
    Matched MeSH terms: Child Nutrition Disorders/epidemiology*
  11. Malnutrition among 3 to 5 years old children in Baghdad city, Iraq: a cross-sectional study
    Ghazi HF, Mustafa J, Aljunid S, Isa Z, Abdalqader MA
    J Health Popul Nutr, 2013 Sep;31(3):350-5.
    PMID: 24288949
    The unstable geopolitical situation in Iraq since 2003 still affects the health of people, especially children. Several factors may indirectly affect a child's nutritional status. The main aim of this study was to identify factors contributing to malnutrition among 3 to 5 years old children in Baghdad city, Iraq. Two hundred twenty children aged 3 to 5 years were chosen randomly from four kindergartens in Baghdad city according to the cross-sectional design. The nutritional status of the children was assessed using a weight-for-age z-score based on the World Health Organization 2007 cutoff points, in which any child with a z-score of
    Matched MeSH terms: Child Nutrition Disorders/epidemiology*
  12. Fulltext Association of Child Growth Failure Indicators With Household Sanitation Practices in India (1998-2021): Spatiotemporal Observational Study
    Jain L, Pradhan S, Aggarwal A, Padhi BK, Itumalla R, Khatib MN, et al.
    JMIR Public Health Surveill, 2024 May 24;10:e41567.
    PMID: 38787607 DOI: 10.2196/41567
    BACKGROUND: Undernutrition among children younger than 5 years is a subtle indicator of a country's health and economic status. Despite substantial macroeconomic progress in India, undernutrition remains a significant burden with geographical variations, compounded by poor access to water, sanitation, and hygiene services.

    OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to explore the spatial trends of child growth failure (CGF) indicators and their association with household sanitation practices in India.

    METHODS: We used data from the Indian Demographic and Health Surveys spanning 1998-2021. District-level CGF indicators (stunting, wasting, and underweight) were cross-referenced with sanitation and sociodemographic characteristics. Global Moran I and Local Indicator of Spatial Association were used to detect spatial clustering of the indicators. Spatial regression models were used to evaluate the significant determinants of CGF indicators.

    RESULTS: Our study showed a decreasing trend in stunting (44.9%-38.4%) and underweight (46.7%-35.7%) but an increasing prevalence of wasting (15.7%-21.0%) over 15 years. The positive values of Moran I between 1998 and 2021 indicate the presence of spatial autocorrelation. Geographic clustering was consistently observed in the states of Madhya Pradesh, Jharkhand, Odisha, Uttar Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, West Bengal, Rajasthan, Bihar, and Gujarat. Improved sanitation facilities, a higher wealth index, and advanced maternal education status showed a significant association in reducing stunting. Relative risk maps identified hotspots of CGF health outcomes, which could be targeted for future interventions.

    CONCLUSIONS: Despite numerous policies and programs, malnutrition remains a concern. Its multifaceted causes demand coordinated and sustained interventions that go above and beyond the usual. Identifying hotspot locations will aid in developing control methods for achieving objectives in target areas.

    Matched MeSH terms: Child Nutrition Disorders/epidemiology
  13. Nutritional status of refugee children entering DeKalb County, Georgia
    Shah AY, Suchdev PS, Mitchell T, Shetty S, Warner C, Oladele A, et al.
    J Immigr Minor Health, 2014 Oct;16(5):959-67.
    PMID: 23828627 DOI: 10.1007/s10903-013-9867-8
    This study determines the nutritional status among refugee children entering one of the largest resettlement counties in the United States and identifies differences between incoming populations. Medical records of all newly arriving pediatric refugees (0-18 years) entering DeKalb County, Georgia between October 2010 and July 2011 were reviewed. Refugee children were grouped as African, Bhutanese, or Burmese (resettling from either Thailand or Malaysia) for comparative analysis. Approximately one in five refugees were anemic or malnourished, while a quarter had stool parasites, and nearly half had dental caries. African refugees had the highest anemia but the lowest underweight prevalence (p < 0.05). Compared to Burmese resettling from Malaysia, Burmese children from Thailand had a higher prevalence of anemia, underweight, and stool parasites (p < 0.05). Clinicians should use CDC medical screening guidelines for newly arriving pediatric refugees, as well as ensure proper nutritional support and follow-up care.
    Matched MeSH terms: Child Nutrition Disorders/ethnology; Child Nutrition Disorders/epidemiology
  14. Regional study of nutritional status of urban primary schoolchildren. 3. Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
    Tee ES, Khor SC, Ooi HE, Young SI, Zakiyah O, Zulkafli H
    Food Nutr Bull, 2002 Mar;23(1):41-7.
    PMID: 11975368
    A total of 5,995 (7.8% of all 7- to 10-year-old primary schoolchildren in Kuala Lumpur), randomly selected from 166 schools (97.6% of all schools), were measured for their weight and height. The analyses of all weight and height data, including the cutoffs used for defining stunting, underweight, and wasting and for thinness and overweight, were carried out as recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO). The prevalances of stunting (height-for-age Z score < -2 SD), underweight (weight-for-age Z score < -2 SD) and wasting (weight-for-height Z score < -2 SD) among all the children studies were 6.7%, 7.1%, and 4.5%, respectively. Undernutrition among boys was more serious than among girls according to all three indicators. Because it was not possible to analyze the weight-for-height data for most of the children above 8.5 years of age, body mass index (BMI)-for-age was used to determine the prevalences of thinness and overweight for all the children. Based on the reference data, the prevalence of overweight (at or above the 95th percentile) was 9.7% and 7.1% for boys and girls, respectively, and 8.4% overall.
    Matched MeSH terms: Child Nutrition Disorders/epidemiology; Child Nutrition Disorders/physiopathology
  15. Association between household food access insecurity and nutritional status indicators among children aged <5 years in Nepal: results from a national, cross-sectional household survey
    Sreeramareddy CT, Ramakrishnareddy N, Subramaniam M
    Public Health Nutr, 2015 Nov;18(16):2906-14.
    PMID: 25435296 DOI: 10.1017/S1368980014002729
    OBJECTIVE: To examine the association between household food insecurity score and Z-scores of childhood nutritional status indicators.

    DESIGN: Population-based, cross-sectional survey, Nepal Demographic and Health Survey 2011.

    SETTING: A nationally representative sample of 11 085 households selected by a two-stage, stratified cluster sampling design to interview eligible men and women.

    SUBJECTS: Children (n 2591) aged 0-60 months in a sub-sample of households selected for men's interview.

    RESULTS: Prevalence of moderate and severe household food insecurity was 23·2% and 19·0%, respectively, for children aged 0-60 months. Weighted prevalence rates for stunting (height-for-age Z-score (HAZ) child and environmental factors, household food access insecurity score was associated with HAZ (β=-0·02, P=0·01) and WAZ (β=-0·01, P=0·01) but was not associated with WHZ and BMI-for-age Z-score. A 10-point increase in household food access insecurity score was associated with a decrease in HAZ of 0·2 (95% CI 0·05, 0·39) and decrease in WAZ of 0·1 (95% CI 0·03, 0·27).

    CONCLUSIONS: Our results from a nationally representative sample confirm the previously reported association of household food insecurity with stunting and underweight. Community nutrition interventions may use household food insecurity scales for identifying those households where children may be at risk of growth faltering.

    Matched MeSH terms: Child Nutrition Disorders/etiology; Child Nutrition Disorders/epidemiology
  16. The risk of under-nutrition in hospitalised Malaysian children: Use of 3-minute nutrition screening-paediatrics (Paediatric 3-MinNS)
    Yeo PS, Majid HA
    J Pak Med Assoc, 2024 Jun;74(6):1074-1078.
    PMID: 38948974 DOI: 10.47391/JPMA.9616
    OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the under-nutrition risk of children admitted to hospitals using a validated tool.

    METHODS: The cross-sectional study was conducted from September 2017 to June 2018 in the paediatrics wards of a tertiary referral paediatric government hospital, a tertiary teaching hospital and a government district hospital in Malaysia. The sample comprised paediatric patients aged 2-12 years within 24-72 hours of hospital admission. Data was collected using the 3-Minute Nutrition Screening-Paediatrics tool. Data was analysed using SPSS 20.

    RESULTS: Of the 341 patients screened, 284(83.3%) were included; 170(59.9%) boys and 114(40.1%) girls. The overall median age was 4.85 years (interquartile range: 4.33 years). The median length of hospital stay was 3 days (interquartile range: 3 days). There were 72(25.4%) participants at high under-nutrition risk, with the highest proportion being at the district government hospital 31(33%). Among those with high risk, 5.4% subjects had severe acute malnutrition, 9.7% had severe chronic malnutrition, and 11.1% had severe thinness.

    CONCLUSION: The 3-Minute Nutrition Screening-Paediatrics scale was found to be effective as a nutrition screening tool for hospitalised children in Malaysia.

    Matched MeSH terms: Child Nutrition Disorders/diagnosis; Child Nutrition Disorders/epidemiology
  17. Socio-economic determinants of nutritional status of children in rural peninsular Malaysia
    Marjan ZM, Taib MN, Lin KG, Siong TE
    Asia Pac J Clin Nutr, 1998 Dec;7(3/4):307-10.
    PMID: 24393689
    The data presented is part of the findings from a four-year collaborative research project between Universiti Putra Malaysia, the Institute for Medical Research and the Ministry of Health Malaysia. The project assessed the nutritional status of the major functional groups in Peninsular Malaysia. Mukim Sayong and Pulau Kemiri in the District of Kuala Kangsar, Perak were two of the subdistricts selected to represent small rubber holdings in Peninsular Malaysia. This paper attempts to analyse the socio-economic profile of the households and the nutritional status of children below 9 years of age. A total of 307 households were studied. Approximately 63% of the households were involved in rubber activities and the majority of them were hired tappers. The average monthly income of the households was RM467 and the income ranged between RM30 to RM2120. Based on the per capita poverty line income of RM84.38, it was found that 14.1% of the households earned less than RM42.19, which can be considered as hard-core poor, while 32.7% were poor (monthly per capita income between RM42.19 and RM84.38). Slightly more than half (52.7%) earned income above the poverty line. The average family size was 4.5, ranging from 1 through to 16. The majority of the heads of households (56.6%) had between 3 and 6 years of education, and 14.5% did not receive any formal education. The prevalence of stunting among children 0-5 years of age was 26%, while 31.5% were underweight and 3.8% wasted. Among children aged between 5 and 9 years, almost the same pattern of nutritional status was noted. The overall percentages of stunting, underweight and wasting among these children were 29.2%, 26.1% and 0.62%, respectively. Analysis on nutritional status according to income level showed a noticeable difference in the prevalence of malnutrition in children above and below the poverty line income. The Student's t-test indicated significant differences in weight-for-age and weight-for-height between the two poverty line income for children below 5 years of age. Pearson's correlation coefficient showed a significant correlation between height-for-age with household size (r = -0.26, p<0.05), and monthly per capita income with weight-for-height (r = 0.25, p<0.05). There was a highly significant correlation between acreage of land cultivated and weight-for-height (r = 0.42, p<0.01), and weight-for-age (r = 0.25, p<0.05). The findings indicated the influence of socio-economic factors on the nutritional status of children.
    Matched MeSH terms: Child Nutrition Disorders
  18. Fulltext Community-based supplementary feeding programme for malnourished indigenous children: sharing an experience in Kemar, Hulu Perak settlement
    Noor Asmah A. S. A., Farhana A. K., Norazlina M. N., Mohd Shazuan Irwan M. S.
    Malaysian Journal of Medicine and Health Sciences, 2019;15(104):3-3.
    MyJurnal
    Introduction: Childhood malnutrition is common and severe among indigenous community. The Community Feed-ing Program was first launched in 2010 among 15 villages in Kemar indigenous settlement among children below six years old. The objective of this study was to improve the nutrition status of indigenous children in Kemar settlement, Hulu Perak. Methods: All the indigenous children aged below six received high calorie food, full cream milk and multivitamin with an average of 500kcal/day. Ready to Use Therapeutic Food (RUTF), specified for malnourished children, provides nutrition that accounts for one-half to two-thirds of a child’s daily needs. The feeding sessions was carried out once a day, five days a week and managed by a group of trained local volunteers and research assistants. Weight and height were measured monthly. Results: The coverage throughout 2013 to 2018, ranged from 90.3% to 100%. The percentage of children with normal body weight had increased from only 38.7 % in 2010 to 60.6% in 2018. From year 2013 to 2018, the percentage of stunted children had reduced from 77% to 72.5%, and severe stunting reduced from 35.2% in 2015 to 24.9% in 2018. Conclusion: The continuity of this program is essential to sustain normal nutritional status and hence the wellbeing of this group of children in the interior remote community.
    Matched MeSH terms: Child Nutrition Disorders
  19. Fulltext Prevalence and risk factors associated with malnutrition among children with learning disabilities: a scoping review
    Nur Hamiza Ruzaini Hashim, Sakinah Harith, Raishan Shafini Bakar, Nur-Fazimah Sahran
    Malays J Nutr, 2017;23(1):65-80.
    MyJurnal
    Introduction: By the end of 2015, about 72,152 children with learning disabilities were registered under the Malaysian Welfare Service Department (JKM). Malnutrition has been found to be a common setback among children with learning disability (LD). This study presents available evidence on the prevalence and risk factors associated with malnutrition in children with LD.

    Methods: A framework suggested by Arksey & O`Male (2005) was used to carry out this scoping review. Published articles, reviews and reports were identified through a complete search. Inclusion criteria for the search were English articles related to LD, published from 2005 to 2016.

    Results: Seventeen international studies published from 2005 until 2015 with a total of 318,596 participants and one study involving 281 participants from Malaysia, were identified and included in this review (n=18). The target age range of the sample in these 18 studies was 2 - 20 years, with a mean age of 3.2 - 14.2 years. The prevalence of underweight among children with LD was 3.4 - 36%, overweight 7.6 - 37% and obesity 5.7 - 52%. Several studies reveal that malnutrition risk among children with LD is significantly associated with gender, age, genetic syndrome, type of disability, medication used, and country economic status.

    Conclusion: A number of studies show that children with LD have a higher prevalence of being overweight and obese than typically developing children and the risk associated with obesity significantly increases with age.
    Matched MeSH terms: Child Nutrition Disorders
  20. Fulltext A structural equation model of the determinants of malnutrition among children in rural Kelantan, Malaysia
    Cheah WL, Wan Muda WAM, Zamh ZH
    Rural Remote Health, 2010;10(1):1248.
    PMID: 20184392
    Many studies had shown that poor growth in children is associated with malnutrition. The underlying factors are diverse, multisectoral and interrelated, ranging from biological to social, cultural and economically related. Because the highest levels of under-nutrition worldwide are found in South Asia, it is essential that policymakers in the region understand the underlying determinants, in order to design effective public health intervention programs. This is especially so if public resources are limited. The purpose of this cross-sectional study was to examine causal relationships among the biological, behavioural and environmental factors related to malnutrition in children aged 5 years and under.
    Matched MeSH terms: Child Nutrition Disorders/epidemiology*
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