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Fulltext An approach for removing redundant data from RFID data streams

Mahdin H, Abawajy J

Sensors (Basel), 2011;11(10):9863-77.
PMID: 22163730 DOI: 10.3390/s111009863

Radio frequency identification (RFID) systems are emerging as the primary object identification mechanism, especially in supply chain management. However, RFID naturally generates a large amount of duplicate readings. Removing these duplicates from the RFID data stream is paramount as it does not contribute new information to the system and wastes system resources. Existing approaches to deal with this problem cannot fulfill the real time demands to process the massive RFID data stream. We propose a data filtering approach that efficiently detects and removes duplicate readings from RFID data streams. Experimental results show that the proposed approach offers a significant improvement as compared to the existing approaches.

Matched MeSH terms: Radio Frequency Identification Device/methods*
Fulltext Clone tag detection in distributed RFID systems

Kamaludin H, Mahdin H, Abawajy JH

PLoS One, 2018;13(3):e0193951.
PMID: 29565982 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0193951

Although Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) is poised to displace barcodes, security vulnerabilities pose serious challenges for global adoption of the RFID technology. Specifically, RFID tags are prone to basic cloning and counterfeiting security attacks. A successful cloning of the RFID tags in many commercial applications can lead to many serious problems such as financial losses, brand damage, safety and health of the public. With many industries such as pharmaceutical and businesses deploying RFID technology with a variety of products, it is important to tackle RFID tag cloning problem and improve the resistance of the RFID systems. To this end, we propose an approach for detecting cloned RFID tags in RFID systems with high detection accuracy and minimal overhead thus overcoming practical challenges in existing approaches. The proposed approach is based on consistency of dual hash collisions and modified count-min sketch vector. We evaluated the proposed approach through extensive experiments and compared it with existing baseline approaches in terms of execution time and detection accuracy under varying RFID tag cloning ratio. The results of the experiments show that the proposed approach outperforms the baseline approaches in cloned RFID tag detection accuracy.

Matched MeSH terms: Radio Frequency Identification Device/methods*
Fulltext Effects of low-powered RF sweep between 0.01-20 GHz on female Aedes Aegypti mosquitoes: A collective behaviour analysis

Poh AH, Moghavvemi M, Shafiei MM, Leong CS, Lau YL, Mahamd Adikan FR, et al.

PLoS One, 2017;12(6):e0178766.
PMID: 28582398 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0178766

There are many products claiming to be an electronic solution towards repelling mosquitoes. Several reviews were published in debunking these claims. However, there is a lack of a systematic study on effects of electromagnetic (EM) or more specifically, radio frequency (RF) waves against mosquitoes due to the conclusions made in those years. Therefore, we attempt to establish a fundamental study on female Aedes Aegypti (Linnaeus) mosquitoes by quantifying the collective behavior of the mosquitoes against a continuous stream of low-powered RF signals via a broadband horn antenna using image processing methods. By examining the average lateral and vertical positions of the mosquitoes versus frequency and time, the data shows negligible consistency in the reactions of the mosquitoes toward the different frequencies ranging from 10 to 20,000.00 MHz, with a step of 10 MHz. This was done by examining 33 hours of spatiotemporal data, which was divided into three sessions. All three sessions showed totally different convolutions in the positions in arbitrary units based on the raster scan of the image processing output. Several frequencies apparently showed up to 0.2-70% shift in both lateral and vertical components along the spectrum, without repeatability for all three sessions. This study contributes to the following: A pilot study for establishing the collective effects of RF against mosquitoes, open-source use, and finally a low-cost and easily adaptable platform for the study of EM effects against any insects.

Matched MeSH terms: Radio Waves
A low cost solution for post-biopsy complications using available RFA generator and coaxial core biopsy needle

Azlan CA, Mohd Nasir NF, Saifizul AA, Faizul MS, Ng KH, Abdullah BJ

Australas Phys Eng Sci Med, 2007 Dec;30(4):288-91.
PMID: 18274069

Percutaneous image-guided needle biopsy is typically performed in highly vascular organs or in tumours with rich macroscopic and microscopic blood supply. The main risks related to this procedure are haemorrhage and implantation of tumour cells in the needle tract after the biopsy needle is withdrawn. From numerous conducted studies, it was found that heating the needle tract using alternating current in radiofrequency (RF) range has a potential to minimize these effects. However, this solution requires the use of specially designed needles, which would make the procedure relatively expensive and complicated. Thus, we propose a simple solution by using readily available coaxial core biopsy needles connected to a radiofrequency ablation (RFA) generator. In order to do so, we have designed and developed an adapter to interface between these two devices. For evaluation purpose, we used a bovine liver as a sample tissue. The experimental procedure was done to study the effect of different parameter settings on the size of coagulation necrosis caused by the RF current heating on the subject. The delivery of the RF energy was varied by changing the values for delivered power, power delivery duration, and insertion depth. The results showed that the size of the coagulation necrosis is affected by all of the parameters tested. In general, the size of the region is enlarged with higher delivery of RF power, longer duration of power delivery, and shallower needle insertion and become relatively constant after a certain value. We also found that the solution proposed provides a low cost and practical way to minimizes unwanted post-biopsy effects.

Matched MeSH terms: Radio Waves/therapeutic use*
Structural properties of zinc oxide thin films deposited on various substrates

Ching C, Om P, Ng S, Hassan Z, Abu Hassan H, Abdullah M

Sains Malaysiana, 2014;43:923-927.

In this work, the structural properties of radio frequency sputtering-grown zinc oxide (ZnO) thin films on sapphire (Al203), gallium arsenide (GaAs) and n-type silicon (Si) substrates were characterized. Scanning electron microscopy was employed to study the surface morphology of the samples. X-ray diffraction (xRD) measurements were also performed to obtain the structural information of the samples. The xRD results showed that the ZnO layers grown on different substrates have similar lattice constant (c) values, which were used to calculate the strain percentages of the ZnO thin films. The surface morphologies of the ZnO thin films indicated the formation of a granular surface when ZnO is deposited on n-type Si(100) and Si( 111 ) substrates. Meanwhile, a leaf-like surface is obtained when ZnO is deposited on GaAs and Al203 substrates. The results showed that the ZnO thin film grown on n-type Si(100) has the best quality among all the samples.

Matched MeSH terms: Radio Waves
Fulltext Optimized backoff scheme for prioritized data in wireless sensor networks: A class of service approach

Onwuegbuzie IU, Abd Razak S, Fauzi Isnin I, Darwish TSJ, Al-Dhaqm A

PLoS One, 2020;15(8):e0237154.
PMID: 32797055 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0237154

Data prioritization of heterogeneous data in wireless sensor networks gives meaning to mission-critical data that are time-sensitive as this may be a matter of life and death. However, the standard IEEE 802.15.4 does not consider the prioritization of data. Prioritization schemes proffered in the literature have not adequately addressed this issue as proposed schemes either uses a single or complex backoff algorithm to estimate backoff time-slots for prioritized data. Subsequently, the carrier sense multiple access with collision avoidance scheme exhibits an exponentially increasing range of backoff times. These approaches are not only inefficient but result in high latency and increased power consumption. In this article, the concept of class of service (CS) was adopted to prioritize heterogeneous data (real-time and non-real-time), resulting in an optimized prioritized backoff MAC scheme called Class of Service Traffic Priority-based Medium Access Control (CSTP-MAC). This scheme classifies data into high priority data (HPD) and low priority data (LPD) by computing backoff times with expressions peculiar to the data priority class. The improved scheme grants nodes the opportunity to access the shared medium in a timely and power-efficient manner. Benchmarked against contemporary schemes, CSTP-MAC attained a 99% packet delivery ratio with improved power saving capability, which translates to a longer operational lifetime.

Matched MeSH terms: Radio
Fulltext Optical frequency upconversion technique for transmission of wireless MIMO-type signals over optical fiber

Shaddad RQ, Mohammad AB, Al-Gailani SA, Al-Hetar AM

ScientificWorldJournal, 2014;2014:170471.
PMID: 24772009 DOI: 10.1155/2014/170471

The optical fiber is well adapted to pass multiple wireless signals having different carrier frequencies by using radio-over-fiber (ROF) technique. However, multiple wireless signals which have the same carrier frequency cannot propagate over a single optical fiber, such as wireless multi-input multi-output (MIMO) signals feeding multiple antennas in the fiber wireless (FiWi) system. A novel optical frequency upconversion (OFU) technique is proposed to solve this problem. In this paper, the novel OFU approach is used to transmit three wireless MIMO signals over a 20 km standard single mode fiber (SMF). The OFU technique exploits one optical source to produce multiple wavelengths by delivering it to a LiNbO3 external optical modulator. The wireless MIMO signals are then modulated by LiNbO3 optical intensity modulators separately using the generated optical carriers from the OFU process. These modulators use the optical single-sideband with carrier (OSSB+C) modulation scheme to optimize the system performance against the fiber dispersion effect. Each wireless MIMO signal is with a 2.4 GHz or 5 GHz carrier frequency, 1 Gb/s data rate, and 16-quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM). The crosstalk between the wireless MIMO signals is highly suppressed, since each wireless MIMO signal is carried on a specific optical wavelength.

Matched MeSH terms: Radio Waves
Formation of wave packets in the Ostrovsky equation for both normal and anomalous dispersion

Grimshaw R, Stepanyants Y, Alias A

Proc Math Phys Eng Sci, 2016 Jan;472(2185):20150416.
PMID: 26997887

It is well known that the Ostrovsky equation with normal dispersion does not support steady solitary waves. An initial Korteweg-de Vries solitary wave decays adiabatically through the radiation of long waves and is eventually replaced by an envelope solitary wave whose carrier wave and envelope move with different velocities (phase and group velocities correspondingly). Here, we examine the same initial condition for the Ostrovsky equation with anomalous dispersion, when the wave frequency increases with wavenumber in the limit of very short waves. The essential difference is that now there exists a steady solitary wave solution (Ostrovsky soliton), which in the small-amplitude limit can be described asymptotically through the solitary wave solution of a nonlinear Schrödinger equation, based at that wavenumber where the phase and group velocities coincide. Long-time numerical simulations show that the emergence of this steady envelope solitary wave is a very robust feature. The initial Korteweg-de Vries solitary wave transforms rapidly to this envelope solitary wave in a seemingly non-adiabatic manner. The amplitude of the Ostrovsky soliton strongly correlates with the initial Korteweg-de Vries solitary wave.

Matched MeSH terms: Radio Waves
Thermocatalytic treatment of biomass tar model compounds via radio frequency

Anis S, Zainal ZA, Bakar MZ

Bioresour Technol, 2013 May;136:117-25.
PMID: 23567671 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2013.02.049

A new effective RF tar thermocatalytic treatment process with low energy intensive has been proposed to remove tar from biomass gasification. Toluene and naphthalene as biomass tar model compounds were removed via both thermal and catalytic treatment over a wide temperature range from 850 °C to 1200 °C and 450 °C to 900 °C, respectively at residence time of 0-0.7 s. Thermal characteristics of the new technique are also described in this paper. This study clearly clarified that toluene was much easier to be removed than naphthalene. Soot was found as the final product of thermal treatment of the tar model and completely removed during catalytic treatment. Radical reactions generated by RF non-thermal effect improve the tar removal. The study showed that Y-zeolite has better catalytic activity compared to dolomite on toluene and naphthalene removal due to its acidic nature and large surface area, even at lower reaction temperature of about 550 °C.

Matched MeSH terms: Radio Waves*
Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) and communication technologies for solid waste bin and truck monitoring system

Hannan MA, Arebey M, Begum RA, Basri H

Waste Manag, 2011 Dec;31(12):2406-13.
PMID: 21871788 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2011.07.022

This paper deals with a system of integration of Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) and communication technologies for solid waste bin and truck monitoring system. RFID, GPS, GPRS and GIS along with camera technologies have been integrated and developed the bin and truck intelligent monitoring system. A new kind of integrated theoretical framework, hardware architecture and interface algorithm has been introduced between the technologies for the successful implementation of the proposed system. In this system, bin and truck database have been developed such a way that the information of bin and truck ID, date and time of waste collection, bin status, amount of waste and bin and truck GPS coordinates etc. are complied and stored for monitoring and management activities. The results showed that the real-time image processing, histogram analysis, waste estimation and other bin information have been displayed in the GUI of the monitoring system. The real-time test and experimental results showed that the performance of the developed system was stable and satisfied the monitoring system with high practicability and validity.

Matched MeSH terms: Radio Frequency Identification Device/methods*
A review on technologies and their usage in solid waste monitoring and management systems: Issues and challenges

Hannan MA, Abdulla Al Mamun M, Hussain A, Basri H, Begum RA

Waste Manag, 2015 Sep;43:509-23.
PMID: 26072186 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2015.05.033

In the backdrop of prompt advancement, information and communication technology (ICT) has become an inevitable part to plan and design of modern solid waste management (SWM) systems. This study presents a critical review of the existing ICTs and their usage in SWM systems to unfold the issues and challenges towards using integrated technologies based system. To plan, monitor, collect and manage solid waste, the ICTs are divided into four categories such as spatial technologies, identification technologies, data acquisition technologies and data communication technologies. The ICT based SWM systems classified in this paper are based on the first three technologies while the forth one is employed by almost every systems. This review may guide the reader about the basics of available ICTs and their application in SWM to facilitate the search for planning and design of a sustainable new system.

Matched MeSH terms: Radio Frequency Identification Device
Determinants of RFID adoption in Malaysia's healthcare industry: occupational level as a moderator

Zailani S, Iranmanesh M, Nikbin D, Beng JK

J Med Syst, 2015 Jan;39(1):172.
PMID: 25503418 DOI: 10.1007/s10916-014-0172-4

With today's highly competitive market in the healthcare industry, Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) is a technology that can be applied by hospitals to improve operational efficiency and to gain a competitive advantage over their competitors. The purpose of this study is to investigate the factors that may effect RFID adoption in Malaysia's healthcare industry. In addition, the moderating role of occupational level was tested. Data was collected from 223 managers as well as healthcare and supporting staffs. This data was analyzed using the partial least squares technique. The results show that perceived ease of use and usefulness, government policy, top management support, and security and privacy concerns have an effect on the intent to adopt RFID in hospitals. There is a wide gap between managers and healthcare staff in terms of the factors that influence RFID adoption. The results of this study will help decision makers as well as managers in the healthcare industry to better understand the determinants of RFID adoption. Additionally, it will assist in the process of RFID adoption, and therefore, spread the usage of RFID technology in more hospitals.

Matched MeSH terms: Radio Frequency Identification Device*
Radiofrequency electromagnetic radiation-induced behavioral changes and their possible basis

Narayanan SN, Jetti R, Kesari KK, Kumar RS, Nayak SB, Bhat PG

Environ Sci Pollut Res Int, 2019 Oct;26(30):30693-30710.
PMID: 31463749 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-019-06278-5

The primary objective of mobile phone technology is to achieve communication with any person at any place and time. In the modern era, it is impossible to ignore the usefulness of mobile phone technology in cases of emergency as many lives have been saved. However, the biological effects they may have on humans and other animals have been largely ignored and not been evaluated comprehensively. One of the reasons for this is the speedy uncontrollable growth of this technology which has surpassed our researching ability. Initiated with the first generation, the mobile telephony currently reaches to its fifth generation without being screened extensively for any biological effects that they may have on humans or on other animals. Mounting evidences suggest possible non-thermal biological effects of radiofrequency electromagnetic radiation (RF-EMR) on brain and behavior. Behavioral studies have particularly concentrated on the effects of RF-EMR on learning, memory, anxiety, and locomotion. The literature analysis on behavioral effects of RF-EMR demonstrates complex picture with conflicting observations. Nonetheless, numerous reports suggest a possible behavioral effect of RF-EMR. The scientific findings about this issue are presented in the current review. The possible neural and molecular mechanisms for the behavioral effects have been proposed in the light of available evidences from the literature.

Matched MeSH terms: Radio Waves*
Fulltext Designing a ring-VCO for RFID transponders in 0.18 μm CMOS process

Jalil J, Reaz MB, Bhuiyan MA, Rahman LF, Chang TG

ScientificWorldJournal, 2014;2014:580385.
PMID: 24587731 DOI: 10.1155/2014/580385

In radio frequency identification (RFID) systems, performance degradation of phase locked loops (PLLs) mainly occurs due to high phase noise of voltage-controlled oscillators (VCOs). This paper proposes a low power, low phase noise ring-VCO developed for 2.42 GHz operated active RFID transponders compatible with IEEE 802.11 b/g, Bluetooth, and Zigbee protocols. For ease of integration and implementation of the module in tiny die area, a novel pseudodifferential delay cell based 3-stage ring oscillator has been introduced to fabricate the ring-VCO. In CMOS technology, 0.18 μm process is adopted for designing the circuit with 1.5 V power supply. The postlayout simulated results show that the proposed oscillator works in the tuning range of 0.5-2.54 GHz and dissipates 2.47 mW of power. It exhibits a phase noise of -126.62 dBc/Hz at 25 MHz offset from 2.42 GHz carrier frequency.

Matched MeSH terms: Radio Frequency Identification Device/methods*
Wirelessly activated device with an integrated ionic polymer metal composite (IPMC) cantilever valve for targeted drug delivery

Cheong HR, Nguyen NT, Khaw MK, Teoh BY, Chee PS

Lab Chip, 2018 10 09;18(20):3207-3215.
PMID: 30229248 DOI: 10.1039/c8lc00776d

This paper reports a wirelessly powered ionic polymer-metal composite (IPMC) soft actuator operated by external radio frequency (RF) magnetic fields for targeted drug delivery. A 183 μm thick IPMC cantilever valve was fitted with an embedded LC resonant circuit to wirelessly control the actuator when the field frequency is tuned to its resonant frequency of approximately 25 MHz. Experimental characterization of the fabricated actuator showed a cumulative cantilever deflection of 160 μm for three repeated RF ON-OFF cycles at 0.6 W input power. The device was loaded with a dye solution and immersed in DI water to demonstrate wireless drug release. The qualitative result shows the successful release of the dye solution from the device reservoir. The release rate can be controlled by tuning the RF input power. We achieved a maximum average release rate of ∼0.1 μl s-1. We further conducted an in vitro study with human tumor cells (HeLa) to demonstrate the proof of concept of the developed device. The experiments show promising results towards the intended drug delivery application.

Matched MeSH terms: Radio Waves
Fulltext A novel 3D ray launching technique for radio propagation prediction in indoor environments

Geok TK, Hossain F, Chiat ATW

PLoS One, 2018;13(8):e0201905.
PMID: 30086170 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0201905

Radio propagation prediction simulation methods based on deterministic technique such as ray launching is extensively used to accomplish radio channel characterization. However, the superiority of the simulation depends on the number of rays launched and received. This paper presented the indoor three-dimensional (3D) Minimum Ray Launching Maximum Accuracy (MRLMA) technique, which is applicable for an efficient indoor radio wave propagation prediction. Utilizing the novel MRLMA technique in the simulation environment for ray lunching and tracing can drastically reduce the number of rays that need to be traced, and improve the efficiency of ray tracing. Implementation and justification of MRLMA presented in the paper. An indoor office 3D layouts are selected and simulations have been performed using the MRLMA and other reference techniques. Results showed that the indoor 3D MRLMA model is appropriate for wireless communications network systems design and optimization process with respect to efficiency, coverage, number of rays launching, number of rays received by the mobile station, and simulation time.

Matched MeSH terms: Radio Waves*
Fulltext Flexible Radio-Frequency Identification (RFID) Tag Antenna for Sensor Applications

Islam MT, Alam T, Yahya I, Cho M

Sensors (Basel), 2018 Nov 30;18(12).
PMID: 30513701 DOI: 10.3390/s18124212

In this paper, an inkjet-printed flexible Radio-Frequency Identification (RFID) tag antenna is proposed for an ultra-high frequency (UHF) sensor application. The proposed tag antenna facilitates a system-level solution for low-cost and faster mass production of RFID passive tag antenna. The tag antenna consists of a modified meander line radiator with a semi-circular shaped feed network. The structure is printed on photo paper using silver nanoparticle conductive ink. The generic design outline, as well as tag antenna performances for several practical application aspects are investigated. The simulated and measured results verify the coverage of universal UHF RFID band with an omnidirectional radiation pattern and a long-read range of 15 ft. In addition, the read range for different bending angles and lifetimes of the tag antenna are also demonstrated.

Matched MeSH terms: Radio Frequency Identification Device
Fulltext The impact of radiofrequency exposure on Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae) development

Nik Abdull Halim NMH, Mohd Jamili AF, Che Dom N, Abd Rahman NH, Jamal Kareem Z, Dapari R

PLoS One, 2024;19(2):e0298738.
PMID: 38412167 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0298738

INTRODUCTION: Wireless communication connects billions of people worldwide, relying on radiofrequency electromagnetic fields (RF-EMF). Generally, fifth-generation (5G) networks shift RF carriers to higher frequencies. Although radio, cell phones, and television have benefitted humans for decades, higher carrier frequencies can present potential health risks. Insects closely associated with humans (such as mosquitoes) can undergo increased RF absorption and dielectric heating. This process inadvertently impacts the insects' behaviour, morphology, and physiology, which can influence their spread. Therefore, this study examined the impact of RF exposure on Ae. aegypti mosquitoes, which are prevalent in indoor environments with higher RF exposure risk. The morphologies of Ae. aegypti eggs and their developments into Ae. aegypti mosquitoes were investigated.
METHODS: A total of 30 eggs were exposed to RF radiation at three frequencies: baseline, 900 MHz, and 18 GHz. Each frequency was tested in triplicate. Several parameters were assessed through daily observations in an insectarium, including hatching responses, development times, larval numbers, and pupation periods until the emergence of adult insects.
RESULTS: This study revealed that the hatching rate for the 900 MHz group was the highest (79 ± 10.54%) compared to other exposures (p = 0.87). The adult emergence rate for the 900 MHz group was also the lowest at 33 ± 2.77%. A significant difference between the groups was demonstrated in the statistical analysis (p = 0.03).
CONCLUSION: This work highlighted the morphology sensitivity of Ae. aegypti eggs and their developments in the aquatic phase to RF radiation, potentially altering their life cycle.

Matched MeSH terms: Radio Waves/adverse effects
Fulltext A new SIR-based sigmoid power control game in cognitive radio networks

Al-Gumaei YA, Noordin KA, Reza AW, Dimyati K

PLoS One, 2014;9(10):e109077.
PMID: 25286044 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0109077

Interference resulting from Cognitive Radios (CRs) is the most important aspect of cognitive radio networks that leads to degradation in Quality of Service (QoS) in both primary and CR systems. Power control is one of the efficient techniques that can be used to reduce interference and satisfy the Signal-to-Interference Ratio (SIR) constraint among CRs. This paper proposes a new distributed power control algorithm based on game theory approach in cognitive radio networks. The proposal focuses on the channel status of cognitive radio users to improve system performance. A new cost function for SIR-based power control via a sigmoid weighting factor is introduced. The existence of Nash Equilibrium and convergence of the algorithm are also proved. The advantage of the proposed algorithm is the possibility to utilize and implement it in a distributed manner. Simulation results show considerable savings on Nash Equilibrium power compared to relevant algorithms while reduction in achieved SIR is insignificant.

Matched MeSH terms: Radio Waves*
Fulltext Energy-efficient sensing in wireless sensor networks using compressed sensing

Razzaque MA, Dobson S

Sensors (Basel), 2014;14(2):2822-59.
PMID: 24526302 DOI: 10.3390/s140202822

Sensing of the application environment is the main purpose of a wireless sensor network. Most existing energy management strategies and compression techniques assume that the sensing operation consumes significantly less energy than radio transmission and reception. This assumption does not hold in a number of practical applications. Sensing energy consumption in these applications may be comparable to, or even greater than, that of the radio. In this work, we support this claim by a quantitative analysis of the main operational energy costs of popular sensors, radios and sensor motes. In light of the importance of sensing level energy costs, especially for power hungry sensors, we consider compressed sensing and distributed compressed sensing as potential approaches to provide energy efficient sensing in wireless sensor networks. Numerical experiments investigating the effectiveness of compressed sensing and distributed compressed sensing using real datasets show their potential for efficient utilization of sensing and overall energy costs in wireless sensor networks. It is shown that, for some applications, compressed sensing and distributed compressed sensing can provide greater energy efficiency than transform coding and model-based adaptive sensing in wireless sensor networks.

Matched MeSH terms: Radio

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