Displaying publications 1 - 20 of 21 in total

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  1. Tsuyuki A, Oya Y, Jimi N, Hookabe N, Fujimoto S, Kajihara H
    Zoolog Sci, 2023 Jun;40(3):262-272.
    PMID: 37256573 DOI: 10.2108/zs220105
    We establish a new interstitial polyclad species, Theama japonica sp. nov., based on specimens collected from coarse-sandy habitats in three Japanese main islands (Hokkaido, Honshu, and Shikoku) along the coasts of the Pacific Ocean and the Sea of Japan. Theama japonica is characterized by i) two pairs of cerebral eyespots and four to six precerebral eyespots; ii) eosinophilic secretion glands distributed in the distal half of the inner ventral part of the prostatic vesicle; iii) a conical penis papilla, bent up dorsally, with a sclerotized inner wall; iv) the prostatic sheath with an inner angular fold on the dorso-distal side; and v) the external cilia longer dorsally than ventrally. Partial sequences of the cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) gene from 20 specimens collected at eight localities along Japanese coasts represented 19 haplotypes. The uncorrected p-distances among these COI haplotypes fell within intraspecific variations observed in other polyclads. A network analysis based on these COI haplotypes suggested a geographically non-cohesive genetic structure of the species, possibly indicating the species' high dispersibility. Molecular phylogenetic analyses based on a concatenated dataset of 18S and 28S rDNA sequences showed T. japonica formed a clade with other Theama species. The resulting tree also indicates that our new species is more closely related to Theama sp. from Colombia than species from Panama and Croatia.
    Matched MeSH terms: Platyhelminths*
  2. Lim LH, Justine JL
    Syst Parasitol, 2011 Feb;78(2):123-38.
    PMID: 21279562 DOI: 10.1007/s11230-010-9283-6
    Lethrinitrema gibbus n. g., n. sp. and L. dossenus n. sp. are described from the fish Lethrinus rubrioperculatus Sato collected off New Caledonia, South Pacific. Members of Lethrinitrema n. g. (Ancyrocephalidae) are characterised by having two pyriform haptoral reservoirs and ventral anchors with lateral grooves. The elongate tubular distal end of each reservoir bifurcates, draining into a superficial lateral groove on each side of the ventral anchors. The haptoral reservoirs are postulated to store secretory products which assist in attachment to the host. Lethrinitrema spp. also possess tandem gonads, a male copulatory organ without an accessory piece or with thinly sclerotised accessory piece, and a dextrolateral, non-sclerotised vaginal bulb. The two new species have small, poorly demarcated haptors with small haptoral armament and a crown-like piece on the tip of the inner root of the ventral anchors. They differ from each other in the shape and size of the ventral bar and male copulatory organ (40-45 μm in length in L. gibbus vs 24-30 μm in L. dossenus). Three other species, previously included in Haliotrema Johnston & Tiegs, 1922, are transferred to Lethrinitrema, i.e. L. chrysostomi (Young, 1968) n. comb., L. fleti (Young, 1968) n. comb. (both briefly redescribed from paratypes) and L. lethrini (Yamaguti, 1937) n. comb. All species of Lethrinitrema parasitise Lethrinus spp. (Lethrinidae), and there is evidence for the existence of further Lethrinitrema spp. on Lethrinus spp. in the Indo-Pacific region.
    Matched MeSH terms: Platyhelminths/anatomy & histology*; Platyhelminths/classification*
  3. Lim LH, Gibson DI
    Syst Parasitol, 2010 Oct;77(2):107-29.
    PMID: 20852983 DOI: 10.1007/s11230-010-9261-z
    Four new and one unidentified species of Neohaliotrema Yamaguti, 1965 were obtained from the gills of the Indo-Pacific sergeant Abudefduf vaigensis (Quoy & Gaimard) off Pulau Langkawi, Malaysia. The five species, N. malayense n. sp., N. bombini n. sp., N. andamanense n. sp., N. parvum n. sp. and an unidentified Neohaliotrema sp. (similar to N. macracanthum Zhukov, 1976), are described and distinguished based mainly on features of the haptor. Species of this genus are divisible into two groups, the 'maomao group', with two pairs of morphometrically modified 'marginal' hooks and a fenestrated haptor, and the 'gracile group', with morphologically similar marginal hooks and an entire haptor. With the exception of N. bombini n. sp., the species described fit within the 'maomao group'. It is suggested that the more complex Neohaliotrema species of the 'maomao group' have modified hooks 1 and 2 on a haptoral 'isthmus' between two large apertures, i.e. 'windows', whereas the less complex species lacking these features are those of the 'gracile group'. Neohaliotrema spp. have only a single pair of pigmented eye-spots. A fenestrated haptor is unique to the Neohaliotrema spp. of the 'maomao group'. The generic diagnosis of Neohaliotrema is amended to include new data and a key to its known species is presented.
    Matched MeSH terms: Platyhelminths/anatomy & histology*; Platyhelminths/classification*
  4. Gerasev PI
    Parazitologia, 2009 Nov-Dec;43(6):478-501.
    PMID: 20198967
    Systematization and description of composition and structure of the monogeneans from the genus Dactylogyrus Diesing, 1850 mostly having five rayed ventral (additional) bar of the haptor and parasitizing mainly Palaearctic Barbinae and Leuciscinae, were carried out. These dactylogyrids have Palaearctic origin and occur in the north-western Africa, central and southern Europe, Transcaucasia, middle Asia, Mesopotamia and also in India and the Malacca Peninsula. Previously the analysis of dactylogyrids' distribution by continents (Gerasev et al., 1996), geographical regions (Gerasev, Timofeeva, 1997), taxonomic groups of hosts (Gerasev, 2008a, 6), and different taxonomic groups of host inside one geographical division (Kolpakov et al., 2007; Gerasev et al., 2007, 2008) was performed. This analysis have not been always resulted in the understanding of conjugate evolution of these parasites and their fish hosts, as well as in the resolving of problems concerned with speciation of monogeneans and phylogeography of their hosts. Therefore, in present work we consider more than one geographical region, different fish taxa, and the morphological groups of worms reflecting morphological variational series of types of copulatory organ and additional bar. Typification of copulatory organ, additional bar, anchors, and type of seating for 11 Palaearctic morphological groups of dactylogyrids mainly having five rayed additional ventral bar, were carried out. Four morphological groups of dactylogyrids of African, Indian, and different Palaearctic origin also parasitizing Palaearctic barbs were additionally included into analysis. In all, 92 species of dctylogyrids from 78 host species were considered. Analysis of speciation and phylogeny of dactylogyrids having five rayed additional ventral bar of haptor; conjugate evolution of these dactylogyrids and their fish hosts (mainly Barbinae); point of origin of Palaearctic polyploids Barbinae, and expansion of these fishes over the territory of Palaearctic will be discussed in next article.
    Matched MeSH terms: Platyhelminths/anatomy & histology*; Platyhelminths/classification*
  5. Chisholm LA, Whittington ID
    Syst Parasitol, 2005 Jun;61(2):79-84.
    PMID: 15980960
    Decacotyle cairae n. sp. (Monogenea: Monocotylidae) is described from the gills of an unidentified species of Pastinachus collected in the South China Sea off Sematan and Mukah, Sarawak, Borneo, Malaysia. D. cairae can be distinguished from the other six members of the genus by the presence of two simple unsclerotised accessory structures on the dorsal surface of the haptor in combination with a long, narrow, looping male copulatory organ. The host specimens of Pastinachus collected in Borneo also appear to be a new species and the monogenean data support this conclusion. A key to species of Decacotyle is given and their host-specificity is discussed.
    Matched MeSH terms: Platyhelminths/anatomy & histology*; Platyhelminths/classification*
  6. Brooks DR, Palmieri JR
    J Helminthol, 1981 Mar;55(1):39-43.
    PMID: 7229330
    Paradistomoidella cerberi n.g., n.sp. and Paracanthostomum cerberi from Cerberus rhynchops, Xenopharynx pyriformis and Allopharynx mehrai from Ptyas korros, Neopronocephalus orientalis from Geoemyda spinosa, and Duthiersia expansa from Varanus salvator are all reported from the area of Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. Paradistomoidella cerberi most closely resembles members of Paradistomoides but is characterized by relatively short caeca, a cirrus sac containing a bipartite rather than sinous internal seminal vesicle, and unevenly-sized suckers. Kuala Lumpur is a new locality for Paracanthostomum cerberi, X. pyriformis, A. mehrai, and D. expansa. Ptyas korros is a new host for X. pyriformis and G. spinosa is a new host for N. orientalis.
    Matched MeSH terms: Platyhelminths/anatomy & histology; Platyhelminths/classification; Platyhelminths/isolation & purification*
  7. Lim LH
    Syst Parasitol, 2003 Jun;55(2):115-26.
    PMID: 12815222
    Four new species of Calydiscoides Young, 1969 are described from three species of nemipterids caught off Kemaman, Terengganu, on the eastern coast of Peninsular Malaysia: C. monogrammae n. sp. from Scolopsis monogramma; C. conus n. sp. from S. magaritifer; C. scolopsidis n. sp. from S. margaritifer and S. monogramma; and C. kemamanensis n. sp. from Pentapodus setosus. The present investigation reveals that the squamodiscs (lamellodiscs) are composed of 10-12 short, complete, interlocking and concentric tubular lamellae. The innermost lamella is attached to a pair of adductor muscles.
    Matched MeSH terms: Platyhelminths/anatomy & histology*; Platyhelminths/classification*
  8. Soo OYM, Gastineau R, Verdon G, Winsor L, Justine JL
    Zootaxa, 2023 May 03;5277(3):585-599.
    PMID: 37518300 DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5277.3.11
    We present here the first observation of Bipalium admarginatum de Beauchamp, 1933 since its original description 90 years ago. Three specimens were found on Perhentian Kecil Island, off Terengganu State, Malaysia and photographed in the field, and two were collected. This report thus includes the first colour photographs published for this species, from a locality close to the type-locality, Tioman Island (which is ca. 200 km south of the locality in this study, on the east coast of Peninsula Malaysia). We describe the external morphology and colour pattern of the species, which correspond well to the original description, itself based only on two preserved specimens. We performed an in-depth molecular characterisation of the species, including its complete mitochondrial genome, the 18S sequence and elongation 1-alpha (EF1-α) sequence. In addition, EF1-α sequences were also retrieved for 5 additional geoplanid species. No tRNA-Thr could be detected in the mitogenome of B. admarginatum, a lack already reported in several species of geoplanids, but we found a 13 bp sequence that contains the anticodon loop and seems to be conserved among geoplanids and might thus possibly represent a non-canonical undetected tRNA. We discuss the difficulties encountered in trying to reconstruct the cluster of nuclear ribosomal genes, a problem already mentioned for other Triclads. Three phylogenies, based respectively on all mitochondrial proteins, 18S, and EF1-α, were computed; the position of B. admarginatum within the Bipaliinae was confirmed in each tree, as sister-group to various bipaliine species according to the sequences available for each tree. In the mitochondrial proteins tree, which had high support, B. admarginatum was sister to Bipalium kewense and Diversibipalium multilineatum.
    Matched MeSH terms: Platyhelminths*
  9. Chisholm LA, Whittington ID
    Syst Parasitol, 2012 Jun;82(2):167-76.
    PMID: 22581252 DOI: 10.1007/s11230-012-9358-7
    Three new species of Merizocotyle Cerfontaine, 1894 (Monogenea: Monocotylidae) are described from the nasal tissues of stingrays collected off Borneo. Merizocotyle macrostrobus n. sp. is described from the dwarf whipray Himantura walga (Müller & Henle) collected in shallow waters off Sematan, Sarawak, Malaysia. This species can be distinguished from the other members of the genus by the morphology of the sclerotised male copulatory organ, which is long with many twists and loops. The vaginae of this species are also long and looped. Merizocotyle papillae n. sp. is described from the roughnose stingray Pastinachus solocirostris Last, Manjaji & Yearsley collected off Sematan and Mukah, Sarawak, Malaysia. It is distinguished from the other species of Merizocotyle by the morphology of the male copulatory organ, which is a sclerotised tube that expands slightly and then tapers at the distal end, and by the presence of papillae on the dorsal edge of the haptor. Merizocotyle rhadinopeos n. sp. is described from the whitenose whip ray Himantura uarnacoides (Bleeker) collected off Manggar, East Kalimantan, Indonesia. It can be differentiated by the male copulatory organ, which is a short, narrow, curved, sclerotised tube tapering distally, and the path of the ovary, which runs anteriorly to the base of the oötype. We also provide details of new host and/or locality records for M. australensis (Beverley-Burton & Williams, 1989) Chisholm, Wheeler & Beverley-Burton, 1995, M. icopae Beverley-Burton & Williams, 1989 and M. pseudodasybatis (Hargis, 1955) Chisholm, Wheeler & Beverley-Burton, 1995.
    Matched MeSH terms: Platyhelminths/anatomy & histology; Platyhelminths/classification*; Platyhelminths/isolation & purification*
  10. Faris Fakhira Tauran, Zaitul Azma Zainon Hamzah
    MyJurnal
    Kemenangan parti pembangkang dalam pilihan raya umum (PRU) kali ke-14 telah memecahkan tampuk pimpinan kerajaan lama yang telah memerintah selama 60 tahun. Pelbagai isu mengenai pilihan raya umum disiarkan menerusi media massa terutamanya media cetak. Media cetak seperti surat khabar juga tidak terlepas daripada menyiarkan pelbagai judul berita yang menarik. Walau bagaimanapun, terdapat beberapa judul berita yang ditulis menggunakan perkataan yang mempunyai makna implisit. Penggunaan perkataan yang mempunyai makna implisit ini akan menyukarkan pembaca untuk memahami judul yang dipaparkan. Kajian ini bertujuan untuk mengenal pasti dan membincangkan perkataan implisit yang terdapat dalam judul berita PRU ke-14. Kaedah yang dipilih bagi melaksanakan kajian ini ialah kaedah kualitatif. Selain itu, bahan kajian yang digunakan ialah surat khabar Berita Harian keluaran bulan April dan Mei bagi tahun 2018. Namun, berita yang dipilih hanya berfokus kepada berita PRU ke-14 yang mempunyai perkataan implisit sahaja. Setiap data yang dikumpul akan dikateorikan mengikut bentuk kata iaitu kata tunggal, kata terbitan dan kata majmuk. Data yang telah dikategorikan akan dianalisis dengan menggunakan teori semiotik. Hasil dapatan menunjukkan bahawa terdapat 28 judul berita PRU ke-14 yang menggunakan perkataan implisit. Kebanyakan perkataan implisit ini terdiri daripada kata majmuk iaitu sebanyak 18 judul, diikuti kata tunggal sebanyak 8 judul dan kata terbitan sebanyak 2 judul. Penggunaan perkataan implisit ini adalah bertujuan untuk menarik perhatian pembaca supaya membaca berita yang disiarkan. Justeru, kajian ini secara tidak langsung dapat menunjukkan bahawa berita bergenre politik juga turut menggunakan perkataan implisit dalam penulisan judul berita.
    Matched MeSH terms: Platyhelminths
  11. Lim LH
    J Helminthol, 2015 May;89(3):307-16.
    PMID: 24698519 DOI: 10.1017/S0022149X1400008X
    A new genus of the Monogenea, Teraplectanum n. g., is proposed for two new species of diplectanids found on the gills of Terapon theraps Cuvier collected off Carey Island, Peninsular Malaysia. The genus is based on a unique arrangement of the male reproductive system. In the new species spermatozoa stored in the seminal vesicle and secretions stored in the prostatic reservoir are transferred into, and mixed to form semen within, a special sclerotized auxiliary piece (SAP), and not within the copulatory tube as occurs in the majority of monogeneans. Teraplectanum species also possess a unique sclerotized vaginal loop through which the vaginal tube passes en route from the vaginal pore to the seminal receptacle. The two new species are Teraplectanum crassitubus n. sp. (type species) and T. angustitubus n. sp. They differ from each other mainly in the morphology of their copulatory tube: in T. crassitubus, the proximal region of this tube is thicker compared to the slender proximal region in T. angustitubus, although in both cases the tube tapers and twists distally. Of the known diplectanid species, only Diplectanum undulicirrosum Zhang et al., 2000 (currently considered incertae sedis) possesses such sclerotized hard parts, which suggests the same type of arrangement of the male reproductive system. Consequently, D. undulicirrosum is re-assigned to this new genus as Teraplectanum undulicirrosum (Zhang et al., 2000) n. comb. The copulatory tube of T. undulicirrosum is similar to the slender, undulating copulatory tube of T. angustitubus but does not taper distally as in the latter species.
    Matched MeSH terms: Platyhelminths/anatomy & histology; Platyhelminths/classification*; Platyhelminths/isolation & purification*
  12. Azlan A, Halim MA, Azzam G
    Genomics, 2020 03;112(2):1273-1281.
    PMID: 31381967 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygeno.2019.07.016
    The free-living flatworm Macrostoma lignano (M. lignano) is an emerging model organism for aging and regeneration research. Long intergenic non-coding RNAs (lincRNAs) have important roles in many biological processes such as aging, stem cell maintenance and differentiation. However, to date, there is no systematic identification of lincRNAs in M. lignano. By using public RNA-seq data, we identified a total of 2547 lincRNA transcripts in M. lignano genome. We discovered that M. lignano lincRNAs shared many characteristics with other species such as shorter in length, lower GC content, and lower in expression compared to protein-coding genes. Unlike protein-coding genes, M. lignano lincRNAs showed higher tendency to be expressed in temporal and region-specific fashion. Additionally, co-expression network analysis and functional enrichment suggest that M. lignano lincRNAs have potential roles in regeneration. This study will provide important resources and pave the way for investigations on non-coding genes involved in aging and regeneration.
    Matched MeSH terms: Platyhelminths/genetics*
  13. Freeman MA, Ogawa K
    Int J Parasitol, 2010 Feb;40(2):255-64.
    PMID: 19715695 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2009.08.006
    Numerous global reports of the species Udonella caligorum, currently thought to be a species complex, suggests that the group may be species-rich. Herein we describe Udonella fugu n. sp., previously described as U. caligorum, found on the parasitic copepod Pseudocaligus fugu infecting Takifugu spp. from Japan. Using morphological data U. fugu can be distinguished from the current valid species by at least one of the traditionally used characters in udonellid taxonomy, and phylogenetic analyses of ssrDNA sequence data for U. fugu and other udonellids confirm that U. fugu forms a distinct clade from other udonellids including U. caligorum. Variable regions in the ssrDNA demonstrated a range of between 2.75 and 5.5% difference between currently recognized species of Udonella. These differences in ssrDNA sequences are phylogenetically useful when distinguishing between morphologically similar udonellids and can be used in conjunction with other data (morphology, phylogeography and fish host) to help clarify udonellid systematics. Udonella fugu was also found to cause significant damage to farmed tiger puffers through their feeding activities. Individual skin lesions were round in shape but merged with adjoining lesions to form more extensive lacerations. In some of the specimens from P. fugu infecting Takifugu niphobles, the protozoan ciliate Trichodina was found on the udonellid body surface and in their intestinal contents. We conclude that the udonellids are a more species-rich group than currently recognized, that early descriptions of new species may have been synonymized with U. caligorum in error and that the frequent global reports of U. caligorum may actually represent new species. This has led to a wide range of morphological descriptions for U. caligorum, blurring the usefulness of morphological data for the group.
    Matched MeSH terms: Platyhelminths/classification; Platyhelminths/genetics*; Platyhelminths/isolation & purification
  14. Chisholm LA, Whittington lD
    J Parasitol, 2005 Jun;91(3):522-6.
    PMID: 16108542
    Empruthotrema stenophallus n. sp. (Monogenea: Monocotylidae) is described from specimens from the nasal tissue of the blue-spotted maskray Dasyatis kuhlii (Muller and Henle, 1841) collected in shallow waters off Pulau Banggi and Pulau Mabul, Sabah, Borneo, Malaysia. This is the first monogenean species to be described from an elasmobranch collected from Sabah. E. stenophallus can be distinguished from the other 6 members of the genus by the morphology of the sclerotized male copulatory organ, which is narrow, short, and distally tapered. E. dasyatidis Whittington and Kearn, 1992, previously documented from the nasal tissue of several of elasmobranch species from Australia, is recorded from 8 host species distributed around Malaysian Borneo. These represent new host and locality records for this monocotylid. The difficulties in identifying species of Empruthotrema and the apparent lack of host specificity by some members of the genus are discussed.
    Matched MeSH terms: Platyhelminths/anatomy & histology; Platyhelminths/classification*
  15. Littlewood DT, Rohde K, Clough KA
    Int J Parasitol, 1997 Nov;27(11):1289-97.
    PMID: 9421713
    Partial nuclear 28S ribosomal RNA and mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) gene sequences (953 and 385 nucleotides, respectively) of one fish monogenean (outgroup) and six polystome monogeneans (four Polystomoides spp. from the oral cavities and urinary bladders of freshwater turtles in Australia and Malaya, two Neopolystoma spp. from the urinary bladder and conjunctival sac of a freshwater turtle in Australia) were used to examine the question of whether congeneric species infecting different sites in the same host species have speciated in that host by adapting to different sites, or whether species infecting a particular site in one host have given rise to species infecting the same site in different hosts. Results show unequivocally that congeneric species infecting the same site, even of host species belonging to different suborders and occurring on different continents, are more closely related than congeneric species infecting different sites of the same host species. This is interpreted as meaning that speciation has not occurred in one host. Morphological evolution of polystomes has been very slow: few differences between species and even genera have evolved over a period of at least 150 Myr, and this is matched by low substitution rates of nucleotides, and the ambiguous position of species of different genera, depending on whether COI or 28S rDNA sequences are used.
    Matched MeSH terms: Platyhelminths/classification*; Platyhelminths/genetics
  16. Yeh HY, Cheng CJ, Huang C, Zhan X, Wong WK, Mitchell PD
    Korean J Parasitol, 2019 Dec;57(6):595-599.
    PMID: 31914510 DOI: 10.3347/kjp.2019.57.6.595
    In this study we take a closer look at the diseases that afflicted Japanese police officers who were stationed in a remote mountainous region of Taiwan from 1921 to 1944. Samples were taken from the latrine at the Huabanuo police outpost, and analyzed for the eggs of intestinal parasites, using microscopy and ELISA. The eggs of Eurytrema sp., (possibly E. pancreaticum), whipworm and roundworm were shown to be present. True infection with Eurytrema would indicate that the policemen ate uncooked grasshoppers and crickets infected with the parasite. However, false parasitism might also occur if the policemen ate the uncooked intestines of infected cattle, and the Eurytrema eggs passed through the human intestines. These findings provide an insight into the diet and health of the Japanese colonists in Taiwan nearly a century ago.
    Matched MeSH terms: Platyhelminths/cytology; Platyhelminths/isolation & purification*
  17. Yousef Kalafi E, Tan WB, Town C, Dhillon SK
    BMC Bioinformatics, 2016 Dec 22;17(Suppl 19):511.
    PMID: 28155722 DOI: 10.1186/s12859-016-1376-z
    BACKGROUND: Monogeneans are flatworms (Platyhelminthes) that are primarily found on gills and skin of fishes. Monogenean parasites have attachment appendages at their haptoral regions that help them to move about the body surface and feed on skin and gill debris. Haptoral attachment organs consist of sclerotized hard parts such as hooks, anchors and marginal hooks. Monogenean species are differentiated based on their haptoral bars, anchors, marginal hooks, reproductive parts' (male and female copulatory organs) morphological characters and soft anatomical parts. The complex structure of these diagnostic organs and also their overlapping in microscopic digital images are impediments for developing fully automated identification system for monogeneans (LNCS 7666:256-263, 2012), (ISDA; 457-462, 2011), (J Zoolog Syst Evol Res 52(2): 95-99. 2013;). In this study images of hard parts of the haptoral organs such as bars and anchors are used to develop a fully automated identification technique for monogenean species identification by implementing image processing techniques and machine learning methods.

    RESULT: Images of four monogenean species namely Sinodiplectanotrema malayanus, Trianchoratus pahangensis, Metahaliotrema mizellei and Metahaliotrema sp. (undescribed) were used to develop an automated technique for identification. K-nearest neighbour (KNN) was applied to classify the monogenean specimens based on the extracted features. 50% of the dataset was used for training and the other 50% was used as testing for system evaluation. Our approach demonstrated overall classification accuracy of 90%. In this study Leave One Out (LOO) cross validation is used for validation of our system and the accuracy is 91.25%.

    CONCLUSIONS: The methods presented in this study facilitate fast and accurate fully automated classification of monogeneans at the species level. In future studies more classes will be included in the model, the time to capture the monogenean images will be reduced and improvements in extraction and selection of features will be implemented.

    Matched MeSH terms: Platyhelminths/physiology*
  18. Wong WL, Brennan GP, Halton DW, Lim LH
    Parasitology, 2006 Mar;132(Pt 3):427-38.
    PMID: 16309563
    A study of the anterior adhesive apparatus (head organs) of Bravohollisia gussevi Lim, 1995 was carried out using light and electron microscopy. The anterior adhesive apparatus or head organs in B. gussevi comprise 6 circular openings or apertures in the antero-lateral region, associated pits lined with specialized microvillous tegument that differ from the general body tegument, a bundle of ducts, and uninucleate gland cells located lateral to the pharynx. The uninucleate glands of the anterior adhesive apparatus (head organs) comprise 2 types of cells, one kind of cell producing rod-like bodies (S1) and the other oval bodies (S2). The S1 bodies are filled with numerous, less electron-dense vesicles in an electron-dense matrix, while S2 bodies have no vesicles but contain a more homogeneous electron-dense matrix. Interlinking band-like structures were observed between S1 bodies. Similar band-like structures were found between S2 bodies. The formation of S1 bodies was followed by transmission electron microscopy. However, the formation of S2 bodies was unclear and could not be resolved. Uniciliated structures were also observed around the openings of the anterior adhesive apparatus. Each uniciliated structure is usually associated with an opening of a gland cell producing granular, electron-dense, secretory bodies, which differ from the secretions produced by the lateral gland cells of the anterior adhesive apparatus.
    Matched MeSH terms: Platyhelminths/physiology*; Platyhelminths/ultrastructure*
  19. Wang M, Yan S, Brown CL, Shaharom-Harrison F, Shi SF, Yang TB
    Mitochondrial DNA A DNA Mapp Seq Anal, 2016 11;27(6):3865-3875.
    PMID: 25319302
    To examine the phylogeographical pattern of Tetrancistrum nebulosi (Monogenea, Dactylogyridae) in the South China Sea, fragments of mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I and NADH dehydrogenase subunit 2 genes were obtained for 220 individuals collected from 8 localities along the southeast coast of China and 1 locality in Terengganu, Malaysia. Based on these two genes, two and three distinct clades with geographic signals were revealed on the phylogenetic trees respectively. The divergence between these clades was estimated to occur in the late Pleistocene. Analysis of molecular variance and pairwise FSTsuggested a high rate of gene flow among individuals sampled from the Chinese coast, but with obvious genetic differentiation from the Malaysian population. Mismatch distribution and neutrality tests indicated that the T. nebulosi population experienced expansion in Pleistocene low sea level periods. Vicariance was considered to account for the genetic divergence between Chinese and Malaysian populations, while sea level fluctuations and mainland-island connections during glacial cycles were associated with the slight genetic divergence between the populations along the mainland coast of China and those off Sanya. On the contrary, oceanographic circulations and host migration could lead to genetic homogeneity of populations distributed along the mainland coast of China.
    Matched MeSH terms: Platyhelminths/genetics*
  20. Freeman MA, Shinn AP
    Parasit Vectors, 2011;4:220.
    PMID: 22115202 DOI: 10.1186/1756-3305-4-220
    Myxosporeans are known from aquatic annelids but parasitism of platyhelminths by myxosporeans has not been widely reported. Hyperparasitism of gill monogeneans by Myxidium giardi has been reported from the European eel and Myxidium-like hyperparasites have also been observed during studies of gill monogeneans from Malaysia and Japan.The present study aimed to collect new hyperparasite material from Malaysia for morphological and molecular descriptions. In addition, PCR screening of host fish was undertaken to determine whether they are also hosts for the myxosporean.
    Matched MeSH terms: Platyhelminths/parasitology*
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