Displaying publications 1 - 20 of 223 in total

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  1. Fulltext Heterogeneous contributions of change in population distribution of body mass index to change in obesity and underweight
    NCD Risk Factor Collaboration (NCD-RisC)
    Elife, 2021 Mar 09;10.
    PMID: 33685583 DOI: 10.7554/eLife.60060
    From 1985 to 2016, the prevalence of underweight decreased, and that of obesity and severe obesity increased, in most regions, with significant variation in the magnitude of these changes across regions. We investigated how much change in mean body mass index (BMI) explains changes in the prevalence of underweight, obesity, and severe obesity in different regions using data from 2896 population-based studies with 187 million participants. Changes in the prevalence of underweight and total obesity, and to a lesser extent severe obesity, are largely driven by shifts in the distribution of BMI, with smaller contributions from changes in the shape of the distribution. In East and Southeast Asia and sub-Saharan Africa, the underweight tail of the BMI distribution was left behind as the distribution shifted. There is a need for policies that address all forms of malnutrition by making healthy foods accessible and affordable, while restricting unhealthy foods through fiscal and regulatory restrictions.
    Matched MeSH terms: Obesity/epidemiology*
  2. Fulltext Obesity among schoolchildren in Kuala Selangor: a cross-sectional study
    Sumarni Mohd G, Muhammad Amir K, Ibrahim Md S, Mohd Rodi I, Izzuna Mudla MG, Nurziyana I
    Trop Biomed, 2006 Dec;23(2):148-54.
    PMID: 17322816
    Childhood obesity is an established problem in many countries and emerging in others. Epidemiological data on obesity in children is essential in order to plan public health policy and services. A study was conducted to determine the prevalence of obesity in schoolchildren in the fifth grade of elementary school (10-12 years old) in the district of Kuala Selangor. Ten schools of which five are in urban and five in rural areas were selected consisting of 699 eleven year old schoolchildren from the three major ethnic groups. Using international cut-off points for obesity, we report an overall prevalence of obesity of 7.2%. Prevalence of obesity in urban children is 7.2% whereas in rural children it is 7.0 %. Analysed by gender, there were 8.9% obese boys and 5.3% obese girls. Among the 3 major ethnic groups, the Malays had the highest prevalence of obesity at 9.3% followed by the Chinese with 6.6% while among Indians 3.0%. The data obtained from this study suggests that obesity in Kuala Selangor children is a cause for concern in urban and rural areas.
    Matched MeSH terms: Obesity/epidemiology*
  3. Fulltext Dimensional model for estimating factors influencing childhood obesity: path analysis based modeling
    Kheirollahpour M, Shohaimi S
    ScientificWorldJournal, 2014;2014:512148.
    PMID: 25097878 DOI: 10.1155/2014/512148
    The main objective of this study is to identify and develop a comprehensive model which estimates and evaluates the overall relations among the factors that lead to weight gain in children by using structural equation modeling. The proposed models in this study explore the connection among the socioeconomic status of the family, parental feeding practice, and physical activity. Six structural models were tested to identify the direct and indirect relationship between the socioeconomic status and parental feeding practice general level of physical activity, and weight status of children. Finally, a comprehensive model was devised to show how these factors relate to each other as well as to the body mass index (BMI) of the children simultaneously. Concerning the methodology of the current study, confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) was applied to reveal the hidden (secondary) effect of socioeconomic factors on feeding practice and ultimately on the weight status of the children and also to determine the degree of model fit. The comprehensive structural model tested in this study suggested that there are significant direct and indirect relationships among variables of interest. Moreover, the results suggest that parental feeding practice and physical activity are mediators in the structural model.
    Matched MeSH terms: Obesity/epidemiology*
  4. Fulltext Quantitative analysis and comparison of BMI among Han, Tibetan, and Uygur university students in Northwest China
    Jingya B, Ye H, Jing W, Xi H, Tao H
    ScientificWorldJournal, 2013;2013:180863.
    PMID: 24453807 DOI: 10.1155/2013/180863
    To fully analyze and compare BMI among Han, Tibetan, and Uygur university students, to discuss the differences in their physical properties and physical health, and thus to provide some theoretical suggestions for the improvement of students' physical health.
    Matched MeSH terms: Obesity/epidemiology
  5. Defining paediatric metabolic (dysfunction)-associated fatty liver disease: an international expert consensus statement
    Eslam M, Alkhouri N, Vajro P, Baumann U, Weiss R, Socha P, et al.
    Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol, 2021 Oct;6(10):864-873.
    PMID: 34364544 DOI: 10.1016/S2468-1253(21)00183-7
    The term non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), and its definition, have limitations for both adults and children. The definition is most problematic for children, for whom alcohol consumption is usually not a concern. This problematic definition has prompted a consensus to rename and redefine adult NAFLD associated with metabolic dysregulation to metabolic (dysfunction)-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD). Similarities, distinctions, and differences exist in the causes, natural history, and prognosis of fatty liver diseases in children compared with adults. In this Viewpoint we, an international panel, propose an overarching framework for paediatric fatty liver diseases and an age-appropriate MAFLD definition based on sex and age percentiles. The framework recognises the possibility of other coexisting systemic fatty liver diseases in children. The new MAFLD diagnostic criteria provide paediatricians with a conceptual scaffold for disease diagnosis, risk stratification, and improved clinical and multidisciplinary care, and they align with a definition that is valid across the lifespan.
    Matched MeSH terms: Obesity/epidemiology
  6. Prevalence of Sleep-disordered Breathing and its Association with Obesity among Saudi Schoolchildren
    Zreaqat M, Hassan R, Samsudin AR, Stas Y
    J Contemp Dent Pract, 2020 Sep 01;21(9):1022-1026.
    PMID: 33568590
    AIM AND OBJECTIVE: Epidemiological studies of sleep disturbances are essential to promote awareness among families and educational officials and deliver appropriate treatment at a very early timing. The aim of this population-based study was to determine the frequency of sleep-disordered breathing (SDB) symptoms and its association with obesity among schoolchildren in West Saudi Arabia.

    MATERIALS AND METHODS: This cross-sectional study comprised 2,000 schoolchildren aged 6-12 years. Sleep-disordered breathing symptoms were assessed with Arabic version of Pediatric Sleep Questionnaire (PSQ). Overweight/obesity was evaluated using body mass index (BMI) and their association with SDB was tested using a regression analysis model.

    RESULTS: Overall, 23% of children were at high risk of SDB. Prevalence of habitual snoring was 15.9% and sleep apnea 4%. Boys were at higher risk of SDB than girls (p = 0.026), while age had no effect (p = 0.254). High-risk SDB had a strong association with sleep symptoms compared to low-risk SDB (p < 0.05). Sleep-disordered breathing increased significantly in overweight and obese children (p = 0.017 and p < 0.001, respectively).

    CONCLUSION: Around 23% Saudi schoolchildren are at risk of SDB. Related symptoms were strongly associated with high risk of SDB. Overweight and obesity had a strong and progressive association with SDB.

    CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE: The results will help in identifying children at high risk of developing SDB and plan for early intervention to avoid the progression of SDB later in life.

    Matched MeSH terms: Obesity/epidemiology
  7. Fulltext Traditional cardiovascular risk-factors among healthcare workers in Kelantan, Malaysia
    Hazmi H, Ishak WR, Jalil RA, Hua GS, Hamid NF, Haron R, et al.
    Southeast Asian J. Trop. Med. Public Health, 2015 May;46(3):504-11.
    PMID: 26521525
    We conducted a cross sectional study of cardiovascular risk factors among healthcare workers at four government hospitals in Kelantan, Malaysia. We randomly selected 330 subjects fulfilling the following study criteria: those who had been working for at least one year at that health facility, Malaysians citizens and those with some form of direct contact with patients. We conducted an interview, obtained physical measurements, a fasting blood sugar and fasting lipid profiles among 308 subjects. The mean age of the subjects was 43.5 years, 82% were female; 30.8%, 14.3%, 10.4%, 1.3% and 1.6% of the subjects had dyslipidemia, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, a history of stroke and a history of ischemic heart disease, respectively. Forty-two percent of subjects had at least one medical condition. The mean body mass index (BMI) was 27.0 kg/M2 (SD=4.8) and 24.3% had a BMI > or =30 kg/M2. The mean systolic and diastolic blood pressures were 121.5 mmHg (SD=14.0) and 76.5 mmHg (SD=9.7), respectively and the mean waist-hip ratio was 0.84 (SD=0.1). The mean fasting blood sugar, total cholesterol, triglyceride, high density lipoprotein and low density lipoprotein were 5.8 mmol/l (SD=2.4), 5.5 mmol/l (SD=1.0), 1.4 mmol/l (SD=0.9), 1.5 mmol/l (SD=0.3) and 3.5 mmol/l (SD=0.9), respectively. Our study population had a smaller proportion of hypertension than that of the general Malaysian population. They had higher fasting total cholesterol, slightly lower fasting blood sugar, with a large proportion of them, obese and had diabetes. Immediate intervention is needed to reduce the traditional cardiovascular risk factors in this population. Keywords: cardiovascular risk factors, health care workers, Malaysia
    Matched MeSH terms: Obesity/epidemiology*
  8. Fulltext Overweight, obesity and associated factors among 13-15 years old students in the Association of Southeast Asian Nations member countries, 2007-2014
    Pengpid S, Peltzer K
    Southeast Asian J. Trop. Med. Public Health, 2016 Mar;47(2):250-62.
    PMID: 27244964
    The aim of this study was to assess overweight or obesity and associated factors in school-going adolescents in the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) member countries. The analysis included 30,284 school children 13-15 years of age from seven ASEAN members participating in the Global School-based Student Health Survey (GSHS) between 2007 and 2013. The overall prevalence of overweight or obesity across seven ASEAN countries (excluding Brunei) was 9.9%, significantly higher in boys (11.5%) than in girls (8.3%). Among eight ASEAN countries, the highest prevalence of overweight or obesity was in Brunei Darus-salam (36.1%), followed by Malaysia (23.7%), and the lowest was in Myanmar (3.4%) and Cambodia (3.7%). Multivariate logistic regression analysis found that younger age, coming from an upper middle country, never been hungry, and not walking or biking to school were associated with overweight or obesity. In addition, among boys, having three or more servings of vegetables per day and having no close friends, and among girls, having fast foods two or more times per week, been victims of bullying and having peer support were additional factors associated with overweight or obesity. Increased strategies utilizing a number of the risk factors identified are needed to prevent and treat overweight or obesity in adolescents in ASEAN member countries.
    Study name: Global School-Based Student Health Survey (GSHS)
    Matched MeSH terms: Obesity/epidemiology*
  9. Fulltext Obesity in primary care patients in Kelantan, Malaysia: prevalence, and patients' knowledge and attitudes
    Jackson A, Cole C, Esquiro J, Edwards M
    Southeast Asian J. Trop. Med. Public Health, 1996 Dec;27(4):776-9.
    PMID: 9253884
    This study measured the body mass index (BMI), and assessed attitudes and knowledge about obesity, of 197 male and 217 female patients aged 20-59 years attending the primary care clinic of the university hospital in Kelantan, Malaysia. There was no significant difference between the mean BMI of males (23.7) and females (24.2). In the overweight group (BMI 25-29.9) were 60 men (30%) and 66 women (30%). In the obese group (BMI 30 and above) were 12 men (6%) and 22 women (10%). Both diabetes mellitus and hypertension were associated with significantly higher BMI's. Knowledge about obesity was lacking. Sixty-three (15%) failed to recognize that obesity is bad for health. When asked the causes of obesity, 88 (21%) failed to mention either diet or lack of exercise. "Being happy" was suggested as a cause by 32 (8%). When asked if certain foods would cause obesity if eaten in excess, 45 (11%) said "No" for fatty foods, and 164 (40%) said "No" for sweet foods. Concerning appearance, 30 (15%) men regarded an obese man as normal or even handsome, while 49 (23%) women regarded an obese woman as normal or beautiful. Obesity is common among our adult patients, and is associated with some of their common health problems. However, a substantial minority do not regard obesity as unhealthy, do not relate it to diet or lack of exercise, do not recognize important groups of fattening foods, and do not regard obesity as unattractive.
    Matched MeSH terms: Obesity/epidemiology*
  10. Fulltext Prevalance of obesity and overweight in northeastern peninsular Malaysia and their relationship with cardiovascular risk factors
    Mohamad WB, Mokhtar N, Mafauzy M, Mustaffa BE, Musalmah M
    Southeast Asian J. Trop. Med. Public Health, 1996 Jun;27(2):339-42.
    PMID: 9279999
    Height and body weight were measured in 2,284 subjects over 20 years old. The subjects were chosen by cluster sampling in 9 districts of Kelantan. Blood was drawn after an overnight fast for measurement of cholesterol (chol), triglyceride (TG), VLDL and HDL-Chol. Oral glucose tolerance test was performed with 75 g glucose. The overall prevalence of overweight [BMI (kg/m2) > or = 25-< or = 30] and obesity (BMI > 30) was 21.3% and 4.5% respectively. The overweight and obese were significantly younger than the lean subjects. The prevalence of hypercholesterolemia (chol > 5.2 mmol/l) in lean, overweight and obese subjects was 65.3%, 70.2% and 74.7%, respectively. Impaired glucose tolerance was found in 16.6% of the lean, 21.6% of the overweight and 32.0% of the obese subjects. Diabetes mellitus was found in 7.9% of the lean, 10.5% of the overweight and 6.7 of the obese subjects. 10.1% of lean, 13.2% of overweight and 23.3% of obese individuals were hypertensive. In conclusion, the high prevalence of overweight and obesity in Malaysia was associated with adverse lipid and glucose metabolism as well as poor blood pressure control.
    Matched MeSH terms: Obesity/epidemiology*
  11. The nutritional situation in metropolitan Kuala Lumpur, with focus on squatters
    Khor GL
    Southeast Asian J. Trop. Med. Public Health, 1992;23 Suppl 3:17-30.
    PMID: 1342754
    Kuala Lumpur is the capital city of Malaysia with an estimated population of 1.55 million. Approximately 12% of the population live in squatter settlements occupying about 7% of the city total area. The squatter settlements generally are provided with basic amenities such as piped water, toilet facilities and electricity. Health indicators for the overall population of Kuala Lumpur are better off than for the rest of the country; however, intra-city differentials prevail along ethnic and socio-economic lines. Malays and Indians have higher rates for stillbirths, and neonatal, infant and toddler mortality than the Chinese. The wide disparity in the socio-economic status between the advantaged and the poor groups in the city is reflected in the dietary practices and nutritional status of young children from these communities. The percentage of preschool children from urban poor households with inadequate intakes of calories and nutrients is two to three times higher than those from the advantaged group. Compared to rural infants, a lower percentage of urban infants are breastfed. A lower percentage of Malays from the urban advantaged group breastfed, compared with the urban poor group. The reversed trend is found for the Chinese community. Growth attainment of young children from the urban poor is worse than the urban advantaged, though better than the rural poor. Health and nutritional practices implications related to both undernutrition and overnutrition are discussed, to illustrate the twin challenges of malnutrition in the city.
    Matched MeSH terms: Obesity/epidemiology
  12. Fulltext Determinants of glycaemic control among type 2 diabetes mellitus patients in Northern State of Kedah, Malaysia: a cross-sectional analysis of 5 years national diabetes registry 2014-2018
    Hassan MR, Jamhari MN, Hayati F, Ahmad N, Zamzuri MIA, Nawi AM, et al.
    Pan Afr Med J, 2021;39:206.
    PMID: 34603587 DOI: 10.11604/pamj.2021.39.206.30410
    Introduction: type 2 diabetes mellitus has become a global public health crisis. The increment in the cases has contributed significantly to the parallel increase in the prevalence of overweight and obesity. This paper aimed to analyse the relationship between lipid profile, waist circumference and body mass index (BMI) with the glycaemic control of the diabetes patients in Kedah.

    Methods: a cross-sectional study was conducted, using the Kedah audit samples data extracted from the National Diabetes Registry (NDR) from the year 2014 to 2018. A total of 25,062 registered type 2 diabetes mellitus patients were selected using the inclusion and exclusion criteria from the registry. Only patients with complete data on their HbA1C, lipid profile, waist circumference and BMI were analysed using SPSS version 21.

    Results: the means for the age, BMI and waist circumference of the samples were 61.5 (±10.85) years, 27.3 (±5.05) kg/m2 and 89.46 (±13.58) cm, respectively. Poor glycaemic control (HbA1c>6.5%) was observed in 72.7% of the patients, with females having poorer glycaemic control. The BMI and waist circumference were found to be significantly associated with glycaemic control (P<0.001). The total cholesterol, triglycerides and low-density lipoproteins values showed positive correlation with glycaemic control (r = 0.178, 0.157, 0.145, p<0.001), while high-density lipoproteins values are negatively correlated (r = -0.019, p<0.001).

    Conclusion: implementing lifestyle changes such as physical activity and dietary modifications are important in the management of BMI, waist circumference and body lipids, which in turn results in improved glycaemic control.

    Matched MeSH terms: Obesity/epidemiology
  13. Fulltext Prevalence of overweight/obesity among the medical students, Malaysia
    Gopalakrishnan S, Ganeshkumar P, Prakash MVS, Christopher, Amalraj V
    Med J Malaysia, 2012 Aug;67(4):442-4.
    PMID: 23082463
    BACKGROUND: Overweight and obesity are defined as abnormal or excessive fat accumulation that may impair health. Body mass index is a simple index of weight-for-height that is commonly used in classifying overweight and obesity in adult populations and individuals.
    OBJECTIVES: A study was conducted to screen the medical students of AIMST University for overweight/obesity using Body Mass Index(BMI) and to determine the prevalence among them.
    MATERIALS AND METHODS: This is an institution based cross sectional study was conducted among 290 medical students using a pre-tested questionnaire and measured their Body Mass Index (BMI). Data obtained was analyzed statistically by calculating proportions.
    RESULTS: Out of 290 students who participated in the study, 45.2% were males. In the study, 14.8% were found to be overweight (BMI 23-24.9 kg/m2); 13.7% of males and 15.7% of females. Pre-obese students (BMI 25-29kg/m2) accounted for 15.9% of the total (males 18.3% and females 13.8%). 5.2% were found to be obese (BMI > 30 kg/m2): males 9.2% and females 1.9%. Also 14.8% were found to be underweight (males 12.2% and females 17.0%). The study group consisted of 63.8% Indian, 32.4% Chinese and 3.8% Malay students.
    CONCLUSIONS: The study reveals that the prevalence of overweight and obesity among the medical students of AIMST University is on the high, which is comparable to the findings of earlier studies conducted in Malaysia, reinforcing the need to encourage healthy lifestyle, healthy food habits and a physically active daily routine, among the adolescents and youth of this country.
    Matched MeSH terms: Obesity/epidemiology*
  14. Fulltext Childhood obesity--prevalence among 7 and 8 year old primary school students in Kota Kinabalu
    Chong HL, Soo TL, Rasat R
    Med J Malaysia, 2012 Apr;67(2):147-50.
    PMID: 22822632
    Matched MeSH terms: Obesity/epidemiology*
  15. Fulltext Childhood obesity: time to act?
    Ho JJ
    Med J Malaysia, 2012 Apr;67(2):143-4.
    PMID: 22822630
    Matched MeSH terms: Obesity/epidemiology*
  16. Fulltext Prevalence of melanocortin receptor 4 (MC4R) V103I gene variant and its association with obesity among the Kampar Health Clinic cohort, Perak, Malaysia
    Chua HN, Fan SH, Say YH
    Med J Malaysia, 2012 Apr;67(2):234-5.
    PMID: 22822657 MyJurnal
    This study investigated the prevalence of the Melanocortin receptor 4 (MC4R) V1031 gene variant and its association with obesity among a cohort of 254 patients (101 males; 118 obese) attending the Kampar Health Clinic. Genotyping revealed the mutated I allele frequency of 0.02, no homozygous mutated (II), and similar distribution of V and I alleles across BMI groups, genders and ethnic groups. No significant difference was found for the means of anthropometric measurements between alleles. Prevalence of this gene variant among the Malaysian cohort was similar with previous populations (2-4% of mutated allele carrier), but was not associated with obesity.
    Matched MeSH terms: Obesity/epidemiology
  17. Fulltext Estimates and distribution of body mass index in a sample of Malaysian adolescents
    Zalilah MS, Mirnalini K, Khor GL, Merlin A, Bahaman AS, Norimah K
    Med J Malaysia, 2006 Mar;61(1):48-58.
    PMID: 16708734 MyJurnal
    The purpose of this study was to report on the estimates and distribution of body mass index in a sample of Malaysian adolescents. The study utilized a cross-sectional design and multi-stage random sampling of secondary schools to select 5 urban and 9 rural schools in Kedah and Penang. A total of 6555 male and female adolescents (11-15 years old) of Malay, Chinese and Indian ethnic groups were measured for weights and heights for body mass index calculation. Information on household demographic and socioeconomic were obtained from parents through self-administered questionnaires. Analyses of body mass index distribution by location, ethnicity, gender and age were conducted using Chi-square test of SPSS 11.5. More of the rural (12.1%) and urban (19.4%) adolescents were underweight and overweight, respectively. While in all ethnic, gender and age groups, rural adolescents were more likely to be underweight, more of the urban adolescents were overweight. The prevalence of underweight was highest among the Indians (19.2%) and lowest in Chinese (7.2%). The prevalence of overweight in the three ethnic groups was in the range of 18-19%. More male than female adolescents were underweight (15% vs 7.8%) and overweight (19.5% vs 16.7%). Consistent patterns were also observed across location, ethnic and age groups. As age increased, the prevalence of overweight decreased across the ethnic and gender groups. The reported findings can serve as current reference on body mass index distribution of Malaysian adolescents and a basis for future efforts in health and nutrition interventions for Malaysian children and adolescents.
    Matched MeSH terms: Obesity/epidemiology*
  18. Fulltext Non-achievement of clinical targets in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus
    Eid M, Mafauzy M, Faridah AR
    Med J Malaysia, 2004 Jun;59(2):177-84.
    PMID: 15559167 MyJurnal
    The study was conducted to determine whether the clinical targets for the control of diabetes recommended by American Diabetes Association can be met in the context of routine diabetes practice. This cross-sectional study was undertaken on 211 type 2 diabetic patients at the Outpatients Diabetes Clinic, Hospital Universisti Sains Malaysia (HUSM) Kubang Kerian, Kelantan between the year 2001-2002. Patients' physical examination and their medical history as well as their family history were obtained by administering a structured questionnaire. Samples of patients' venous blood during fasting were taken and analysed for plasma glucose, glycated haemoglobin and lipid profile. Analysis showed that many patients had comorbidities or complications. A large number of them had poor glycaemic control (73%). Systolic and diastolic blood pressures of 75% and 85% subjects were > or = 130 and > or = 80 mmHg, respectively. Body Mass Index (BMI) values of 66% of the patients were outside the clinical target (BMI > or = 25 in male and > or = 24 kg/m2 in female). The lipid profile showed that 96% of the patients had at least one lipid value outside the clinical target level. In this study, 70% of the patients had total cholesterol > or = 5.2 mmol/L, 87% had LDL cholesterol > or = 2.6 mmol/L, 57% had HDL cholesterol less than the normal range, < or = 1.15 mmol/L in men and < or = 1.4 mmol/L in women, while 46% had triglycerides > or = 1.71 mmol/L. Complications of diabetes were observed in 48% of the total number of patients. As for the patients' systolic blood pressure, age and duration of diabetes were found to have significant effects. Older subjects with a longer duration of diabetes were more hypertensive. Variables that had significant effects on BMI were age, duration of diabetes, glycaemic control and gender. Younger females and newly diagnosed subjects with better glycaemic control (A1C < 7%) were found to have higher BMI values. The overall clinical targets were suboptimal. The prevalence of hyperlipidaemia and hypertension was high. It is imperative that better treatment strategies and methods be adopted to enhance diabetes control and reduce long-term complications of the disease.

    Study site: Outpatients Diabetes Clinic, Hospital Universisti Sains Malaysia (HUSM)
    Matched MeSH terms: Obesity/epidemiology
  19. Fulltext Clustering of hypertension, abnormal glucose tolerance, hypercholesterolaemia and obesity in Malaysian adult population
    Lim TO, Ding LM, Zaki M, Merican I, Kew ST, Maimunah AH, et al.
    Med J Malaysia, 2000 Jun;55(2):196-208.
    PMID: 19839148
    We determine the prevalence and determinants of clustering of hypertension, abnormal glucose tolerance, hypercholesterolaemia and overweight in Malaysia. A national probability sample of 17,392 individuals aged 30 years or older had usable data. 61% of adults had at least one risk factor, 27% had 2 or more risk factors. The observed frequency of 4 factors cluster was 6 times greater than that expected by chance. Indian and Malay women were at particular high risk of risk factors clustering. Individuals with a risk factor had 1.5 to 3 times higher prevalence of other risk factors. Ordinal regression analyses show that higher income, urban residence and physical inactivity were independently associated with risk factors clustering, lending support to the hypotheses that risk factors clustering is related to lifestyle changes brought about by modernisation and urbanisation. In conclusion, risk factor clustering is highly prevalent among Malaysian adults. Treatment and prevention programme must emphasise the multiple risk factor approach.
    Study name: National Health and Morbidity Survey (NHMS-1996)
    Matched MeSH terms: Obesity/epidemiology*
  20. Fulltext Hypertension and associated cardiovascular risk factors in Kelantan
    Mafauzy M, Mokhtar N, Wan Mohamad WB
    Med J Malaysia, 2003 Oct;58(4):556-64.
    PMID: 15190632
    Two thousand five hundred and eight subjects from the state of Kelantan in North-East Peninsular Malaysia were included in this study to determine the prevalence of hypertension and their association with cardiovascular risk factors. The overall prevalence of hypertension was 13.9%. There was no difference in the prevalence of hypertension between the males and females. The prevalence increased with age--the highest being in those above 70-years old. Subjects with hypertension also had a higher prevalence of diabetes mellitus (19.0%), obesity (39.4%) and hypercholesterolaemia (70.7%) than non-hypertensive subjects. Of the hypertensive subjects, 83.3% had 1 other risk factor for cardiovascular disease, 66.7% had 2 other risk factors and 16.7% had more than 2 risk factors. Other than age, body mass index, plasma glucose, total cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol, hypertensive subjects also had a higher mean serum urea, creatinine, uric acid and triglyceride than non-hypertensive subjects. In conclusion, hypertension is a common disease in this area and is associated with multiple risk factors for cardiovascular disease. The prevalence is likely to increase in the near future with increasing affluence and becoming a major health problem.
    Matched MeSH terms: Obesity/epidemiology
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