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Fulltext Virucidal activity of Virkon S on human enterovirus

Chan YF, Abu Bakar S

Med J Malaysia, 2005 Jun;60(2):246-8.
PMID: 16114171

The efficacy of Virkon S, a commercial disinfectant as a virucidal spray against human enterovirus 71 (HEV71), the causative agent of the fatal form of hand, foot and mouth disease was examined. At least one log10 reduction of HEV71 titer was achieved when one spray of Virkon (1% or 2%) with ten minutes of contact time was applied. The infectivity was completely lost when four sprays of 1% or 2% Virkon were applied, suggesting that at least four sprays of 1% Virkon to the surface bound HEV71 was necessary to completely inactivate the virus. These findings suggest that Virkon S at the proper concentration is suitable to be used as an effective and easy to use disinfectant against HEV71.

Matched MeSH terms: Disinfectants/administration & dosage; Disinfectants/therapeutic use*
Trisodium phosphate and sodium hypochlorite are more effective as antimicrobials against Campylobacter and Salmonella on duck as compared to chicken meat

Sarjit A, Dykes GA

Int J Food Microbiol, 2015 Jun 16;203:63-9.
PMID: 25791251 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2015.02.026

Little work has been reported on the use of commercial antimicrobials against foodborne pathogens on duck meat. We investigated the effectiveness of trisodium phosphate (TSP) and sodium hypochlorite (SH) as antimicrobial treatments against Campylobacter and Salmonella on duck meat under simulated commercial water chilling conditions. The results were compared to the same treatments on well-studied chicken meat. A six strain Campylobacter or Salmonella cocktail was inoculated (5 ml) at two dilution levels (10(4) and 10(8) cfu/ml) onto 25 g duck or chicken meat with skin and allowed to attach for 10 min. The meat was exposed to three concentrations of pH adjusted TSP (8, 10 and 12% (w/v), pH 11.5) or SH (40, 50 and 60 ppm, pH 5.5) in 30 ml water under simulated spin chiller conditions (4 °C, agitation) for 10 min. In a parallel experiment the meat was placed in the antimicrobial treatments before inoculation and bacterial cocktails were added to the meat after the antimicrobial solution was removed while all other parameters were maintained. Untreated controls and controls using water were included in all experiments. Bacterial numbers were determined on Campylobacter blood-free selective agar and Mueller Hinton agar or xylose deoxycholate agar and tryptone soya agar using the thin agar layer method for Campylobacter and Salmonella, respectively. All TSP concentrations significantly (p<0.05) reduced numbers of Campylobacter (~1.2-6.4 log cfu/cm(2)) and Salmonella (~0.4-6.6 log cfu/cm(2)) on both duck and chicken meat. On duck meat, numbers of Campylobacter were less than the limit of detection at higher concentrations of TSP and numbers of Salmonella were less than the limit of detection at all concentrations of TSP except one. On chicken meat, numbers of Campylobacter and Salmonella were less than the limit of detection only at the lower inoculum level and higher TSP concentrations. By contrast only some of the concentrations of SH significantly (p<0.05) reduced numbers of Campylobacter and Salmonella (~0.2-1.5 log cfu/cm(2)) on both duck and chicken meats. None of the SH treatments resulted in numbers of either pathogen being less than limit of detection. Results indicate that chicken meat has the ability to effectively protect Campylobacter and Salmonella against the impact of trisodium phosphate and sodium hypochlorite while duck meat does not. This study suggests that trisodium phosphate has a strong potential for application in a commercial poultry processing to reduce Campylobacter and Salmonella specifically on duck meat.

Matched MeSH terms: Disinfectants/pharmacology
Transdentinal cytotoxicity and macrophage phenotype of a novel quaternary ammonium silane cavity disinfectant

Daood U, Yiu CKY

Dent Mater, 2019 02;35(2):206-216.
PMID: 30509480 DOI: 10.1016/j.dental.2018.11.018

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the transdentinal cytotoxicity and macrophage phenotype response to a novel quaternary ammonium silane (QAS) cavity disinfectant.
METHODS: NIH 3T3 mouse fibroblasts were cultured in Dulbecco's Modified Eagle's Medium and incubated for 3 days. The cells (3×104) were seeded on the pulpal side of dentine discs and the occlusal side of the discs were treated with different cavity disinfectants: Group 1: de-ionized water (control); Group 2: 2% chlorhexidine (CHX); Group 3: 2% QAS; Group 4: 5% QAS, and Group 5: 10% QAS. Cell morphology of NIH 3T3 cells was examined using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and cell viability was assessed using Trypan blue assay. The eluates were collected and applied on cells seeded in 24-well plates. The total protein production, alkaline phosphatase activity and deposition of mineralized nodules were evaluated after 7 and 14 days. Immunofluorescence staining was performed on the samples with primary antibodies of CD68+, CD80+, and CD163+ assessing the macrophage M1/M2 phenotypes. The macrophages were imaged using a confocal scanning light microscope with an excitation wavelength of 488nm.
RESULTS: No significant difference in cell viability (p<0.0001), total protein production (p<0.01) and mineralized nodule production (p<0.05) was found between 2% QAS and the control, which was significantly higher than 2% CHX, 5% and 10% QAS after 14 days. Alkaline phosphatase production of 2% QAS was significantly lower than the control (p<0.001), but higher than 2% CHX at 14 days. The M1/M2 macrophage ratio was also significantly lower in the 2% and 10% QAS groups (p<0.05) compared to the control and 2% CHX groups.
SIGNIFICANCE: The 2% QAS cavity disinfectant does not have cytotoxic effects on 3T3 NIH mouse fibroblast cells and the predominance of the anti-inflammatory phenotype after its application may stimulate healing and tissue repair.

Matched MeSH terms: Disinfectants*
Theoretical considerations and modeling of chemical inactivation of microorganisms: inactivation of Giardia Cysts by free chlorine

Fernando WJ

J Theor Biol, 2009 Jul 21;259(2):297-303.
PMID: 19336237 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2009.03.026

Chemical inactivation of microorganisms is a common process widely employed in many fields such as in treatment of water, preservation in food industry and antimicrobial treatments in healthcare. For economy of applications and efficiency of treatment establishment the minimum dosage of breakpoint in the chemical application becomes essential. Even though experimental investigations have been extensive, theoretical understanding of such processes are demanding. Commonly employed theoretical analyses for the inactivation of microorganisms and depletion of chemicals include kinetics expressing the rates of depletion of chemical and microorganisms. The terms chemical demand (x) and specific disinfectant demand (alpha) are often used in theoretical modeling of inactivation. The value of specific disinfectant demand (alpha) has always been assumed to be a constant in these models. Intracellular concentration built up within the cells of the microorganisms during inactivation could lead to possible weakening effects of microorganisms thereby requiring lower doses as disinfection proceeds makes the assumption of constant alpha inaccurate. Model equations are formulated based on these observations co-relating the parameters alpha and x with a progressive inactivation (N/N(0)). The chemical concentration (C) is also presented in terms of the inactivation time (t) and the survival ratio (N/N(0)) for given pH and temperature conditions. The model is examined using experimentally verified Ct data of Giardia Cysts/chlorine system. The respective values of x for different survival ratios were evaluated from the data using MatLab software. Proposed model correlating for the disinfectant demand (x) with the survival ratio (N/N(0)) fits satisfactorily with those evaluated from data. The rate constants for different pH and temperature conditions are evaluated which showed compatibility with the Arrhenius model. The dependence of frequency factors with pH indicated compatibility with accepted models. The Ct values regenerated with the kinetic data shows a very accurate fit with published data.

Matched MeSH terms: Disinfectants/pharmacokinetics; Disinfectants/pharmacology*
The fate of sotalol in aqueous chlorination: Kinetics, mechanisms and ecotoxicity assessment

Khalit WNAW, Tay KS

Ecotoxicol Environ Saf, 2017 Nov;145:214-220.
PMID: 28738204 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2017.07.020

Unmetabolized pharmaceuticals often enter the water treatment plants and exposed to various treatment processes. Among these water treatment processes, disinfection is a process which involves the application of chemical oxidation to remove pathogen. Untreated pharmaceuticals from primary and secondary treatment have the potential to be exposed to the chemical oxidation process during disinfection. This study investigated the kinetics and mechanism of the degradation of sotalol during chlorination process. Chlorination with hypochlorous acid (HOCl) as main reactive oxidant has been known as one of the most commonly used disinfection methods. The second order rate constant for the reaction between sotalol and free available chlorine (FAC) was found to decrease from 60.1 to 39.1M-1min-1 when the pH was increased from 6 to 8. This result was mainly attributed by the decreased of HOCl concentration with increasing pH. In the real water samples, the presence of the higher amount of organic content was found to reduce the efficiency of chlorination in the removal of sotalol. This result showed that sotalol competes with natural organic matter to react with HOCl during chlorination. After 24h of FAC exposure, sotalol was found to produce three stable transformation by-products. These by-products are mainly chlorinated compounds. According to the acute and chronic toxicity calculated using ECOSAR computer program, the transformation by-products are more harmful than sotalol.

Matched MeSH terms: Disinfectants/chemistry*
The Efficacy of Apple Cider Vinegar at Different pH Values as an Antimicrobial Agent: An In Vitro Study

Chandraseharan P, Sockalingam SNM, Shafiei Z, Zakaria ASI, Mahyuddin A, Rahman MA

J Contemp Dent Pract, 2023 Oct 01;24(10):779-786.
PMID: 38152911 DOI: 10.5005/jp-journals-10024-3581

AIMS AND BACKGROUND: This study evaluates the antimicrobial activities of commercially available 5% apple cider vinegar (ACV) against Enterococcus faecalis, Streptococcus mutans, and Lactobacillus casei. Materials and methods: Minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimal bactericidal concentration (MBC) were conducted using the broth microdilution method. Sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) of 5.25% was used as a positive control, and comparisons were also made with acetic acid (AA) as the main ingredient in ACV. The three test bacteria treated with the most effective ACV dilution were visualized under a transmission electron microscope (TEM) for structural changes.
RESULTS: Minimal inhibitory concentration was determined at 0.625% of the concentration of ACV against S. mutans and E. faecalis and 1.25% of the concentration of ACV against L. casei with two-fold serial dilutions. A concentration of 5 × 10-1% with 10-fold serial dilutions was found to be the MIC value for all three bacteria. No significant differences were found when compared with the positive control (NaOCl) (p = 0.182, p = 0.171, and p = 0.234), respectively, for two-fold serial dilutions and (p = 1.000, p = 0.658, and p = 0.110), respectively for 10-fold serial dilutions. MBC was observed to be 5% ACV for both E. faecalis and S. mutans. However, positive microbial growth was observed on the agar plate when cultured with L. casei. An independent sample t-test showed no significant differences (p > 0.05) in the antimicrobial activities between 5% ACV and 5% pure AA. TEM revealed cell wall and cytoplasmic membrane disruptions on all three bacteria at MIC value.
CONCLUSION: Apple cider vinegar has antimicrobial activities against Enterococcus faecalis, Streptococcus mutans, and Lactobacillus casei at their respective MIC values.
CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE: Apple cider vinegar can be an alternative antimicrobial dental pulp disinfectant to sodium hypochlorite. Apple cider vinegar can be used safely, especially in children's dental pulp therapy and deep caries management, when adequate tooth isolation is not readily achievable. Thus, adverse reactions commonly associated with other frequently used chemical disinfectants can be avoided.

Matched MeSH terms: Disinfectants*
Fulltext The Adverse Effect Of Formalin: A Warning Against Mishandling

Lian, C.B., Ngeow, W.C.

Ann Dent, 2000;7(1):-.
MyJurnal

Formalin is a clear solution of 37% formaldehyde in water. It is used in dentistry as a disinfectant, antiseptic and mainly as tissue fixative for preserving biologic specimens for histopathologic examination. The human knowledge on systemic formaldehyde intoxication is inadequate as only few cases of formalin ingestion have been reported. This paper presents a brief communication of the adverse effect of formalin to the human tissue.

Matched MeSH terms: Disinfectants
Synthesis and anti-microbial activity of hydroxylammonium ionic liquids

Ismail Hossain M, El-Harbawi M, Noaman YA, Bustam MA, Alitheen NB, Affandi NA, et al.

Chemosphere, 2011 Jun;84(1):101-4.
PMID: 21421256 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2011.02.048

Eight hydroxylammonium-based room temperature ionic liquids (ILs) have been synthesized by acid-base neutralization of ethanolamines with organic acids. The ILs were characterized by infrared and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopies and elemental analysis. Their anti-microbial activities were determined using the well-diffusion method. All eight ILs were toxic to Staphylococcus aureus, while 2-hydroxyethylammonium lactate and 2-hydroxy-N-(2-hydroxyethyl)-N-methylethanaminium acetate showed high anti-microbial activity against a wide range of human pathogens.

Matched MeSH terms: Disinfectants/chemical synthesis; Disinfectants/toxicity
Fulltext Sterilisation of Lucilia cuprina Wiedemann maggots used in therapy of intractable wounds

Mohd Masri S, Nazni WA, Lee HL, T Rogayah TA, Subramaniam S

Trop Biomed, 2005 Dec;22(2):185-9.
PMID: 16883286 MyJurnal

Three new techniques of sterilising maggots of Lucilia cuprina for the purpose of debriding intractable wounds were studied. These techniques were utilisation of ultra-violet C (UVC) and maggot sterilisation with disinfectants. The status of sterility was checked on nutrient agar and blood agar and confirmed with staining. The indicators for the effectiveness of the methods were sterility and survival rate of the eggs or larvae. Egg sterilisation with UVC had the lowest hatching rate (16+/-0.00%) while egg sterilisation with disinfectants showed high hatching rate (36.67+/-4.41%) but low maggot survival rate (31.67+/-1.67%). Sterilisation of the maggots was the most suitable, since the survival rate was the highest (88.67+/-0.88%). Complete sterility was achieved in all cases, except that Proteus mirabilis was consistently found. However, the presence of this microorganism was considered beneficial.

Matched MeSH terms: Disinfectants/pharmacology
Fulltext Some numerical methods and comparisons for solving mathematical model of surface decontamination by disinfectant solution

Chai, Jin Sian, Hoe, Yeak Su, Ali H. M. Murid

MATEMATIKA, 2018;34(2):0-0.
MyJurnal

A mathematical model is considered to determine the effectiveness of disin-
fectant solution for surface decontamination. The decontamination process involved the
diffusion of bacteria into disinfectant solution and the reaction of the disinfectant killing
effect. The mathematical model is a reaction-diffusion type. Finite difference method and
method of lines with fourth-order Runge-Kutta method are utilized to solve the model
numerically. To obtain stable solutions, von Neumann stability analysis is employed to
evaluate the stability of finite difference method. For stiff problem, Dormand-Prince
method is applied as the estimated error of fourth-order Runge-Kutta method. MATLAB
programming is selected for the computation of numerical solutions. From the results
obtained, fourth-order Runge-Kutta method has a larger stability region and better ac-
curacy of solutions compared to finite difference method when solving the disinfectant
solution model. Moreover, a numerical simulation is carried out to investigate the effect
of different thickness of disinfectant solution on bacteria reduction. Results show that
thick disinfectant solution is able to reduce the dimensionless bacteria concentration more
effectively.

Matched MeSH terms: Disinfectants
Some flexural properties of a nylon denture base polymer

Yunus N, Rashid AA, Azmi LL, Abu-Hassan MI

J Oral Rehabil, 2005 Jan;32(1):65-71.
PMID: 15634304

Nylon denture base material could be a useful alternative to poly (methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) in special circumstances such as patient allergy to the monomer. The aim of this study was to evaluate the flexural properties of a nylon denture base material (Lucitone FRS), a conventional compression-moulded heat-polymerized (Meliodent), a compression-moulded microwave-polymerized (Acron MC) and an injection-moulded microwave-polymerized (Lucitone 199) PMMA polymers. The effect of aldehyde-free, oxygen releasing disinfectant solution (Perform) on these properties was also investigated. The flexural modulus and the flexural strength were assessed with a three-point bending test. Specimens were stored in water at a temperature of 37 degrees C for 30 days. For each material, half of the prepared specimens were randomly selected and immersed in the disinfectant 24 h prior to testing. Results were compared statistically at a confidence level of 95%. The result showed that in both the control and disinfected groups, the flexural modulus of nylon was significantly lower than the three PMMA polymers. The flexural strength of nylon was significantly lower than those of Meliodent and Acron MC but was comparable with Lucitone 199. A 24-h immersion in the disinfecting solution increased the rigidity of nylon denture base material.

Matched MeSH terms: Dental Disinfectants/pharmacology
Fulltext SOLAR PHOTOCATALYTIC EFFICIENCY OF ZINC OXIDE FOR WATER DECONTAMINATION

FARAH EILYANA MOHAMED

UMT Journal of Undergraduate Research, 2019;1(1):92-102.
MyJurnal

Solar photocatalysis is a green technology that takes advantage of sustainable solar energy for enhancing oxidation process of numerous harmful water contaminants. In this study, a custom solar driven zinc oxide (ZnO)-mediated photocatalytic system was developed and its efficiency to remove organic contaminants as well as to disinfect selected bacteria was investigated. Methylene blue (MB) dye was used as the model organic contaminant, while Escherichia coli(E.coli) was used as the model fecal coliform bacteria in contaminated water. A series of photodegradation experiments were conducted on water contaminated with either 10 mg/L of MB or ~1010CFU/ml of E.coli. The experiments were completed under sunlight irradiation in the presence of 1 g/L of nano ZnO photocatalyst for up to 6 hours. Using a solar thermal collector, the photoreactor operated in the temperature range of 25 to 50 oC. The findings revealed that the combination of solar thermal with solar photocatalysis usingZnO intensified the degradation of MB and disinfection of E.coli. 98.08% of MB dye and 99.99% of E.coliwere successfully removed from the water within the first 3 hours of treatment. Almost complete removal was eventually achieved after 6 hours of treatment. It is therefore suggested that ZnO-based solar photocatalytic system developed in this study is highly efficient at enhancing water decontamination process.

Matched MeSH terms: Disinfectants
Respiratory epithelium, production performance and behaviour of formaldehyde-exposed broiler chicks

Zulkifli I, Fauziah O, Omar AR, Shaipullizan S, Siti Selina AH

Vet Res Commun, 1999 Mar;23(2):91-9.
PMID: 10359153

Two experiments were conducted to evaluate the effect of formaldehyde vaporization of a hatcher on the tracheal epithelium of chick embryos, and on the production performance and behaviour of commercial broiler chicks. In experiment 1, chick embryos were exposed to 23.5 ppm of formaldehyde vapour during the last 3 days of incubation. Tracheal samples were taken at 0, 6, 30 and 54 h after exposure to formaldehyde and examined by scanning electron microscopy for pathological changes. Observable lesions included excessive accumulation of mucus, matted cilia, loss of cilia and sloughing of the epithelium. The lesions were more severe in chicks exposed for 54 h as compared to those exposed for 6 or 30 h. In experiment 2, 60 chicks that had been exposed to formaldehyde vapour as above and 60 control chicks were used to investigate the effect of formaldehyde fumigation on production performance and behaviour. Formaldehyde vaporization resulted in higher weekly (days 0-6 and 21-27) and total (days 0-41) feed intake and poorer weekly (days 0-6, 7-13, 21-27 and 28-34) and overall (days 0-41) feed conversion ratios. Body weight, mortality and behaviour (eating, drinking, sitting and standing activities) were not affected by formaldehyde fumigation.

Matched MeSH terms: Disinfectants/administration & dosage; Disinfectants/pharmacology*
Relevance of diffusion through bacterial spore coats/membranes and the associated concentration boundary layers in the initial lag phase of inactivation: a case study for Bacillus subtilis with ozone and monochloramine

Fernando WJ, Othman R

Math Biosci, 2006 Feb;199(2):175-87.
PMID: 16387333

Disinfectants are generally used to inactivate microorganisms in solutions. The process of inactivation involves the disinfectant in the liquid diffusing towards the bacteria sites and thereafter reacting with bacteria at rates determined by the respective reaction rates. Such processes have demonstrated an initial lag phase followed by an active depletion phase of bacteria. This paper attempts to study the importance of the combined effects of diffusion of the disinfectant through the outer membrane of the bacteria and transport through the associated concentration boundary layers (CBLs) during the initial lag phase. Mathematical equations are developed correlating the initial concentration of the disinfectant with time required for reaching a critical concentration (C*) at the inner side of the membrane of the cell based on diffusion of disinfectant through the outer membranes of the bacteria and the formation of concentration boundary layers on both sides of the membranes. Experimental data of the lag phases of inactivation already available in the literature for inactivation of Bacillus subtilis spores with ozone and monochloramine are tested with the equations. The results seem to be in good agreement with the theoretical equations indicating the importance of diffusion process across the outer cell membranes and the resulting CBL's during the lag phase of disinfection.

Matched MeSH terms: Disinfectants/pharmacokinetics; Disinfectants/pharmacology*
Performance of chlorination process during nanofiltration of sulfonamide antibiotic

Ramli MR, Sulaiman NM, Mohd MA, Rabuni MF

Water Sci Technol, 2015;72(9):1611-20.
PMID: 26524453 DOI: 10.2166/wst.2015.367

The effectiveness of combined nanofiltration and disinfection processes was studied by comparing the pre-disinfection and post-disinfection when in combination with nanofiltration. Four types of sulfonamide (sulfanilamide, sulfadiazine, sulfamethoxazole, and sulfadimethoxine) were chosen as substrates, with sodium hypochlorite as a disinfectant. A laboratory-scale nanofiltration system was used to conduct the following sets of experiment: (1) a pre-chlorination system, where the free active chlorine (FAC) was added to the membrane influent; and (2), a post-chlorination system, where the FAC was added to the membrane effluent. Overall, the pre-disinfection nanofiltration system showed higher sulfonamide removal efficiency compared to the post-chlorination nanofiltration system (>99.5% versus >89.5%). In the case of limited FAC ([FAC]0: [sulfonamide]0≤1), the removal efficiency for the post-chlorination nanofiltration system was higher, due to the prior nanofiltration process that could remove 12.5% to 80% of sulfonamide. The flux of the treated feed system was considerably higher than in the untreated feed system; however, the membrane was observed to be slightly damaged due to residual chlorine attack.

Matched MeSH terms: Disinfectants
Fulltext Ozone- A Biological Therapy in Dentistry- Reality or Myth?????

Naik SV, K R, Kohli S, Zohabhasan S, Bhatia S

Open Dent J, 2016;10:196-206.
PMID: 27386005 DOI: 10.2174/1874210601610010196

The usage of ozone in dentistry has been proposed because of its antimicrobial, disinfectant, biocompatibility and healing properties. In the last decade a number of therapeutic protocols with ozone have been developed to address common dental infections associated with periodontal disease, RCT and caries. Despite these advantages, therapeutic ozone's application in dentistry is limited because of its possible side effects. Hence, dental practitioners need to know the proper usage of ozone therapy that can provide better patient care and considerably cut down the time and cost of the treatment.

Matched MeSH terms: Disinfectants
Oxidizing Effect of Ozonated-Water on Microbial Balance in the Oral Ecosystem

Razak FA, Musa MY, Abusin HAM, Salleh NM

J Coll Physicians Surg Pak, 2019 Apr;29(4):387-389.
PMID: 30925969 DOI: 10.29271/jcpsp.2019.04.387

Application of ozone is recommended for sterilisation in dental procedures. This study explored the antimicrobial effect of 0.1 ppm ozonated-water on selected common oral commensals. Based on deviation of their growth curves pattern upon ozone treatment, the inhibitory effect of ozone was determined. SEM examination of the ozone-treated microbes recorded its possible morphological effect. Findings suggested a bacteriostatic action of ozone when microbes were treated at the early phase, while, it was bactericidal when treated during the active phase of the growth cycle. Hence, suggesting rinsing the oral cavity with ozonated-water at 0.1 ppm immediately after tooth brushing may suppress microbial growth and slow biofilm formation. While, rinsing on already developed biofilm may result in microbial cell lysis that halted microbial growth and reduce microbial population in the biofilm. Both justify the great potential of ozone (0.1 ppm) for use as antimicrobial agent for the control of biofilm development in the oral cavity.

Matched MeSH terms: Disinfectants/therapeutic use
Occurrence and distribution of antifouling biocide Irgarol-1051 in coastal waters of Peninsular Malaysia

Ali HR, Arifin MM, Sheikh MA, Mohamed Shazili NA, Bachok Z

Mar Pollut Bull, 2013 May 15;70(1-2):253-7.
PMID: 23490347 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2013.02.024

Emerging booster biocides contamination raises particular attention in the marine ecosystem health. This study provides the baseline data on the occurrence of Irgarol-1051 (2-methylthio-4-tert-butylamino-6-cyclopropylamiono-s-triazine) in the selected coastal water around Malaysia. The maximum detected concentration of Irgarol was 2021 ng/L at Klang West, commercial and cargo port. Coral reef Islands (Redang and Bidong) were relatively less contaminated compared to other coastal areas. The temporal variation revealed that only 1% of 28 stations sampled on November, 2011 was above the environmental risk limit of 24 ng/L as suggested by Dutch Authorities, while in January and April, 2012; 46% and 92% of the stations were above the limit respectively. The present findings demonstrate the wide detection of novel antifouling materials Irgarol-1051 which advocates the need for proper monitoring and conservation strategies for the coastal resources.

Matched MeSH terms: Disinfectants/analysis*
Fulltext Life-threatening Chlorhexidine Anaphylaxis: A Case Report

Kow RY, Low CL, Ruben JK, Zaharul-Azri MZ, Ng MS

Malays Orthop J, 2017 Jul;11(2):72-74.
PMID: 29021884 MyJurnal DOI: 10.5704/MOJ.1707.008

Chlorhexidine is a common antiseptic and disinfectant used in the medical field. Allergy to chlorhexidine has been reported in the literature but life-threatening anaphylactic shock is rare. We present a case of severe anaphylactic shock due to chlorhexidine occurring during surgery. Literatures suggest that profound anaphylactic shock to chlorhexidine is commonly preceded by milder, non-specific reactions. These mild symptoms are often dismissed by both the patient and physicians alike. Direct questioning of these symptoms is necessary as a part of the pre-operative assessment and the patient should be referred for further immunology testing if indicated.

Matched MeSH terms: Disinfectants
Lactic acid as a potential decontaminant of selected foodborne pathogenic bacteria in shrimp (Penaeus merguiensis de Man)

Shirazinejad A, Ismail N, Bhat R

Foodborne Pathog Dis, 2010 Dec;7(12):1531-6.
PMID: 21034165 DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2010.0616

Fresh raw shrimps were dipped for 10, 20, and 30 min at room temperature (25°C ± 1°C) in lactic acid (LA; 1.5%, 3.0%, v/v) to evaluate their antipathogenic effects against Vibrio cholerae, Vibrio parahaemolyticus, Salmonella entreitidis, and Escherichia coli O157:H7 inoculated at a level of 10(5) CFU/g. Significant reductions in the population of all these pathogenic bacteria were recorded after dipping treatments, which were correlated to the corresponding LA concentrations and treatment time. With respect to the microbial quality, 3.0% LA treatment for 10 min was acceptable in reducing the pathogenic bacteria. Additionally, sensory evaluation results revealed a 10-min dip in 3.0% LA to be more acceptable organoleptically compared with 20 and 30 min of treatments. Results of the present study are envisaged to be useful for commercial applications for effective decontamination of shrimp.

Matched MeSH terms: Disinfectants/pharmacology*

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