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  1. Utilization of Private Sector Family Planning Services in Malaysia
    Lai SL, Tey NP, Mahmud A, Ismail N
    Int Q Community Health Educ, 2021 Jul;41(4):395-403.
    PMID: 33167794 DOI: 10.1177/0272684X20972864
    BACKGROUND: The private sector is playing an increasingly important role in family planning services globally. The active participation of private providers is associated with a higher contraceptive prevalence rate.

    OBJECTIVES: To examine the differentials and determinants of the utilization of private providers for family planning services.

    METHOD: This study used the 2014 Malaysian Population and Family Survey data. Cross-tabulations and logistic regression were performed on 1,817 current users of modern methods.

    RESULTS: Overall, 26% of modern method users obtained their supplies from private clinics/pharmacies and 15.2% from other sources, such as drug stores and sundry shops. The odds of utilizing the private sector for family planning services differ significantly across regions and socio-economic groups. The odds of obtaining supply from the private clinics/pharmacies were higher among the Chinese and urban women (AOR > 1), and it was lower among those from the eastern region (AOR = 0.47, 95% CI = 0.30-0.73). Non-Bumiputera, urban, higher educated, and working women, and those whose husbands decided on family planning had higher odds of obtaining the supply from the other sources (AOR > 1).

    CONCLUSION: The private sector complements and supplements the public sector in providing family planning services to the public.

    Matched MeSH terms: Contraceptive Agents/supply & distribution*
  2. Fulltext Unmet needs for contraception in married women in a tribal area of India
    Patil SS, Abdul Rashid K, Narayan KA
    Malaysian Journal of Public Health Medicine, 2010;10(2):44-51.
    MyJurnal
    Background and Objectives: Unmet need for contraception is the gap between women's reproductive intentions and their contraceptive behavior. This community based interventional study was carried out to determine the unmet needs for contraception, the reasons for this and to assess the impact of interventional measures on acceptance of contraception.
    Subjects and Methods: This study was conducted in 52 villages in the state of Maharashtra, India, among 363 married women selected by cluster sampling. Data was collected using an interview guide. An intervention was done for the women who had an unmet need and an assessment of the change was done subsequently. Data was analyzed by using SPSS.
    Results The prevalence of contraceptive usage was 59.2% and the prevalence of unmet need for contraception was 44% (160). The unmet need for spacing births was 53.8%, 38.7% for limiting births and 7.5% women were dissatisfied with the current contraceptive method. The reasons ranged from side effects to contraceptives to source of obtaining contraceptives. Age of the respondents, education and number of living children showed statistically significant association with unmet needs. Post intervention, the contraceptive prevalence rate increased significantly 85.7% and there was a significant reduction in the unmet needs for spacing and limiting births, equally there was a significant reduction of dissatisfaction with using contraception.
    Conclusion: Improvement in the use of contraception and addressing the unmet need for contraception requires community involvement and ongoing, sustained efforts by health workers to ensure quality care to the beneficiaries.
    Matched MeSH terms: Contraceptive Agents
  3. Three IFRP studies investigate breast-feeding and contraception
    Netw Res Triangle Park N C, 1981 Apr;2(3):1-2.
    PMID: 12281266
    PIP:
    The International Fertility Research Program is carrying out several studies focused on breastfeeding's contraceptive protection. A longitudinal study is investigating the relationship between breastfeeding and the return of ovulation and fertility after childbirth. The impact of factors such as the early introduction of supplementary foods, resumption of menses, and sexual practices on the return of ovulation will be analyzed. The study, which will be conducted at 4 geographic sites, will include a total of 100 women who are breastfeeding and a control group of 40 nonlactating mothers. Its ultimate goal will be to determine the optimum time for breastfeeding women with different cultural needs to start using contraceptives. A second study will seek to determine whether progestogen-only oral contraceptives (OCs) have advantages for lactating women. Trials in India, Malaysia, Argentina, and Egypt will compare 1000 lactating women who use progestogen-only OCs with an equal number of women who use nonhormonal contraception in terms of contraceptive acceptance and side effects and infant weight gain. The third study will survey breastfeeding patterns in relation to changing child spacing trends in a sample of 4000 women from Lagos, Nigeria. Analyzed will be the proportions of women who are using a modern method of fertility control, the proportions protected from unwanted pregnancy by the traditional practices of prolonged breastfeeding and sexual abstinence, and determinants of recent changes in the prevalence and duration of breastfeeding.
    Matched MeSH terms: Contraceptive Agents; Contraceptive Agents, Female*
  4. Fulltext The effects of subdermal hormonal contraceptive implant on health indices. A preliminary report
    Murad, A.Z., Mokhtar, A., Sudesan, R., Lee, S.F., Ghazali, I.
    International Medical Journal Malaysia, 2007;6(2):1-16.
    MyJurnal
    Subdermal etonogestrel implant (Implanon®) is the newest, long term contraceptive implant which has recently been made available to Malaysian women. This prospective study was conducted to determine the effects on selected health indices among 42 women who had consented to Implanon® as their choice of contraception. Health indices were checked prior to Implanon® insertion and six months post insertion. Findings indicate a significant reduction in total cholesterol with a significant increase in total haemoglobin and BMI. However there was no significant change noted in the fasting blood sugar, glycosylated haemoglobin, systolic blood pressure and diastolic blood pressure.
    Matched MeSH terms: Contraceptive Agents
  5. TRENDS IN EDUCATION IN OBSTETRICS AND GYNAECOLOGY: A FORUM
    MACAFEE CH, MCKELVEY JL, CHESTERMAN JN, MEARES SD, BROWNE AD
    Med J Malaysia, 1963 Jun;17:244-52.
    PMID: 14060501
    Matched MeSH terms: Contraceptive Agents*
  6. Study of rigevidon for oral contraception in a family planning clinic in Kota Bahru, Kelantan
    Ang Eng Suan, Karim HA
    Malays J Reprod Health, 1990 Jun;8(1):31-7.
    PMID: 12316342
    Matched MeSH terms: Contraceptive Agents; Contraceptive Agents, Female
  7. Fulltext Socioeconomic Correlates of Contraceptive Use among the Ethnic Tribal Women of Bangladesh: Does Sex Preference Matter?
    Kamal SM, Hassan CH
    J Family Reprod Health, 2013 Jun;7(2):73-86.
    PMID: 24971107
    Objective: To examine the relationship between socioeconomic factors affecting contraceptive use among tribal women of Bangladesh with focusing on son preference over daughter.
    Materials and methods: The study used data gathered through a cross sectional survey on four tribal communities resided in the Rangamati Hill District of the Chittagong Hill Tracts, Bangladesh. A multistage random sampling procedure was applied to collect data from 865 currently married women of whom 806 women were currently married, non-pregnant and had at least one living child, which are the basis of this study. The information was recorded in a pre-structured questionnaire. Simple cross tabulation, chi-square tests and logistic regression analyses were performed to analyzing data.
    Results: The contraceptive prevalence rate among the study tribal women was 73%. The multivariate analyses yielded quantitatively important and reliable estimates of likelihood of contraceptive use. Findings revealed that after controlling for other variables, the likelihood of contraceptive use was found not to be significant among women with at least one son than those who had only daughters, indicating no preference of son over daughter. Multivariate logistic regression analysis suggests that home visitations by family planning workers, tribal identity, place of residence, husband's education, and type of family, television ownership, electricity connection in the household and number of times married are important determinants of any contraceptive method use among the tribal women.
    Conclusion. The contraceptive use rate among the disadvantaged tribal women was more than that of the national level. Door-step delivery services of modern methods should be reached and available targeting the poor and remote zones.
    Keywords: Bangladesh, Contraceptive use, Ethnic tribal women, Sex preference, Logistic regression
    Matched MeSH terms: Contraceptive Agents
  8. Fulltext Sociodemographic profile, contraceptive practice and awareness of HIV infection among unmarried postpartum women in a tertiary centre in Malaysia
    Mustafa KB, Ibrahim Nb, Noraziana AW, Ayu AS, Suhaiza A, Awang M
    International Medical Journal Malaysia, 2014;13(2):41-47.
    MyJurnal
    Introduction: To describe the sociodemographic profile, contraceptive practice, and awareness of HIV infection among unmarried post partum women in the biggest government hospital in Pahang.
    Methods: A cross sectional questionnaire-proforma-based study was conducted for one year duration from August 2010 until July 2011 by identifying and recruiting all the unmarried women upon admission for delivery. Basic information were obtained from the use of patients’ case notes, and further related and necessary information were obtained from a direct face-to-face interview based on a proforma.
    Results: A total of 121 unmarried women were identified and recruited. The age ranged from 13 to 36 years with a mean age of 21.6 years. 31.4% were teenagers. Only 16% of patients have tertiary education, and 2.5% never had any formal education. About one third of the women were smokers or ex-smokers, 7.5% had consumed alcohol, but none denied ever use of any recreational drugs. Almost 9% has prior history of being sexually assaulted. About three quarter of the women never used any contraceptive method. Majority of the patients (85.1%) were aware of HIV transmission risk; 75% never had any antenatal checkup or booked at late gestation (> 20 weeks); and 45.8% were not aware of any support groups for single mothers. Conclusion: Single unmarried women are associated with disadvantaged sociodemographic profile.
    Contraceptive practice was also very low despite significant awareness towards risk of HIV infection. Further follow up, support and care should be offered to these women.
    Matched MeSH terms: Contraceptive Agents
  9. Fulltext Prevalence and associated factors of contraceptive discontinuation and switching among Bangladeshi married women of reproductive age
    Mahumud RA, Hossain MG, Sarker AR, Islam MN, Hossain MR, Saw A, et al.
    Open Access J Contracept, 2015;6:13-19.
    PMID: 29386920 DOI: 10.2147/OAJC.S76070
    Introduction: Contraceptive discontinuation is a worldwide incident that may be connected with low incentive to avoid pregnancy. Contraceptive discontinuation highly contributes to unplanned pregnancy and unwanted births.

    Objectives: The objective of this study was to observe the prevalence of discontinuation and switching of contraceptive methods among Bangladeshi married women. In addition, the sociodemographic factors associated with contraceptive discontinuation and switching were assessed.

    Methods: Secondary cross-sectional data was used in this study. A total of 16,273 married Bangladeshi women of reproductive age (15-49 years) were considered in the present study, from the Bangladesh Demographic and Health Survey, 2011. Logistic regression models were used to determine the relationships between key sociodemographic factors and user status.

    Results: The prevalence of discontinuation and switching of contraceptive method among women were 38.4% and 15.4%, respectively. The logistic regression model demonstrated that women in early reproductive years (25-29 years and 30-34 years) significantly more often (odds ratio [OR] =0.84 and 0.71, respectively) discontinued use of contraceptives. Significantly higher rates of discontinuation were pronounced among women who used the pill (OR =0.72) and injectable contraception users (OR =0.60), had small family size (OR =0.49), lived in a rural community (OR =1.65), and who were less educated (OR =1.55).

    Conclusion: Contraceptive discontinuation may reflect an association among less education, currently married, and smaller family size. Awareness of contraceptive methods can decrease the burden of unplanned pregnancies and thus progresses the family planning program.
    Matched MeSH terms: Contraceptive Agents
  10. Fulltext Prescription contraception use: a cross-sectional population study of psychosocial determinants
    Molloy GJ, Sweeney LA, Byrne M, Hughes CM, Ingham R, Morgan K, et al.
    BMJ Open, 2015 Aug 12;5(8):e007794.
    PMID: 26270944 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2015-007794
    OBJECTIVE: Many forms of contraception are available on prescription only for example, the oral contraceptive pill (OCP) and long-acting reversible contraceptives (LARCs). In this analysis we aim to identify key determinants of prescription contraceptive use.
    DESIGN: Cross-sectional population survey. Data on sociodemographic indices, concerns about the OCP and perceived barriers to access were collected.
    SETTING: Data set constructed from a representative population-based telephone survey of community dwelling adults in the Republic of Ireland (RoI)
    PARTICIPANTS: 1515 women aged between 18 and 45 years
    MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: Self-reported user of the OCP or LARCs (intrauterine contraception, contraceptive injections or subdermal contraceptive implants) in the previous 12 months.
    RESULTS: For at least some of the previous year, 35% had used the OCP and 14% had used LARCs, while 3% had used two or more of these methods. OCP users were significantly younger, more likely to be unmarried and had higher income than non-users. Overall, 68% agreed with the statement 'that taking a break from long-term use of the contraceptive pill is a good idea' and 37% agreed with the statement that 'the OCP has dangerous side effects' and this was the strongest predictor variable of non-use of the OCP. Intrauterine contraception users were significantly older, more likely to be married and had lower income than non-users. Injections or subdermal contraceptive implant users were significantly younger, less likely to be married, had lower income and were less likely to agree that taking a break from long-term use of the pill is a good idea than non-users.
    CONCLUSIONS: Prescription contraceptive use is sociodemographically patterned, with LARCs in particular being associated with lower incomes in the RoI. Concerns about the safety of the OCP remain prevalent and are important and modifiable determinants of contraceptive-related behaviour.
    Matched MeSH terms: Contraceptive Agents, Female*
  11. Pregnancy after contraceptive use
    Ang Eng Suan, Arshat H
    Malays J Reprod Health, 1986 Jun;4(1):6-11.
    PMID: 12268570
    PIP: The initial results of a study conducted to develop guidelines for the clinical management of family planning acceptors with regard to return of fertility following contraceptive use, are presented. 193 parous women attending an urban family planning clinic were interviewed regarding their last pregnancy conceived after stopping a method of contraception. The average interval to pregnancy was 3.9, 2.8 and 1.8 months for ex-users of oral pills, intrauterine devices and conventional methods of contraception, respectively, with median delays to conception of 1.9, 1 and within the 1st month for the 3 categories. In comparison, 149 women who had not used any method at all took 7.3 months before becoming pregnant. Selected variables including age and parity, duration of use and problems encountered, and outcome of pregnancy are further analysed. Follow-up investigations and treatment are recommended 12 months after stopping oral pills and 6 months after removal of intrauterine device for those who have not yet conceived.
    Matched MeSH terms: Contraceptive Agents; Contraceptive Agents, Female*
  12. Fulltext Patient perception of pre-pregnancy care and family planning among reproductive-age female diabetes mellitus patients in a primary care clinic in Penang, Malaysia
    Leow SN, Tang WS, Pararajasingam RP, Ee WS
    Malays Fam Physician, 2020;15(3):35-42.
    PMID: 33329861
    Introduction: Pre-pregnancy care (PPC) is an important part of diabetic care among females in the reproductive age group, as it improves feto-maternal outcomes.

    Objective: We aimed to assess female diabetic patients' perception of PPC and family planning prior to PPC care.

    Methods: This was an observational, cross-sectional survey performed from June 2019 to September 2019, using universal sampling of registered female diabetic patients who fit the inclusion criteria prior to integrated PPC care. A self-administered questionnaire was used to assess patients' perception of PPC.

    Results: A total of 67 patients were recruited for the study. Only 39.4% (n=26) of the patients had heard of PPC. In our study, Code 1 contraception included those methods with a Pearl index of ≤9. Code 2 & 3 contraception included those methods with a Pearl index of >9. Only one-third of patients, 29.9% (n=20), were using Code 1 contraception, although the majority, 79.1% (n=53), felt that they had completed their family. 45 patients (68.2%) felt that they were at risk of developing complications if they were to become pregnant, and 46 patients (69.7%) felt that their health condition was not suitable for another pregnancy. However, only 31.1% (n=14) and 34.8% (n=16) of these patients were using Code 1 contraception, respectively. There were 30 patients (65.2%) who perceived that their health was not suitable for another pregnancy but were only using Code 2 or 3 contraception.

    Conclusion: The patients' perception of PPC was poor. Patients had an inadequate knowledge of the effectiveness of their current contraceptive practice in relation to their intentions for further pregnancy and their self-perceived risk in case of future conception. We suggest that integration of PPC into routine follow-ups for other high-risk medical diseases, such as hypertension, heart disease, and epilepsy, be considered in future practice.
    Matched MeSH terms: Contraceptive Agents
  13. Management of bleeding irregularities among etonogestrel implant users: Is combined oral contraceptives pills or nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs the better option?
    Upawi SN, Ahmad MF, Abu MA, Ahmad S
    J Obstet Gynaecol Res, 2020 Mar;46(3):479-484.
    PMID: 31958877 DOI: 10.1111/jog.14195
    AIM: This study is to evaluate whether unacceptable bleeding among the etonogestrel implant user could be better alleviated using combined oral contraceptive pills (COCP) or nonsteroidal anti-inflammation drugs (NSAID).

    METHODS: This is a prospective randomized study for evaluation of 84 etonogestrel implant (Implanon) users with prolonged or frequent bleeding. They were assigned to either receiving a COCP containing 20 mcg ethinyl estradiol/150 mg desogestrel for two continuous cycle or NSAID; mefenamic acid 500 mg TDS for 5 days, 21 days apart for two cycles. Bleeding pattern during the treatment was recorded and analyzed.

    RESULTS: A total of 32 women (76.2%) in COCP group and 15 women (35.7%) in NSAID group stop bleeding within 7 days after the initiation of treatment which was statistically significant (P 

    Matched MeSH terms: Contraceptive Agents, Female/therapeutic use*
  14. Fulltext Male participation and sharing of responsibility in strengthening family planning activities in Malaysia
    Rosliza, A.M., Majdah, M.
    Malaysian Journal of Public Health Medicine, 2010;10(1):23-27.
    MyJurnal
    Family planning is one of the main pillars of safe motherhood initiatives. It is therefore a very crucial area that needs continuous strengthening and improvement in order to reduce maternal morbidity and mortality which will ultimately improve the general condition of women. Findings from the Confidential Enquiries into Maternal Death (CEMD) Malaysia Report 2001 - 2005 revealed that up to 70% of the maternal deaths never practiced any form of family planning. The contraceptive prevalence rate (CPR) in Malaysia for the year 2004 was 51.7% compared to Thailand, Vietnam and Singapore which was 79%, 74% and 74% respectively. One neglected area that has never been emphasized seriously in the family planning programme in Malaysia is male participation, gender awareness and sharing of responsibility by both partners. In realizing this, efforts have been made to include men as target groups in the national family planning programme. This paper will highlight the importance of optimum gender relations and sharing of responsibility with special emphasis towards the role of husbands and male medical personnel in the effort to improve family planning activities. It will also discuss the efforts put by the Ministry of Health in order to create gender awareness and encourage male participation in family planning.
    Matched MeSH terms: Contraceptive Agents
  15. Levonorgestrel IUS use in Islamic Malaysia
    Wong CY
    Br J Fam Plann, 2000 Apr;26(2):117.
    PMID: 10896464
    Matched MeSH terms: Contraceptive Agents, Female*
  16. Fulltext Late antenatal booking and its predictors in Lundu district of Sarawak, Malaysia
    Jiee SF, Safii R, Hazmi H
    Int J Public Health Res, 2018;8(2):956-964.
    MyJurnal
    INTRODUCTION: Antenatal care is widely acknowledged as an effective tool to prevent adverse outcomes in pregnant women and their children. In Malaysia, early entry to antenatal care refers to a first visit within the 12th week of gestation. Delayed access to antenatal care has not been extensively studied in Malaysia, whereas several studies have reported a high prevalence of late antenatal booking in developing countries. The objective of this study was to determine the factors and barriers associated with late antenatal booking and the level of knowledge about the timing of antenatal booking among women of childbearing age in the Lundu District of Sarawak.
    METHODS: This was a cross-sectional study among 284 pregnant women in all five Maternal and Child Health (MCH) Clinics of Lundu.
    RESULTS: The prevalence of late antenatal booking in Lundu was 28.2%. Unmarried women were more likely to book their pregnancy late compared to married women. The prevalence of late antenatal booking was also higher among unemployed women than those who were employed. Respondents without their own income also tended to book their pregnancy later than those who had their own income. Significantly, a high percentage of late antenatal booking was also reported among those who never utilize any contraceptive method, did not plan their pregnancy, those without a history of past medical illness or complications in a previous pregnancy and among those who have a problem with their marriage certificate. Those who booked their pregnancy beyond the 12th week of gestation were also reported to have a lower level of knowledge about the need for an antenatal booking, as compared to those who started their antenatal care early.
    CONCLUSION: Unplanned pregnancy, marriage certificate issues, an absence of past medical illness and past obstetric complications were significant predictors of late antenatal booking. Correct and appropriate information relating to antenatal care should be delivered to the public. Health education and advocacy are vital to promote the importance of early antenatal booking to achieve the goal of safe motherhood.
    Study site: Maternal and Child Health Clinics, Lundu, Sarawak, Malaysia
    Matched MeSH terms: Contraceptive Agents
  17. Fulltext Knowledge, awareness, and perception of contraception among senior pharmacy students in Malaysia: A pilot study
    Elkalmi RM, Khan MU, Ahmad A, Srikanth AB, Abdurhaman NS, Jamshed SQ, et al.
    J Res Pharm Pract, 2015 Apr-Jun;4(2):94-8.
    PMID: 25984548 DOI: 10.4103/2279-042X.155760
    OBJECTIVE:This study aimed to assess the knowledge, awareness, and perception of contraception among senior pharmacy students of a public sector university in Malaysia.
    METHODS: A cross-sectional, questionnaire-based study was conducted among senior pharmacy students. The pretested questionnaire was used to collect data from the participants over the period of 1-month. The questionnaire was divided into four sections, for gathering the information about students' demographic data, and their knowledge, attitudes, and perception toward contraception. Data were statistically analyzed using SPSS version 20.
    FINDINGS: The response rate was 68.6%. The results showed that the contraceptive knowledge was comparatively higher in year four students (P < 0.001), married respondents (P < 0.001) and those taking elective courses (P = 0.022) as compared to their respective counterparts. Majority of the students were well aware and had a positive perception about contraception.
    CONCLUSION: Overall findings reflect that the majority of the students had good knowledge, perception, and awareness about contraception. The study recommends future studies to be conducted covering different pharmacy schools across the country to further establish the results.
    KEYWORDS: Awareness; contraceptive; knowledge; perception; students
    Matched MeSH terms: Contraceptive Agents
  18. Fulltext Knowledge, attitute and practice of breastfeeding among mothers in the pre-baby friendly hospital initiative implementation at seven private hospitals in Malaysia
    Adlina S, Narimah AHH, Hakimi ZA, Mazlin MM
    Malaysian Journal of Public Health Medicine, 2006;6(1):58-63.
    MyJurnal
    The knowledge, attitude and practice of breastfeeding among young mothers during pre-Baby Friendly Hospital Initiative implementation was conducted at seven private hospitals in Malaysia. A structured interviewer administered questionnaire was given to all mothers (n=Z52) visiting the antenatal/postnatal clinic of the hospitals. The main respondents were Malays (57.5%) and Chinese (35%) . For most mothers, breastfeeding was combined with supplementary feeds of formula milk, with only 30% breastfed exclusively. The majority of mothers knew that breast-milk contained antibodies and can prevent illness, however many were unaware of breastfeeding's contraceptive effect if practised exclusively. Most mothers did not relate breastfeeding as being environmental friendly. Generally, there was no knowledge gained from the experience of having more children with reference to breastfeeding. Most mothers were influenced by their own beliefs regarding choice of feeding method. Therefore, a mother was empowered with the knowledge of all practical aspects of breastfeeding, it would encourage her to breastfeed her baby.
    Study site: seven private hospitals in Malaysia
    Matched MeSH terms: Contraceptive Agents
  19. Fulltext Improving IUCD usage among reproductive women with Diabetes Mellitus in Health Clinics of Perlis
    Muhammad Ridzwan Rafi’i
    Q Bulletin, 2019;1(28):26-34.
    MyJurnal
    Pregnant women with diabetes mellitus pose an increased risk of maternal and infant morbidity and mortality. In Perlis, for the year of 2016, only 3 (0.3%) out of 1,114 reproductive women with diabetes mellitus were using an intrauterine device (IUCD) as their main contraceptive measure. This project aims to improve the usage of IUCD to 10% among reproductive women with diabetes mellitus in nine health clinics of Perlis.
    A retrospective contraception card review was undertaken to determine the baseline in providing IUCD services. Two sets of validated questionnaires were distributed to patients and healthcare providers in the pre and post-remedial period.
    Customised training sessions were organised for both doctors and nurses’ group. A quick reference for IUCD was developed to guide the healthcare providers during counselling sessions. The Model of Good Care (MOGC) was integrated into the Maternal and Child Health State Plan of Action 2016 to ease the supervision of quality improvement.
    Of the 244 diabetic women who had undergone counselling, 44 (18%) agreed to use IUCD and 38 (16%) of them inserted the IUCD within two weeks. Our project was able to increase the usage of IUCD among diabetic women in nine Perlis health clinics from 3 (0.3%) to 38 (3.4%) within six months. There was a gap reduction in achievable but not achieved (ABNA) from 9.7% to 6.6%. [ABNA = Achievable benefit not achieved]
    Low usage of IUCD among diabetic women is a challenging issue and patient refusal to use IUCD, lack of husband support and comfortable with the previous contraception method were among the main contributing factors. However, providing continuous awareness and new process of effort in promoting the usage of IUCD among diabetic women do improve the uptake of the approach
    Matched MeSH terms: Contraceptive Agents
  20. Hemorrheology and fibrinolytic response in women taking oral contraceptive pills
    Ishak R, Hassan K, Arshat H
    Malays J Reprod Health, 1987 Dec;5(2):57-60.
    PMID: 12315184
    Matched MeSH terms: Contraceptive Agents; Contraceptive Agents, Female*
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