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Proteomics of edible mushrooms: A mini-review

Al-Obaidi JR

Electrophoresis, 2016 05;37(10):1257-63.

PMID: 26891916 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201600031

Mushrooms are considered an important food for their traditionally famous nutritional and medicinal values, although much information about their potential at the molecular level is unfortunately unknown. Edible mushrooms include fungi that are either collected wild or cultivated. Many important species are difficult to cultivate but attempts have been made with varying degrees of success, with the results showing unsatisfactory economical cultivation methods. Recently, proteomic analysis has been developed as a powerful tool to study the protein content of fungi, particularly basidiomycetes. This mini-review article highlights the contribution of proteomics platforms to the study of edible mushrooms, focusing on the molecular mechanisms involved in developmental stages. This includes extracellular and cytoplasmic effector proteins that have potential or are involved in the synthesis of anticancer, antidiabetic, antioxidant, and antibiotic, in blood pressure control, in the supply of vitamins and minerals, and in other responses to environmental changes. The contribution of different proteomics techniques including classical and more advanced techniques is also highlighted.

Matched MeSH terms: Fungal Proteins/analysis*

Isozyme and morphological characteristics of the anaerobic fungus Piromyces mae isolated from the duodenum, rumen and faeces of sheep

Wong MV, Ho YW, Tan SG, Abdullah N, Jalaludin S

FEMS Microbiol Lett, 1995 Dec 01;134(1):9-14.

PMID: 8593960

Isolates of anaerobic fungi obtained from the rumen, duodenum and faeces of sheep were identified as Piromyces mae based on their morphological characteristics observed using light microscopy. There was no significant morphological variation among the isolates of P. mae from the rumen, duodenum and faeces. Isozymes of 12 isolates of P. mae (one each from the rumen, duodenum and faeces from 4 different sheep) were analysed by PAGE. A total of 12 isozymes were studied and 5 isozyme loci were successfully typed. They were malic enzyme, malate dehydrogenase, shikimate dehydrogenase, alpha-esterase and beta-esterase. All the isolates of P. mae regardless of whether they were from the rumen, duodenum or faeces or from different animals produced very similar isozyme banding patterns for each of the enzyme systems. The similar isozyme profiles of the isolates indicate that they are of the same species although they exist in different regions of the alimentary tract.

Matched MeSH terms: Fungal Proteins/analysis

Comparison of Different Protein Extraction Methods for Gel-Based Proteomic Analysis of Ganoderma spp

Al-Obaidi JR, Saidi NB, Usuldin SR, Hussin SN, Yusoff NM, Idris AS

Protein J, 2016 Apr;35(2):100-6.

PMID: 27016942 DOI: 10.1007/s10930-016-9656-z

Ganoderma species are a group of fungi that have the ability to degrade lignin polymers and cause severe diseases such as stem and root rot and can infect economically important plants and perennial crops such as oil palm, especially in tropical countries such as Malaysia. Unfortunately, very little is known about the complex interplay between oil palm and Ganoderma in the pathogenesis of the diseases. Proteomic technologies are simple yet powerful tools in comparing protein profile and have been widely used to study plant-fungus interaction. A critical step to perform a good proteome research is to establish a method that gives the best quality and a wide coverage of total proteins. Despite the availability of various protein extraction protocols from pathogenic fungi in the literature, no single extraction method was found suitable for all types of pathogenic fungi. To develop an optimized protein extraction protocol for 2-DE gel analysis of Ganoderma spp., three previously reported protein extraction protocols were compared: trichloroacetic acid, sucrose and phenol/ammonium acetate in methanol. The third method was found to give the most reproducible gels and highest protein concentration. Using the later method, a total of 10 protein spots (5 from each species) were successfully identified. Hence, the results from this study propose phenol/ammonium acetate in methanol as the most effective protein extraction method for 2-DE proteomic studies of Ganoderma spp.

Matched MeSH terms: Fungal Proteins/analysis*

Isozyme analysis of anaerobic rumen fungi and their relationship to aerobic chytrids

Ho YW, Khoo IY, Tan SG, Abdullah N, Jalaludin S, Kudo H

Microbiology (Reading), 1994 Jun;140 ( Pt 6):1495-504.

PMID: 8081508

Isozymes of 23 cultures of the anaerobic rumen fungi and seven cultures of aerobic chytridiomycete fungi were analysed by PAGE. A total of 14 isozyme loci were successfully typed by PAGE. They were peptidase A & C-1, peptidase A & C-2, peptidase D-1, peptidase D-2, malate dehydrogenase-1, malate dehydrogenase-2, esterase-1, esterase-2, malic enzyme-1, malic enzyme-2, isocitrate dehydrogenase, shikimate dehydrogenase, phosphoglucomutase and 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase. Isozyme analysis can be used for studying the genetic relationships among the different anaerobic rumen fungi and the aerobic chytridiomycete fungi and the isozyme characteristics can serve as additional taxonomic criteria in the classification of the anaerobic rumen fungi. A dendrogram based on the isozyme data demonstrated that the anaerobic rumen fungi formed a cluster, indicating a monophyletic group, distinctly separated from the aerobic chytridiomycete fungi. Piromyces communis and P. minutus showed a close relationship but P. spiralis showed a more distant relationship to both P. communis and P. minutus. Piromyces as a whole was more related to Caecomyces than to Neocallimastix. Orpinomyces was also found to be more related to Piromyces and Caecomyces than to Neocallimastix. Orpinomyces intercalaris C 70 from cattle showed large genetic variation from O. joyonii, indicating that it is a different species.

Matched MeSH terms: Fungal Proteins/analysis*

Antioxidant activities and tyrosinase inhibition effects of Phaleria macrocarpa extracts

Nadri MH, Salim Y, Basar N, Yahya A, Zulkifli RM

Afr J Tradit Complement Altern Med, 2014;11(3):107-11.

PMID: 25371571

BACKGROUND: The ethyl acetate and chloroform extracts of stems, leaves and fruits of Phaleria macrocarpa were screened for their antioxidant capacity and tyrosinase inhibition properties.

MATERIAL AND METHOD: The total phenolic content (TPC), 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging and ferric-ion reducing power (FRAP) were used to evaluate their antioxidant capacity. Tyrosinase inhibition effect was measured using mushroom tyrosinase inhibition assay.

RESULT: Ethyl acetate extract of P. macrocarpa's stem exhibited highest total phenolic content, DPPH free radical scavenging and ferric reducing power. Meanwhile, chloroform extracts of leaves and fruits demonstrated potent anti-tyrosinase activities as compared to a well-known tyrosinase inhibitor, kojic acid.

CONCLUSION: Since chloroform extracts of leaves and fruits have low antioxidant capacities, the tyrosinase inhibition effect observed are antioxidant independent. This study suggests direct tyrosinase inhibition by chloroform extracts of Phaleria macrocarpa.

Matched MeSH terms: Fungal Proteins/analysis

Immunoproteomic analysis of antibody response to cell wall-associated proteins of Candida tropicalis

Lee PY, Gam LH, Yong VC, Rosli R, Ng KP, Chong PP

J Appl Microbiol, 2014 Sep;117(3):854-65.

PMID: 24909754 DOI: 10.1111/jam.12562

This study was conducted to identify antigenic proteins of Candida tropicalis that are targeted by the host immune system.

Matched MeSH terms: Fungal Proteins/analysis

Chemical composition and cellular toxicity of ethnobotanical-based hot and cold aqueous preparations of the tiger's milk mushroom (Lignosus rhinocerotis)

Lau BF, Abdullah N, Aminudin N, Lee HB

J Ethnopharmacol, 2013 Oct 28;150(1):252-62.

PMID: 23993912 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2013.08.034

The sclerotium of the "tiger's milk mushroom" (Lignosus rhinocerotis) is used as tonic and folk medicine for the treatment of cancer, fever, cough and asthma by the local and indigenous communities. It is traditionally prepared by either boiling or maceration-like methods; however, there is no attempt to understand how different processing methods might affect their efficacies as anticancer agents.

Matched MeSH terms: Fungal Proteins/analysis

Detection of Candida albicans ADH1 and ADH2 mRNAs in human archival oral biopsy samples

Bakri MM, Cannon RD, Holmes AR, Rich AM

J Oral Pathol Med, 2014 Oct;43(9):704-10.

PMID: 24931506 DOI: 10.1111/jop.12193

The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between expression of Candida albicans alcohol dehydrogenases (ADH) genes in archival formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) samples from biopsies of leukoplakia.

Matched MeSH terms: Fungal Proteins/analysis*

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