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Vincent's disease - a local outbreak

Veerasingham KV, Somasundaram A

Malayan Medical Journal, 1935;10:21.

Matched MeSH terms: Gingivitis, Necrotizing Ulcerative
Trench Mouth

Chaubal T, Bapat R

Am J Med, 2017 Nov;130(11):e493-e494.
PMID: 28602875 DOI: 10.1016/j.amjmed.2017.05.020
Matched MeSH terms: Gingivitis, Necrotizing Ulcerative/diagnosis*
Fulltext Treatment of dental and orthodontic complications in thalassaemia

Mulimani P, Abas AB, Karanth L, Colombatti R, Kulkarni P

Cochrane Database Syst Rev, 2023 Feb 02;2(2):CD012969.
PMID: 36732291 DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD012969.pub3

BACKGROUND: Thalassaemia is a quantitative abnormality of haemoglobin caused by mutations in genes controlling production of alpha or beta globins. Abnormally unpaired globin chains cause membrane damage and cell death within organ systems and destruction of erythroid precursors in the bone marrow, leading to haemolytic anaemia. The life-long management of the general health effects of thalassaemia is highly challenging, and failure to deal with dental and orthodontic complications exacerbates the public health, financial and personal burden of the condition. There is a lack of evidence-based guidelines to help care seekers and providers manage such dental and orthodontic complications. This review aimed to evaluate the available evidence on methods for treating dental and orthodontic complications in people with thalassaemia to inform future recommendations. This is an update of a Cochrane Review first published in 2019.
OBJECTIVES: To assess different methods for treating dental and orthodontic complications in people with thalassaemia.
SEARCH METHODS: We searched the Cochrane Cystic Fibrosis and Genetic Disorders Group's Haemoglobinopathies Trials Register in September 2022, and we searched nine online databases and trials registries in January 2022. We searched the reference lists of relevant articles and reviews and contacted haematologists, experts in fields of dentistry, organisations, pharmaceutical companies and researchers working in this field.
SELECTION CRITERIA: We searched for published or unpublished randomised controlled trials (RCTs) that evaluated treatment of dental and orthodontic complications in individuals diagnosed with thalassaemia, irrespective of phenotype, severity, age, sex and ethnic origin.
DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: Two review authors independently screened the 37,242 titles retrieved by the search. After deduplication, we identified two potentially relevant RCTs. On assessing their eligibility against our inclusion and exclusion criteria, we excluded one and included the other.
MAIN RESULTS: We included one parallel-design RCT conducted in Saudi Arabia and involving 29 participants (19 males, 10 females) with thalassaemia. It aimed to assess the effectiveness of photodynamic therapy as an adjuvant to conventional full-mouth ultrasonic scaling for the treatment of gingivitis. The average age of participants was around 23 years. There is very low-certainty evidence from this trial that full-mouth ultrasonic scaling plus photodynamic therapy compared to full-mouth ultrasonic scaling alone may improve gingival index score and bleeding on probing after 12 weeks in people with thalassaemia. We found no studies that assessed other interventions for the various dental or orthodontic complications of thalassaemia.
AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS: Although the included study showed greater reduction in gingivitis in the group treated with full-mouth ultrasonic scaling plus photodynamic therapy, the evidence is of very low certainty. The study had unclear risk of bias, a short follow-up period and no data on safety or adverse effects. We cannot make definitive recommendations for clinical practice based on the limited evidence of a single trial. Future studies will very likely affect the conclusions of this review. This review highlights the need for high-quality RCTs that investigate the effectiveness of various treatment modalities for dental and orthodontic complications in people with thalassaemia. It is crucial that future trials assess adverse effects of interventions.

Matched MeSH terms: Gingivitis*
Fulltext Tissue response of type 2 diabetics towards non-surgical periodontal therapy: a retrospective, comparative study with non-diabetics - a preliminary investigation

Goh, Y.C., Lau, S.L., Ramanathan, A., Swaminathan, D.

Ann Dent, 2013;20(2):24-28.
MyJurnal

The purpose of this study was to assess the tissue
response of Type 2 diabetic subjects towards non surgical
periodontal therapy as compared with matched, nondiabetic
subjects. This was a retrospective, comparative
study using periodontal case notes of 40 subjects attending
undergraduates’ periodontal clinics (20 diabetics, 20 nondiabetics),
who were selected based on the inclusion
and exclusion criteria. Response towards non surgical
periodontal therapy was assessed through three clinical
periodontal parameters, namely plaque score, gingivitis
score and number of periodontal pocket ≥5mm at the
baseline and after initial non surgical periodontal therapy.
Data obtained was then analyzed by SPSS Version 12.
Both diabetic and non-diabetic subjects showed significant
improvements (p-value = 0.021; 0.000; 0.001 and 0.010;
0.014; 0.001) in all three parameters after the therapy.
However, when comparison was made between the two
groups, there was no significant difference (p-value = 0.913;
0.892 and 0.903) in any of the parameters. Periodontal
conditions improved clinically in both diabetic and nondiabetic
subjects after non-surgical periodontal therapy.
Therefore, both groups responded similarly towards the
therapy and thus it can be postulated that well-controlled
diabetic status does not have a significant effect on the
outcome of periodontal therapy.

Matched MeSH terms: Gingivitis
Fulltext The relationship between smoking and periodontal status

Baharuddin, N.A., Al Bayaty, F.H.

Ann Dent, 2008;15(2):59-66.
MyJurnal

Objective: this study was carried out to evaluate the relationship between smoking and periodontal status in a selected Malaysian population. The sample for this cross-sectional study involved 39 subjects who were smokers. Each subject was required to answer the guided questionnaire followed by clinical examination. The questionnaires had 11 questions and were set in English and Bahasa Melayu. Basically, the questionnaire consisted of 3 sections: socio-demographic data, smoking status and subject's knowledge on periodontal health. The clinical parameters used in this study were: Community Periodontal Index, Visible Plaque score, Gingival Bleeding Index and Calculus Surface Index. Results showed that out of 39 subjects, 28 subjects (71.8%) were current smokers, followed by 6 subjects (15.4%) and 5 subjects (12.8%) who were former and who never smoked respectively. From the 216 sextants examined, 42 sextants (19.4%) were healthy gingival, 127 sextants (58.8%) suffered from gingivitis and 47 (21.8%) sextants suffered from periodontitis. There were positive relationships between smoking and periodontal status.

Matched MeSH terms: Gingivitis
Fulltext The prevalence or oral diseases and treatment needs in the institutionalized elderly in Sabah

Loke, S.T., Jalil, N.A., Giant, E.W., Lee, S.H.C.

Malaysian Journal of Public Health Medicine, 2003;3(1):30-35.
MyJurnal

The main objective of the study was to determine the oral health status and possible factors influencing oral hygiene in the institutionalized elderly in Sabah. A cross sectional study in all four institutions for the elderly in QM ii Sabah was conducted using oral examination and interview/questionnaires. Qualitative assessment using Focus Group Discussion was carried out in the caregivers of the institutions. Plaque score was used to assess oral hygiene status. A total of 94.0% of inmates were above 55 years old. There were 13.4 % non-respondents in the total sample of 284. Of the n0n—respondents, 42.4 % had mental disorders and this was statistically signnicant. Of those who responded 34.6% had good 33.3% fair and 32.1% poor oral hygiene. 33.5% were completely edentulous, 86.4% had gingivitis which required scaling, 22.0% had decayed teeth and 54.9% required extraction. Gingivitis, decayed teeth and number of teeth for extraction were signwcantly associated with poor oral hygiene. 14.2% had at least one type of oral disease. Dental abscess was the most common muco»cutaneous lesion found. Mental disorders showed a trend towards poor oral hygiene and this was statistically signyicant. Although 40.8% had physical handicap, 23.3% visual impairment and 8.2% hearing impairment, there was no significant association with oral hygiene status. In conclusion, oral health status of the population is poor and treatment needs are high. Although there was high objective need for oral care (88.6%), perceived need was low (32.0%).

Matched MeSH terms: Gingivitis
The oral health of pre-school children in a satellite town in Malaysia

Abdul Majid Z, Nik Hussein NN, Meon R

J Int Assoc Dent Child, 1987 Dec;18(2):36-40.
PMID: 3273298
Matched MeSH terms: Gingivitis/epidemiology*
Fulltext The expert says...... oral microbiology, periodontal disease and cardiovascular disease

Nor Adinar Baharuddin

Malaysian Dental Journal, 2007;28(2):97-98.
MyJurnal

There are evidences that chronic oral infections are associated with cardiovascular disease (CVD). Periodontal disease is a common, mixed oral infection affecting the supporting structures around the teeth. It was reported that 75% of the adult population has gingivitis and 20% to 30% exhibits the severe destructive form of periodontitis. Although more than 500 bacterial species inhabit the human oral cavity, only a few Gram negative bacteria such as Prevotella intermedia, Fusobacterium nucleatum, Porphyromonas gingivalis, Tannerella forsythensis, Treponema denticola and Actinobacillus actinomycetamcomitans causes gingivitis and periodontitis. These periodontal pathogen occupy the subgingival space and organize as a bacterial biofilm. The bacterial biofilm will be in direct contact with host tissues along an ulcerated epithelial interface, called periodontal pocket. The break in the epithelial integrity directly exposes the host to bacteria and their products eg. lipopolysaccharide (LPS) endotoxin. (Copied from article).

Matched MeSH terms: Gingivitis
The effectiveness of pure Stichopus horrens extract toothpaste in reducing plaque-induced gingivitis following orthodontic bonding: A triple-blinded randomized controlled trial

Bakar NA, Jayah NI, Mohamed NR, Ali SM, Nasir SH, Hashim R, et al.

J World Fed Orthod, 2020 03;9(1):3-8.
PMID: 32672665 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejwf.2019.11.004

INTRODUCTION: Gingivitis is one of the commonest problems faced by patients with fixed appliances (FA) as there is close relation between the appliances to gingival sulcus. Stichopus horrens (SH) is a sea cucumber from the Indo-Pacific that has medical healing properties which have been traditionally used.
OBJECTIVE: To assess the effects of toothpaste containing aqueous SH extract on plaque-induced gingivitis following orthodontic bond-up and to identify the optimal concentration of SH.
METHODS: A single-centred; triple-blinded randomized controlled trial conducted in 40 patients with FA. Participants were randomly assigned to one of the four groups with toothpaste which has concentration of SH extract of 0%, 3%, 6% or 9%. The statistician, the participants and the researchers involved in data collection were kept blinded from the allocation. Gingival Index (GI) and Bleeding on Probing (BOP) for each group were taken at day 0,7,14 and 30.
RESULTS: 9% of SH-containing toothpaste (SHCT) showed most substantial result as there were significance difference of GI (P = 0.020) from Day 7 to 14 and from Day 0 to 14 (P = 0.020). There was also significance difference of BOP from Day 0 to 14 (P = 0.022) and from Day 0 to 30 (P = 0.027). Significant difference was seen in 3% of SHCT group with the decrease of GI (P = 0.004) from Day 1 to 14. There were no significant difference noted for 0% and 6% SHCT.
CONCLUSION: The 9% SHCT is the most effective concentration to reduce both the gingival inflammation (up to day 14) and bleeding on probing (up to day 30).

Matched MeSH terms: Gingivitis/etiology; Gingivitis/prevention & control*
The effect of systemic ibuprofen on gingival inflammation in humans

Taiyeb Ali TB, Waite IM

J Clin Periodontol, 1993 Nov;20(10):723-8.
PMID: 8276982

This clinical trial investigated the influence of short-term ibuprofen therapy on the early phase of the treatment of adult chronic periodontitis. The subjects were 17 patients in good general health referred for specialist periodontal treatment, having moderate chronic adult periodontitis. A series of assessments were made every 2 weeks over an 8-week period, including evaluations of oral hygiene, gingival inflammation and probing pocket depths. All participants received oral hygiene instruction, and following baseline examinations, had half the dentition, chosen at random, treated by scaling and root planing. The patients were randomly distributed into 2 groups, a test group receiving a 14-day course of 800 mg ibuprofen daily, in 4 divided doses, and a control group who did not receive any drug regime. At the 2-week assessment following the drug regime, significantly greater reduction in gingival bleeding, colour and pocketing was detected in the test compared with the control group. The beneficial effects were less evident thereafter. Although clinical application of the regime used in this study would not be justified by these results, further research into anti-inflammatory agents as an adjunct in the treatment of periodontal diseases could be considered, in the light of the beneficial effect on gingivitis in the early phase of periodontal treatment reported.

Matched MeSH terms: Gingivitis/drug therapy*
The effect of aloe vera and tea tree oil mouthwashes on the oral health of school children

Kamath NP, Tandon S, Nayak R, Naidu S, Anand PS, Kamath YS

Eur Arch Paediatr Dent, 2020 Feb;21(1):61-66.
PMID: 31111439 DOI: 10.1007/s40368-019-00445-5

PURPOSE: To evaluate the effect of two herbal mouthwashes containing aloe vera and tea tree oil, on the oral health of school children.
METHODS: A double-blinded, placebo-controlled prospective interventional study was conducted in school children aged 8-14 years. The study participants were divided into four groups depending upon the mouthwash used: Group 1 (aloe vera), Group 2 (chlorhexidine), Group 3 (tea tree oil) and Group 4 (placebo). The variables studied included plaque index, gingival index and salivary Streptococcus mutans counts, which were recorded at baseline, 4 weeks after supervised mouth rinse and after 2 weeks of stopping the mouth rinse.
RESULTS: A total of 89 boys and 63 girls were included. A statistically significant decrease in all variables was noted after the use of both the herbal preparations at the end of 4 weeks which was maintained after the 2-week washout period (p

Matched MeSH terms: Gingivitis*
Fulltext The effect of Probiotic mouthrinse on plaque and gingival inflammation

Noordin, K., Kamin, S.

Ann Dent, 2007;14(1):19-25.
MyJurnal

This study evaluated the effect of a Probiotic mouthrinse containing nisin, a bacteriocin extracted from Lactococcus lactis on dental plaque and gingivitis in young adult population. A group of 32 subjects were randomly assigned into two groups of 16 each. The first group started using the control mouthrinse (placebo) for 2 weeks followed by a washout period of 4 weeks. This group then used the test mouthrinse (Probiotic) for a further duration of 2 weeks. The second group followed a similar protocol as the first except that this group started with the test mouthrinse (Probiotic). Plaque Index (PI) and Gingival Index (GI) were recorded at baseline and after 2 weeks for each group. All subjects were given full mouth prophylaxis after each measurements. The results of this study showed that rinsing with Probiotic mouthrinse resulted in a statistically significant reduction of plaque accumulation and gingivitis compared to rinsing with placebo. The results indicated that Probiotic mouthrinse containing nisin had the potential of inhibiting plaque accumulation and was effective in reducing gingivitis.

Matched MeSH terms: Gingivitis
Fulltext The Effects Of Alcohol-free 0.12% W/N Chlorhexidine Gluconate Mouthrinse On Oral Health

Uma, S., Swaminathan, D.

Ann Dent, 2001;8(1):-.
MyJurnal

CWorhexidine gluconate, a dicationic bisbiguanide agent, contains anti-plaque properties. Most chlorhexidine gluconate mouth rinses presently available contain alcohol in varying concentrations. The role of alcohol in these mouth rinses is to act as a preservative and solvent although it may have deleterious effects on the oral epithelium on long term usage. Recently, an alcohol-free 0.12 % w/v chlorhexidine gluconate mouth rinse (Oradex®) has become available in Malaysia. This clinical study is aimed at determining the effects of this alcohol-free product compared to a placebo. A group of 60 meticulously screened subjects were assigned into two groups of 30 each. The first group started using the test product for 2 weeks followed by a washout period of 4 weeks. After this duration, this group used the placebo for a further 2 weeks. The 2nd group underwent similar protocol as the 1st except that this group started with the placebo. Measurements consisting of the following scores were recorded at baseline and after 2 weeks for each group: Plaque, Gingivitis: Papillary Bleeding, Stain and Calculus. Full mouth prophylaxis was carried out for all subjects after measurements at baseline as well as after the 2-week period. They were told to rinse with 15 ml of the designated mouth rinse twice daily for thirty seconds each after tooth brushing. The results of this study indicated that there was significant improvement in the plaque, gingival and papilla bleeding scores compared to the placebo. Stain and calculus scores were significantly increased for the test product when compared to the placebo. In conclusion, this study showed that alcohol-free 0.12 % w/v chlorhexidine gluconate mouth rinse is effective in reducing plaque and gingivitis but causes staining and calculus formation.

Matched MeSH terms: Gingivitis
Strawberry gingivitis as the first presenting sign of Wegener's granulomatosis: report of a case

Siar CH, Yeo KB, Nakano K, Nagatsuka H, Tsujigiwa H, Tomida M, et al.

Eur J Med Res, 2011 Jul 25;16(7):331-4.
PMID: 21813375

Wegener's granulomatosis is a rare multi-system disease characterized by the classic triad of necrotizing granulomas affecting the upper and lower respiratory tracts, disseminated vasculitis and glomerulonephritis. Oral lesions as a presenting feature are only encountered in 2% of these cases. Hyperplastic gingival lesions or strawberry gingivitis, is a characteristic sign of Wegener's granulomatosis. The latter consists of reddish-purple exophytic gingival swellings with petechial haemorrhages thus resembling strawberries. Recognition of this feature is of utmost importance for timely diagnosis and definitive management of this potentially fatal disease. A case of strawberry gingivitis as the first presenting sign of Wegener's granulomatosis affecting a 50-year-old Malay male is reported here. The differential diagnosis of red lesions that may present in the gingiva is discussed.

Matched MeSH terms: Gingivitis/etiology*
Salvadora persica L. chewing stick and standard toothbrush as anti-plaque and anti-gingivitis tool: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Adam FA, Mohd N, Rani H, Baharin B, Mohd Yusof MYP

J Ethnopharmacol, 2021 Jun 28;274:113882.
PMID: 33513418 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2021.113882

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Salvadora persica L. chewing stick, commonly known as miswak is still being used as an oral hygiene tool for plaque control and prevention against gingivitis. Various studies have reported on the therapeutics and prophylactic effects particularly on periodontal disease. This review aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of S. persica chewing stick compared to the standard toothbrush for anti-plaque and anti-gingivitis.
MATERIAL AND METHODS: A PRISMA-compliant systematic search of literature was done from the MEDLINE, CENTRAL, Science Direct, PubMed and Google Scholar. Literature that fulfilled eligibility criteria was identified. Data measuring plaque score and bleeding score were extracted. Qualitative and random-effects meta-analyses were conducted.
RESULTS: From 1736 titles and abstracts screened, eight articles were utilized for qualitative analysis, while five were selected for meta-analysis. The pooled effect estimates of SMD and 95% CI were -0.07 [-0.60 to 0.45] with an χ2 statistic of 0.32 (p = 0.0001), I2 = 80% as anti-plaque function and 95% CI were -2.07 [-4.05 to -0.10] with an χ2 statistic of 1.67 (p = 0.02), I2 = 82%.
CONCLUSION: S. persica chewing stick is a tool that could control plaque, comparable to a standard toothbrush. Further, it has a better anti-gingivitis effect and can be used as an alternative.

Matched MeSH terms: Gingivitis/prevention & control*
Fulltext Relation Between Periodontal Status and Pre-Cancerous Condition (Oral Lichen Planus): A Pilot Study

Rai NP, Kumar P, Mustafa SM, Divakar DD, Kheraif AA, Ramakrishnaiah R, et al.

Adv Clin Exp Med, 2016 Jul-Aug;25(4):763-6.
PMID: 27629852 DOI: 10.17219/acem/59014

BACKGROUND: Oral lichen planus (OLP) is a common chronic mucocutaneous disease mostly seen in middle aged and elderly females. Oral lichen planus can occur in different oral sites such as gingiva, labial, buccal mucosa and on the tongue. And can have an indirect effect on initiating periodontitis.
OBJECTIVES: The purpose of the study was to evaluate the periodontal status of OLP patients and compare it with that of healthy controls. The presence of erosive lesions among gingival tissues makes oral hygiene procedures difficult to perform for obvious reasons. Plaque control and rigorous oral hygiene are primary requisites for the treatment of any oro-mucosal disease.
MATERIAL AND METHODS: Thirty patients with the erosive and reticular form of OLP as a study group and 30 healthy subjects as a control group were selected. The periodontal status of all subjects including gingival index (GI), Russell's periodontal index (PI) and bleeding on probing (BOP) were evaluated in both groups. Finally, the data was analyzed by a paired t-test using SPSS software v. 22.
RESULTS: The mean values of GI, PI and BOP were observed to be higher in the study group compared to the control group, and this was statistically significant (p < 0.05). The results shown are suggestive that periodontal status was poor in the study group as compared to the control group.
CONCLUSIONS: Further studies need to investigate periodontal status in oral lichen planus patients with larger sample size, and careful follow-up of these will assure an increase in the quality of life of these patients. The patient should be informed regarding the risk of periodontal problems in OLP and should be advised to have regular dental checkups to avoid a worsening of the conditio.
KEYWORDS: gingivitis; oral lichen planus; periodontitis; pre-cancerous condition

Matched MeSH terms: Gingivitis
Fulltext Rat gingival model for testing drugs influencing inflammation

Shaju P Jacob, Sonia Nath

International e-Journal of Science, Medicine & Education, 2013;7(2):8-16.
MyJurnal

Preclinical drug testing is an important area in new drug development where animals are used. An ideal animal model for this is one which is simple, reliable and can be extrapolated to humans. Topical drugs for inflammation are conventionally tested on the skin of animals after induction of inflammation. A gingival model would be simple as inflammation can be induced naturally by the action of plaque. Rats are a popular animal model for testing drugs as well as to study various diseases of the periodontium. Periodontal disease including gingival inflammation develops in
rats in relation to indigenous plaque or experimentally induced bacterial products. A number of features of rats ranging from anatomy, histology and response to bacterial insult can be seen mirrored to a great extent in humans. There is a lot similarity in the development and resolution of inflammation as well as the gingival wound healing of rats and humans. This paper tries to explore the feasibility of using the rat gingival model for preclinical testing of drugs acting on or influencing inflammation and concludes by identifying potential areas of research using this model. The addition of such a simple and inexpensive model for preclinical testing of drugs will be welcomed by the drug developers.

Matched MeSH terms: Gingivitis
Fulltext Proportion and factors related to periodontal disease among young adult attended Al-Fatah Dental Faculty, Libya

Fadilla, Y.I., Sutan, R.

Malaysian Journal of Public Health Medicine, 2011;11(2):40-43.
MyJurnal

This study was conducted to determine the proportion and factors associated with periodontal disease among younger adult attended Al Fatah Dental Faculty in Libya. A cross sectional study with universal sampling methods was carried out from July 2010 until September 2010 among 70 Libyan subjects aged between 20-35 years. The data in this study was collected using self administrated questionnaire, followed by oral examination done by trained dentists. The results of this study showed that, the prevalence of periodontal disease in Libyan subjects was 75.7%. Gender, oral care habits, smoking were found significantly associated with presence of periodontal disease. Gingivitis has been found the most common types of periodontal disease (94%). High percentage of periodontal disease in this study was among men (87.9%) compared to women (69.9%). In conclusion, modifiable factors like changing lifestyle such as avoiding smoking and practicing oral care can be promoted to prevent periodontitis.

Matched MeSH terms: Gingivitis
Fulltext Prevalens karies dan gingivitis di kalangan atlet istimewa olimpiade Indonesia di sebelas provinsi di Indonesia

Trihandini, Indang, Adiwoso, Adiningrum Wiradidjaja

Jurnal Sains Kesihatan Malaysia, 2012;10(2):9-14.
MyJurnal

Perbezaan penjagaan kesihatan di antara orang-orang kurang upaya intelektual dan penduduk umum adalah jelas. Olimpik Khusus Indonesia (SOIna) adalah organisasi NGO yang berkaitan dengan kegiatan olahraga olimpik sedunia yang berkesempatan bekerja dengan warga kurang upaya intelektual. Kajian ini dilakukan untuk mengukur prevalen pereputan karies dan gingivitis di kalangan atlet-atlet Indonesia yang kurang upaya intelek. Jumlah peserta yang terlibat adalah 1452 atlet daripada 11 wilayah (Jawa Timur, Bali, Selatan Sabah, Utara Sumatera, Nusa Tenggara Timur, Kalimantan tengah, DKI, Jawa Barat, Yogyakarta, Nusa Tenggara Barat, Banten) di Indonesia. Pengumpulan data bermula dari tahun 2004 hingga 2009. Setiap tahun pengambilan data minimum dilakukan di dua wilayah yang berbeza. Purata usia atlet adalah 15.04 ± 4,62 tahun. 77.6% atlet mengalami rasa nyeri di rongga mulut kerana karies yang tidak dirawat. Karies tertinggi dijumpai pada atlet yang tinggal di pulau Jawa (81.5% Yogyakarta; Jawa Barat 83.8%. DKI Jakarta 80.2%, dan Jawa Timur 83.5%) berbanding dengan atlet yang tinggal di luar pulau Jawa. Secara umumnya prevalens inflamasi gusi pada atlet kurang upaya intelektual adalah 29.47%. Atlet dari wilayah DKI Jakarta menunjukkan prevalen inflamasi gusi tertinggi iaitu 51.04% berbanding dengan atlet daripada wilayah Nusa Tenggara Barat dengan 14.84%. Berdasarkan hasil tersebut, prevalen karies dan gingivitis adalah tinggi. Atlet yang tinggal di pulau Jawa mengalami kerosakan gigi yang tidak dirawat dan inflamasi gusi yang lebih tinggi berbanding dengan atlet yang tinggal di luar pulau Jawa.

Matched MeSH terms: Gingivitis
Fulltext Powered versus manual toothbrushing for oral health

Yaacob M, Worthington HV, Deacon SA, Deery C, Walmsley AD, Robinson PG, et al.

Cochrane Database Syst Rev, 2014 Jun 17.
PMID: 24934383 DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD002281.pub3

BACKGROUND: Removing dental plaque may play a key role maintaining oral health. There is conflicting evidence for the relative merits of manual and powered toothbrushing in achieving this. This is an update of a Cochrane review first published in 2003, and previously updated in 2005.
OBJECTIVES: To compare manual and powered toothbrushes in everyday use, by people of any age, in relation to the removal of plaque, the health of the gingivae, staining and calculus, dependability, adverse effects and cost.
SEARCH METHODS: We searched the following electronic databases: the Cochrane Oral Health Group's Trials Register (to 23 January 2014), the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL) (The Cochrane Library 2014, Issue 1), MEDLINE via OVID (1946 to 23 January 2014), EMBASE via OVID (1980 to 23 January 2014) and CINAHL via EBSCO (1980 to 23 January 2014). We searched the US National Institutes of Health Trials Register and the WHO Clinical Trials Registry Platform for ongoing trials. No restrictions were placed on the language or date of publication when searching the electronic databases.
SELECTION CRITERIA: Randomised controlled trials of at least four weeks of unsupervised powered toothbrushing versus manual toothbrushing for oral health in children and adults.
DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: We used standard methodological procedures expected by The Cochrane Collaboration. Random-effects models were used provided there were four or more studies included in the meta-analysis, otherwise fixed-effect models were used. Data were classed as short term (one to three months) and long term (greater than three months).
MAIN RESULTS: Fifty-six trials met the inclusion criteria; 51 trials involving 4624 participants provided data for meta-analysis. Five trials were at low risk of bias, five at high and 46 at unclear risk of bias.There is moderate quality evidence that powered toothbrushes provide a statistically significant benefit compared with manual toothbrushes with regard to the reduction of plaque in both the short term (standardised mean difference (SMD) -0.50 (95% confidence interval (CI) -0.70 to -0.31); 40 trials, n = 2871) and long term (SMD -0.47 (95% CI -0.82 to -0.11; 14 trials, n = 978). These results correspond to an 11% reduction in plaque for the Quigley Hein index (Turesky) in the short term and 21% reduction long term. Both meta-analyses showed high levels of heterogeneity (I(2) = 83% and 86% respectively) that was not explained by the different powered toothbrush type subgroups.With regard to gingivitis, there is moderate quality evidence that powered toothbrushes again provide a statistically significant benefit when compared with manual toothbrushes both in the short term (SMD -0.43 (95% CI -0.60 to -0.25); 44 trials, n = 3345) and long term (SMD -0.21 (95% CI -0.31 to -0.12); 16 trials, n = 1645). This corresponds to a 6% and 11% reduction in gingivitis for the Löe and Silness index respectively. Both meta-analyses showed high levels of heterogeneity (I(2) = 82% and 51% respectively) that was not explained by the different powered toothbrush type subgroups.The number of trials for each type of powered toothbrush varied: side to side (10 trials), counter oscillation (five trials), rotation oscillation (27 trials), circular (two trials), ultrasonic (seven trials), ionic (four trials) and unknown (five trials). The greatest body of evidence was for rotation oscillation brushes which demonstrated a statistically significant reduction in plaque and gingivitis at both time points.
AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS: Powered toothbrushes reduce plaque and gingivitis more than manual toothbrushing in the short and long term. The clinical importance of these findings remains unclear. Observation of methodological guidelines and greater standardisation of design would benefit both future trials and meta-analyses.Cost, reliability and side effects were inconsistently reported. Any reported side effects were localised and only temporary.

Matched MeSH terms: Gingivitis/prevention & control*

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