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‘Mat rempit’ and illegal motorcycle racing in Malaysia. [Mat rempit dan gejala perlumbaan haram di Malaysia]

Rozmi I

Jurnal Psikologi Malaysia, 2008;22:17-28.

This paper reported a preliminary study on Mat Rempit's activities and illegal motorcycle racing. Mat Rempit activities are becoming very popular among teenagers especially in major cities and towns in Malaysia. This phenomenon has created a new sub-culture amongst Malaysian teenagers. This study focused on psycho-social factors that encourage teenagers to involve in illegal motorcycle racing and to survey racing backgrounds (eg. racing types, time, places, prizes, etc.). Data was obtained through interview and live observations at the racing scene. One hundred racers and ex-racers had cooperated as respondents to feed this research with information. Results showed that Malay teenagers between 17-22 years old are the most involved in this activities. Also, moderating factors have been identified which are psychological factors where neurotic and extrovert personality traits and high level of self-esteem are found to correlate with racing involvement. Meanwhile, sociological factors such as peers, greatness flaunting culture and prizes are encouraging teenagers' involvement in illegal racing activities. Family and community roles to curb these unhealthy activities are suggested.

Matched MeSH terms: Motorcycles
Fulltext Vulnerability of the lower limb in non-fatal motorcycle injuries

Pang TY, Radin Umar RS, Harwant S

Med J Malaysia, 2001 Dec;56 Suppl D:9-11.
PMID: 14569759 MyJurnal

Motorcyclists form the highest group of fatalities on Malaysian roads. This is a prospective study conducted at 3 major hospitals for a period of 12 months to determine the type of motorcyclist injuries that usually required hospitalization. Four hundred and twelve consecutively injured motorcyclists were available for study. One hundred and eighty six (45.15%) were fatally injured and 226 (54.85%) were seriously injured and surviving. The main cause of fatalities was head injury, while lower limb injuries accounted for majority of hospitalizations. This study highlights the vulnerability of the motorcyclist to lower limb injuries.

Matched MeSH terms: Motorcycles/statistics & numerical data*
Fulltext Traumatic herniation of the heart into the right hemithorax

Wong PS

Med J Malaysia, 1999 Dec;54(4):523-5.
PMID: 11072475

Pericardial rupture after blunt chest trauma is described in the literature. This case report summarises our experience with a 22-year old male patient who suffered blunt chest trauma during a motor vehicle accident. On admission no serious injuries could be detected, but 3 hours later, displacement of the heart to the right hemithorax combined with sudden cardiac failure appeared. Emergency thoracotomy revealed a right-sided rupture of the pericardium with complete herniation of the heart into the right pleural cavity and consequent strangulation by the margins of the pericardial defect.

Matched MeSH terms: Motorcycles
Thyroid rupture secondary to blunt neck trauma

Sow YL, Aziz NA, Ng KL

Am J Emerg Med, 2013 Apr;31(4):760.e3-5.
PMID: 23399341 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajem.2012.12.005

Rupture of the thyroid gland is uncommon in cases of blunt neck trauma. We report a case of thyroid rupture after a motor vehicle accident in a patient without a preexisting goiter. He presented with a painful anterior neck swelling associated with dysphagia and hoarseness of voice. Computed tomographic scans showed lacerations of the right thyroid lobe and isthmus with features suggestive of slow active bleeding. Neck exploration was subsequently performed, and a ruptured right thyroid lobe was found with ongoing venous hemorrhage. A right hemithyroidectomy was performed, and the patient recovered without complications.

Matched MeSH terms: Motorcycles
The sources of the Kuznets relationship between the road deaths to road injuries ratio and economic growth

Sirajudeen AO, Law TH, Wong SV, Jakarni FM, Ng CP

J Safety Res, 2021 09;78:262-269.
PMID: 34399922 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsr.2021.06.007

INTRODUCTION: Past empirical studies indicated that there is a Kuznets or reverse U-shaped relationship between road deaths and per capita income, such that the number of road death increases at a low level of per capita reverse U-shaped relationship was observed between road injuries and per capita income. While these studies explored the impact of per capita income on road deaths and road injuries, no studies have examined the relationship between per capita income and road death to road injury ratio (DPI).
METHOD: Using a fixed effects panel regression analysis from 67 countries spanning over a period of five decades (1960-2013), the present study sought to explore the impact of per capita gross domestic product (per capita GDP) on the DPI ratio and the underlying factors responsible for the relationship.
RESULTS: Our result suggests that per capita GDP followed a reverse U-shaped relationship with DPI. Moreover, the relative improvements in higher mobility roads as compared to improvements in higher accessibility roads, motorcycle ownership to passenger car ownership ratio, percentage of population living in an urban area, infant mortality rate, and the percentage of population below 15 years of age and above 64 years of age contributed to this relationship. Practical Applications: This implies that, at lower level of economic growth where road deaths exceed road injuries, countries should implement low-cost measures to combat road deaths cases. Such measures include mandating wearing of quality helmets and daytime running headlights for motorcycles. On the other hand, at higher level of economic growth where road injuries surpass road deaths, countries are encouraged to devote more resources to improving medical technology and services to treat road injury victims, mandating seatbelt use, as well as enhancing and promoting public transportation service.

Matched MeSH terms: Motorcycles
The relationship between the demographic, personal, and social factors of Malaysian motorcyclists and risk taking behavior at signalized intersections

Borhan MN, Ibrahim ANH, Aziz A, Yazid MRM

Accid Anal Prev, 2018 Dec;121:94-100.
PMID: 30237047 DOI: 10.1016/j.aap.2018.09.004

In the context of road safety, risk-taking is undoubtedly one of the main contributory factors in road accidents. The actual forces which influence individuals to take such risks, nevertheless, are still not fully understood. To address this, this study was therefore conducted to investigate the relationship of the demographic, personal, and social factors of motorcyclists, with a specific focus on their risk-taking behavior at signalized intersections in Malaysia. This study adopted the quantitative method using cross-sectional questionnaire surveys and involved 251 respondents. The demographic factors were analyzed using the t-test and an ANOVA Scheffe Post-Hoc test, while the motorcyclists' personal and social characteristics were analyzed with multiple linear regression. The findings indicate that the individuals who were greater risk takers at signalized intersections were teenage motorcyclists (16-25 years old) who had finished their education before taking their high school diploma, and who also received a lower than average monthly income from private sector firms. The actual experience of accidents was also shown to be positively related to this risk-taking behavior. In addition, in term of personal and social factors, results showed that, for these individuals, there was a significant difference between the strength of peer influence and that of parental and spouse guidance. However, there was no significant difference in the risk-taking behavior of Malaysian motorcyclists riding at signalized intersections for the following factors: between genders, in terms of accident involvement, in terms of enforcement of traffic regulations, and prevention steps and confidence level after being involved in an accident.

Matched MeSH terms: Motorcycles/statistics & numerical data*
The motorcycle deaths to passenger car deaths ratio and economic performance: A panel data analysis

Sirajudeen AO, Law TH, Wong SV, Ng CP

Accid Anal Prev, 2022 Feb;165:106533.
PMID: 34902624 DOI: 10.1016/j.aap.2021.106533

The existing literature in road safety revealed that the relationship between motorcycle deaths and per-head income follows a Kuznets or reverse U-curve pattern, whereby motorcycle deaths incline at lower income levels but decline once the per-head income has exceeded a threshold level. The same reverse U-curve relationship was also observed between per-head income and other road injury-related variables, including road deaths, road injuries, as well as road deaths to road injuries ratio. Evidence showed that motorcycles and passenger cars are the dominant vehicle modes and contributed significantly to global road deaths. The main objective of this study is to examine the relationship between the motorcycle deaths to passenger car deaths (MDC) ratio and per-head Gross Domestic Product (GDP). Examining the relationship between the MDC ratio and GDP per capita can be effective in understanding the relative change between motorcycle and passenger car deaths at different economic development stages, as well as identifying appropriate preventive measures. We apply a panel linear regression analysis on a panel of 38 countries over the period 1965-2013. Result demonstrated that there is a reverse U-curve relationship between the MDC ratio and the logarithm of GDP per capita. This implies that, at lower levels of GDP per capita, motorcycle deaths were more prevalent than passenger car deaths, whereas as the level of GDP per capita rises, passenger car deaths became relatively prevalent than motorcycle deaths. Moreover, there is a reverse U-shaped relationship between motorcycle ownership to passenger car ownership ratio (MPC) and the MDC ratio, while a U-shaped relationship exists between relative growth in higher mobility roads as compared to higher accessibility roads (MPA) and the MDC ratio. Based on our results, policies and interventions to reduce motorcycle and passenger car deaths were suggested in the conclusion of the paper.

Matched MeSH terms: Motorcycles*
Fulltext The effect of motorcycle helmet type, components and fixation status on facial injury in Klang Valley, Malaysia: a case control study

Ramli R, Oxley J, Hillard P, Mohd Sadullah AF, McClure R

BMC Emerg Med, 2014;14:17.
PMID: 25086638 DOI: 10.1186/1471-227X-14-17

The effectiveness of helmets in reducing the risk of severe head injury in motorcyclists who were involved in a crash is well established. There is limited evidence however, regarding the extent to which helmets protect riders from facial injuries. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of helmet type, components and fixation status on the risk of facial injuries among Malaysian motorcyclists.

Matched MeSH terms: Motorcycles*
The effect of motion and signalling on drivers' ability to predict intentions of other road users

Lee YM, Sheppard E

Accid Anal Prev, 2016 Oct;95(Pt A):202-8.
PMID: 27450792 DOI: 10.1016/j.aap.2016.07.011

Failure in making the correct judgment about the intention of an approaching vehicle at a junction could lead to a collision. This paper investigated the impact of dynamic information on drivers' judgments about the intentions of approaching cars and motorcycles, and whether a valid or invalid signal was provided was also manipulated. Participants were presented with videoclips of vehicles approaching a junction which terminated immediately before the vehicle made any manoeuvre, or images of the final frame of each video. They were asked to judge whether or not the vehicle would turn. Drivers were better in judging the manoeuvre of approaching vehicles in dynamic than static stimuli, for both vehicle types. Drivers were better in judging the manoeuvre of cars than motorcycles for videos, but not for photographs. Drivers were also better in judging the manoeuvre of approaching vehicles when a valid signal was provided than an invalid signal, demonstrating the importance of providing a valid signal while driving. However, drivers were still somewhat successful in their judgments in most of the conditions with an invalid signal, suggesting that drivers were able to focus on other cues to intention. Finally, given that dynamic stimuli more closely reflect the demands of real-life driving there may be a need for drivers to adopt a more cautious approach while inferring a motorcyclist's intentions.

Matched MeSH terms: Motorcycles
Fulltext The effect of lighting conditions and use of headlights on drivers' perception and appraisal of approaching vehicles at junctions

Lee YM, Sheppard E

Ergonomics, 2018 Mar;61(3):444-455.
PMID: 28782425 DOI: 10.1080/00140139.2017.1364790

Use of Daytime Running Lights (DRL) is mandatory in many countries for motorcycles, and in some for cars. However, in developing countries, DRLs may be optional or compliance low. The effect of car or motorcycle headlights and lighting conditions on Malaysian drivers' ability to perceive and judge the safety of pulling out was investigated. Stimuli were photographs depicting either daytime or nighttime taken at a T-junction with approaching vehicles with headlights on or off. Headlights improved drivers' ability to perceive cars and motorcycles in the nighttime photographs but not the daytime photographs, although this could be due to the bright weather in the photographs. Drivers judged it less safe to pull out when approaching motorcycles had headlights on than off, regardless of the lighting conditions, supporting the utility of DRL for motorcycles. Headlights did not affect judgements for cars, questioning the utility of DRL for cars. Practitioner Summary: The effect of headlights and lighting conditions on drivers' ability to perceive and make judgements about the safety of pulling out was investigated. Daytime Running Lights influenced drivers' decision-making about the safety of pulling out in front of motorcycles, illustrating the importance of having automatic headlights equipped.

Matched MeSH terms: Motorcycles
The Pattern of Injuries Among Motorcyclists in Fatal Road Traffic Accidents: An Autopsy-Based Study

Mohd Saman SA, Jothee S, Nor FM, Shafie MS

Am J Forensic Med Pathol, 2021 Jun 01;42(2):141-146.
PMID: 33346978 DOI: 10.1097/PAF.0000000000000639

INTRODUCTION: In recent years, there has been a significant increase in mortality among motorcyclists, which warrants a need to analyze the epidemiology and pattern of injuries among road users in Malaysia. Hence, prioritizing road safety in the government policy by implementing targeted actions is justified to reduce injury and fatality.
MATERIALS AND METHODS: Cases of road accident deaths in motorcyclists received by UKM Medical Centre were studied over a period of 10 years, that is, between 2010 and 2019. This study was based on forensic autopsy records database and forensic autopsy.
RESULTS: The most affected age group by road fatalities were young men. The most common injuries were intracranial hemorrhage (74%), thoracic hemorrhage (73%), and lung laceration (85.7%). About 39 (31%) fatally injured riders were positive for illicit drug and/or alcohol.
CONCLUSIONS: This study showed that men in the third decade of life are the major victims of motorcycle fatalities. Hence, urgent measures are necessary to establish road safety policy to reduce such fatalities.

Matched MeSH terms: Motorcycles*
Fulltext The Behavioural-Based Safety System for Commuting Accident in Syarikat Bekalan Air Selangor Sdn. Bhd.

Mohamad Mahathir bin Mohamed Younos

Journal of Occupational Safety and Health, 2018;15(1):43-47.
MyJurnal

frequency of motorcycle accidents increases every year. In Syarikat Bekalan Air Selangor (SYABAS), a substantial number of motorcycle accidents occurred between the year 2009 and 2013. The increased number of accidents serves as a wake-up call to the company to come up with a behavioural-based safety system for commuting accident. The objective of this paper is to look into the effectiveness of behavioural-based system in a company. A total of one hundred and thirty (130) respondents participated in the data-collection session for this study. From this data-collection, along with accident data from the company, a number of criteria that contributes to commuting accidents in the company is obtained. At the end of this study, the behavioural-based safety system is applied, thus showing how its implementation assists in curbing the issue of commuting accidents in the company.

Matched MeSH terms: Motorcycles
Fulltext Socio-demographic and behavioural characteristics of illegal motorcycle street racers in Malaysia

Wong LP

BMC Public Health, 2011;11:446.
PMID: 21649937 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2458-11-446

This study sought to understand the factors associated with street racing among the illegal motorcycle racers in Malaysia or known as the "Mat Rempit".

Matched MeSH terms: Motorcycles/legislation & jurisprudence*
Societal risk perception of death due to activities and technology among workers in a security company in Malaysia

Jefferelli S.B., Rampal K.G., Aziz A.J., Agus Salim M.B.

Journal of Occupational Safety and Health, 2007;4(1):1-4.
MyJurnal

How people perceive risk influences their behaviour towards these risks. We do not know how workers perceive risk of dying from activities or technology. This study was conducted among 198 workers of a security company in Malaysia. The workers were asked to score on a Likert scale of 1 to 5 the perceived risk of death of Malaysians from activities and technology. The highest perceived risks of death were, in order of ranking, motorcycles, motor vehicles, handguns, alcoholic beverages and smoking. The difference in perception and reality is discussed.

Matched MeSH terms: Motorcycles
Simulation of motorcycle crashes with w-beam guardrail: injury patterns and analysis

Ibitoye AB, Hamouda AM, Wong SV, Umar RS

Proc Inst Mech Eng H, 2009 Nov;223(8):1033-40.
PMID: 20092099

This study uses computer simulations to study the impact of a motorcycle with the conventional w-beam guardrail. A three-dimensional computer simulation of a scaled hybrid III 50th-percentile male dummy mounted on a motorcycle and colliding with a w-beam guardrail is carried out. A multi-body model of the motorcycle and finite element model of the guardrail are developed using commercially available software. The simulation model is validated with a physical crash test conducted with same initial impact configurations. Impacts at speeds of 32, 48, and 60 km/h at an impact angle at 45 degrees are considered. The predicted forces and accelerations are compared with the biomechanical limits for each body part and the risk of injury to the rider are evaluated. Speed was found to have a significant influence on the level of injury to the head, neck, chest, and femur. A significant reduction of the severity of injuries was found when the impact speed was reduced from 60 to 32km/h. The accelerations experienced by the head and chest are found to be higher than safe levels for impact speeds of 48 and 60 km/h. The biomechanical limit for the right femur is exceeded at all three considered impact speeds. Neck injuries are also a concern, with the predicted tension values and neck bending extent being higher than the biomechanical limit for the 60 km/h impact speed. In light of these results, it is suggested that the design of guardrails should be reviewed with a focus on the safety of motorcyclists.

Matched MeSH terms: Motorcycles*
Role of sensory and cognitive conspicuity in the prevention of collisions between motorcycles and trucks at T-intersections

Law TH, Ghanbari M, Hamid H, Abdul-Halin A, Ng CP

Accid Anal Prev, 2016 Nov;96:64-70.
PMID: 27505097 DOI: 10.1016/j.aap.2016.04.013

Motorcyclists are particularly vulnerable to injury in crashes with heavy vehicles due to substantial differences in vehicle mass, the degree of protection and speed. There is a considerable difference in height between motorcycles and trucks; motorcycles are viewed by truck drivers from downward angles, and shorter distances between them mean steeper downward angles. Hence, we anticipated that the effects of motorcycle conspicuity treatments would be different for truck drivers. Therefore, this study aims to evaluate the effects of motorcycle conspicuity treatments on the identification and detection of motorcycles by truck drivers. Two complementary experiments were performed; the first experiment assessed the impact of motorcycle sensory conspicuity on the ability of un-alerted truck drivers to detect motorcycles, and the second experiment assessed the motorcycle cognitive conspicuity to alerted truck drivers. The sensory conspicuity was measured in terms of motorcycle detection rates by un-alerted truck drivers when they were not anticipating a motorcycle within a realistic driving scene, while the cognitive conspicuity was determined by the time taken by alerted truck drivers to actively search for a motorcycle. In the first experiment, the participants were presented with 10 pictures and were instructed to report the kinds of vehicles that were presented in the pictures. Each picture was shown to the participants for 600ms. In the second experiment, the participants were presented with the same set of pictures and were instructed to respond by clicking the right button on a mouse as soon as they detected a motorcycle in the picture. The results indicate that the motorcycle detection rate increases, and the response time to search for a motorcycle decreases, as the distance between the targeted motorcycle and the viewer decreases. This is true regardless of the type of conspicuity treatment used. The use of daytime running headlights (DRH) was found to increase the detection rate and the identification of a motorcycle by a truck driver at a farther distance, but effect deteriorates as the distance decreases. The results show that the detection rate and the identification of a motorcyclist wearing a black helmet with a reflective sticker increases as the distance between the motorcycle and the truck decreases. We also found that a motorcyclist wearing a white helmet and a white outfit is more identifiable and detectable at both shorter and longer distances. In conclusion, although this study provides evidence that the use of appropriate conspicuity treatments enhances motorcycle conspicuity to truck drivers, we suggest that more attention should be paid to the effect of background environment on motorcycle conspicuity.

Matched MeSH terms: Motorcycles/statistics & numerical data*
Fulltext Road traffic injuries among patients who attended the accident and emergency unit of the University of Malaya Medical Centre, Kuala Lumpur

Moe, H.

JUMMEC, 2008;11(1):22-26.
MyJurnal

A retrospective cross-sectional study of injury patients who attended the Accident and Emergency Unit was conducted at the University of Malaya Medical Centre. Demographic data with regards to age, sex, race, occupation and the relevant data such as type of accident, type of injury sustained and also severity seen during the month of January 2005 were selected retrospectively from medical record. The objectives were to review road traffic accidents and their severity of injuries among the patients. There were two hundred and forty-three (197 males and 46 females) patients involved: 60% Malays, 16% Chinese, 21% Indians and 3% other ethnic groups. Peak accidents occurred among the 21 to 30 years age group. Among the type of accidents, 65.8% involved motorbike riders, 10.3% car drivers, 8.6% pillion riders, 7.8% car passengers, 5.8% pedestrians and 1.6% were bicycle rider injuries. About 57.6% sustained minor injuries and 42.4% major injuries. There was no significant association between outcome of road traffic accidents and sex, age group and race. However, there was a significant association between type of accidents and severity of injuries (p = 0.014). Males sustained more major injuries and motorbike accidents were the highest among road injuries. Therefore, further prevention and control with emphasis on behavioural changes, education and law enforcement may reduce the number of road traffic accidents in the future.

Matched MeSH terms: Motorcycles
Fulltext Road traffic accidents in patients with obstructive sleep apnoea

Liam CK, How LG, Tan CT

Med J Malaysia, 1996 Mar;51(1):143-5.
PMID: 10967996

Three patients involved in road traffic accidents were suspected to have obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA). Two of them fell asleep while riding motorcycles and one patient fell asleep behind the wheel of a truck causing it to overturn. The diagnosis of OSA in each case was suspected based on a history of loud snoring, restless sleep, and excessive daytime somnolence and was confirmed by sleep studies.

Matched MeSH terms: Motorcycles
Fulltext Revisiting pedestrian casualties in Malaysia and the escalating new threats

Mohd Syazwan, S., Aqbal, H.A., Azhar, H., Zulhadi, M., Sharifah Allyana, S.M.R., Baba M.D.

Malaysian Journal of Public Health Medicine, 2018;18(102):104-110.
MyJurnal

Pedestrians' fatality trend in road crashes has been improving in recent years though it remains third in rank behind
motorcyclists and car occupants. Based on the statistics, young pedestrians were the most affected group and the
commonest injury regions were head and legs. Pedestrian crashes occurred primarily in rural areas and straight roads
and at low light environment, and often involve cars and motorcycles. In addition to existing issues of careless and
illegal crossing practices, there are potential new hazards face by pedestrian, which are mobile electronic device use
and electric vehicle, especially when crossing roads. Road safety programs and interventions shall consider these new
issues.

Matched MeSH terms: Motorcycles
Reliability and validity of the English and Malay versions of the Driving and Riding Questionnaire: a pilot study amongst older car drivers and motorcycle riders

Ang BH, Chen WS, Ngin CK, Oxley JA, Lee SWH

Public Health, 2018 Feb;155:8-16.
PMID: 29274898 DOI: 10.1016/j.puhe.2017.11.003

OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to examine the reliability and validity of the English and Malay versions of the Driving and Riding Questionnaire.

STUDY DESIGN: An observational study with a mix-method approach by utilising both questionnaire and short debriefing interviews.

METHODS: Forward and backward translations of the original questionnaire were performed. The translated questionnaire was assessed for clarity by a multidisciplinary research team, translators, and several Malay native speakers. A total of 24 subjects participated in the pilot study. Reliability (Cronbach's alpha) and validity (content validity) of the original and translated questionnaires were examined.

RESULTS: The English and Malay versions of the Driving and Riding Questionnaire were found to be reliable tools in measuring driving behaviours amongst older drivers and riders, with Cronbach's alpha of 0.9158 and 0.8919, respectively. For content validity, the questionnaires were critically reviewed in terms of relevance, clarity, simplicity, and ambiguity. The feedback obtained from participants addressed various aspects of the questionnaire related to the improvement of wordings used and inclusion of visual guide to enhance the understanding of the items in the questionnaire. This feedback was incorporated into the final versions of the English and Malay questionnaires.

CONCLUSION: The findings of this study demonstrated both the English and Malay versions of the Driving and Riding Questionnaire to be valid and reliable.

Matched MeSH terms: Motorcycles*

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