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Fulltext A case series of acquired haemophilia in a Malaysian hospital: unpredictably rare medical emergency

Lee CP, Khalid BB

Oxf Med Case Reports, 2015 Oct;2015(10):330-2.
PMID: 26568837 DOI: 10.1093/omcr/omv055

Acquired haemophilia (AH) is a rare bleeding disorder characterized by the presence of acquired inhibitors against Factor VIII causing disruption of coagulation cascade. It has no known genetic inheritance, and diagnosis remains a challenge. The peculiar presentations are later age of onset as acute pain in weight-bearing joints and spontaneous muscle haematoma with isolated prolonged activated partial thrombin time (APTT). Prevalence is 1 per million per year affecting both genders equally where blood product transfusion is seen in almost 87% of cases. The direct cause of AH is still unknown, and autoimmune dysregulation has been postulated, which predisposes to the development of the factor inhibitors. Being extremely rare, we are reporting two consecutive patients diagnosed by unusual bleeding episodes with isolated prolonged APTT due to Factor VIII inhibitors. AH deserves a special mention as high index of suspicion is required. More studies are required to provide better guidance in diagnosis and management of this condition.

Matched MeSH terms: Hemorrhage
Nonacog beta pegol (N9-GP) in haemophilia B: A multinational phase III safety and efficacy extension trial (paradigm™4)

Young G, Collins PW, Colberg T, Chuansumrit A, Hanabusa H, Lentz SR, et al.

Thromb Res, 2016 May;141:69-76.
PMID: 26970716 DOI: 10.1016/j.thromres.2016.02.030

INTRODUCTION: Paradigm™4 was an international extension trial investigating the safety and efficacy of nonacog beta pegol, a recombinant glycoPEGylated factor IX (FIX) with extended half-life, in haemophilia B patients (FIX activity ≤2%; aged 13-70years) who had previously participated in phase III pivotal (paradigm™2) or surgery (paradigm™3) trials.
METHODS: Patients chose to continue treatment with nonacog beta pegol in either one of two once-weekly prophylaxis arms (10IU/kg or 40IU/kg), or an on-demand arm (40IU/kg for mild/moderate bleeds; 80IU/kg for severe bleeds). The primary objective was to evaluate immunogenicity; key secondary objectives included assessing safety and haemostatic efficacy in the treatment and prevention of bleeds.
RESULTS: Seventy-one patients received prophylaxis or on-demand treatment. No patient developed an inhibitor and no safety concerns were identified. The success rate for the treatment of reported bleeds was 94.6%; most (87.9%) resolved with one injection. The median annualised bleeding rate for patients on prophylaxis was 1.36 (interquartile range [IQR] 0.00-2.23) and 1.00 (IQR 0.00-2.03) for the 10 and 40IU/kg treatment arms, respectively. The mean FIX activity trough achieved for 10 and 40IU once weekly was 9.8% and 21.3%, respectively. Fourteen patients on prophylaxis underwent 23 minor surgical procedures; haemostatic perioperative outcomes for all of those evaluated were 'excellent' or 'good'.
CONCLUSIONS: Nonacog beta pegol showed a favourable tolerability profile (with no safety issues identified) with good prophylactic protection and control of bleeding in previously treated adult and adolescent haemophilia B patients.

Matched MeSH terms: Hemorrhage/complications; Hemorrhage/drug therapy*; Hemorrhage/prevention & control
Fulltext Spontaneous intracranial haemorrhage in children with chronic immune thrombocytopenic purpura

Muda Z, Ibrahim H, Abdulrahman EJ, Mahfuzah M, Othman IS, Asohan T, et al.

Med J Malaysia, 2014 Dec;69(6):288-90.
PMID: 25934964 MyJurnal

Spontaneous intracranial haemorrhage (ICH) is a rare complication of chronic immune thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP) in children. We report four patients with cITP who developed ICH. The latency between onset of ITP and ICH varied from 1-8 years. All our patients were profoundly thrombocytopenic (platelet count of <10 x 109/l) at the time of their intracranial bleed. The presenting features and management are discussed. All patients survived, three had complete neurological recovery while one had a minimal residual neurological deficit.

Matched MeSH terms: Hemorrhage; Intracranial Hemorrhages
The effectiveness of sub-Tenon's infiltration of local anaesthesia for cataract surgery

Verghese I, Sivaraj R, Lai YK

Aust N Z J Ophthalmol, 1996 May;24(2):117-20.
PMID: 9199741

PURPOSE: To determine if adequate anesthesia and akinesia could be obtained using an inferonasal quadrant sub-Tenons anaesthesia for cataract surgery.
METHODS: The sub-Tenons method of local anaesthesia was used in 50 patients undergoing extracapsular cataract extraction and lens implantation. The technique following was that described by JD Stevens in his study of 50 patients. Posterior sub-Tenons space was approached through a conjunctival incision in the inferonasal quadrant and the anaesthetic solution delivered by an irrigating cannula. The patients were assessed for residual ocular movements just before surgery. Effectiveness of anaesthesia was assessed during surgery using a verbal pain rating score. Scoring was based on the concept of a visual analogue pain score chart.
RESULTS: Total akinesia was obtained in 20% patients and total anaesthesia in 24% patients. The remainder of the patients had adequate akinesia and anaesthesia to proceed with and complete the surgery.
CONCLUSION: This method provides satisfactory anaesthesia for cataract surgery.

Matched MeSH terms: Hemorrhage/etiology; Retrobulbar Hemorrhage/etiology
The influence of sex, race and dialect on peptic ulcer and non-ulcer dyspepsia in Singapore

Kang JY, Guan R, LaBrooy SJ, Lim KP, Yap I

Ann Acad Med Singap, 1983 Oct;12(4):527-31.
PMID: 6611105

A consecutive series of 2,277 patients presenting for upper gastrointestinal endoscopy was analysed. The following groups of patients were studied with reference to sex, race and dialect groups: those presenting with dyspepsia but no haemorrhage, those presenting with upper gastrointestinal haemorrhage, those with non-ulcer dyspepsia, gastric ulcer and duodenal ulcer. Males out-numbered females in all diagnostic groups. Male and female Malays were under-represented in all diagnostic groups when compared to the Singapore population. Amongst female Chinese, there was an excess of Cantonese patients and an under-representation of Teochew patients in most diagnostic groups. These dialect differences were not remarkable amongst male Chinese. The possible reasons for these differences and their significance are discussed.

Matched MeSH terms: Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage/complications; Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage/etiology; Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage/epidemiology
Intracranial aneurysms in Sarawak General Hospital over a 30-month period

Wong JS, Ng KH, Wong SH

J Clin Neurosci, 2004 Apr;11(3):254-8.
PMID: 14975412

This is a prospective study conducted from February 2000 to July 2002 in a single neurosurgeon neurosurgical service in the state of Sarawak, Malaysia. There were 66 cases of subarachnoid hemorrhage or intracranial aneurysm presenting to this hospital over the study period. Fifty cases had their aneurysms clipped. Eighty percent of our patients were operated within 48 h of presentation. Forty-four percent presented with poor WFNS grades of 4 and 5. We had a 20% operative mortality and 29% total management mortality. Twenty-nine (58%) of the operated cases had a favorable outcome with a mean follow-up of 32 weeks. Multiple aneurysms were less common. The diagnosis of aneuysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage and clipping of aneurysms have increased dramatically over the previous two and half years indicating an increased awareness of the diagnosis and treatment. This series supports the previously reported beliefs that the lower rate of aneurymal subarachnoid hemorrhage in developing countries is likely due to both underdiagnosis and undertreatment. Good results can be achieved in developing countries with early diagnosis and intensive management.

Matched MeSH terms: Subarachnoid Hemorrhage/etiology; Subarachnoid Hemorrhage/epidemiology; Subarachnoid Hemorrhage/surgery
Fulltext Extensive rectus sheath hematoma secondary to erroneous technique of anticoagulant injection

Hassan, S., Sutton, P.A., Smith, D.C., Kosai, N.R., Reynu, R., Shuhaili, M.A.

Medicine & Health, 2018;13(1):291-295.
MyJurnal

Rectus sheath hematoma (RSH) is a rare clinical entity that has been associated with the use of injectable anticoagulant therapy. Although low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) was proven to have a better safety profile than its predecessor, it is not without its own risk of bleeding. The increase in use of self-injectable LMWH in both in-patient as well as out-patient basis warrants greater awareness among health care providers, patients and caregivers regarding the potential risks and identification of possible complications. We present a fatal case of rectus sheath hematoma in an elderly man that occurred following erroneous technique of Dalteparin injection.

Matched MeSH terms: Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage
Administration of tranexamic acid for victims of severe trauma within pre-hospital care ambulance services (PHCAS) in Malaysia

Shah Jahan MY, Shamila MA, Nurul Azlean N, Mohd Amin M, Anandakumar K, Ahmad Ibrahim KB, et al.

Med J Malaysia, 2019 08;74(4):300-306.
PMID: 31424037

INTRODUCTION: Trauma is a Global threat and the 5th highest cause of all-cause mortality in Malaysia caused predominantly due to road traffic accidents. Majority of trauma victims are young adults aged between 21-40 years old. In Malaysia, 24 out of 100,000 population die annually due to trauma, rating us amongst the highest in South East Asia. These alarming figures justify aggressive preventive and mitigation strategies. The aim of this paper is to promote the implementation of evidence-based interventions that will reduce the rate of preventable death because of trauma. Tranexamic acid is one of the few interventions in the early management of severe trauma with level-one evidence. Tranexamic acid has been proven to reduce all causes of mortality and mortality due to bleeding. Evidence proves that it is most effective when administered early, particularly within the 1st hour of trauma. This proposed guideline is formulated based upon quality evidence from multicentre studies, clinical practices in other countries and consideration of the local demographic factors with the intent of enabling an easy and simple pathway to administer tranexamic acid early in the care of the severely injured.
CONCLUSION: The guideline highlights select pre-hospital criteria's and the methods for drug administration. The authors recognise that some variants may be present amongst certain institutions necessitating minor adaptations, nevertheless the core principles of advocating tranexamic acid early in the course of pre-hospital trauma should be adhered to.

Matched MeSH terms: Hemorrhage/diagnosis; Hemorrhage/drug therapy*; Hemorrhage/etiology
Fulltext Treatment of intracerebral haemorrhage with tranexamic acid - A review of current evidence and ongoing trials

Law ZK, Meretoja A, Engelter ST, Christensen H, Muresan EM, Glad SB, et al.

Eur Stroke J, 2017 Mar;2(1):13-22.
PMID: 31008298 DOI: 10.1177/2396987316676610

Purpose: Haematoma expansion is a devastating complication of intracerebral haemorrhage (ICH) with no established treatment. Tranexamic acid had been an effective haemostatic agent in reducing post-operative and traumatic bleeding. We review current evidence examining the efficacy of tranexamic acid in improving clinical outcome after ICH.
Method: We searched MEDLINE, EMBASE, CENTRAL and clinical trial registers for studies using search strategies incorporating the terms 'intracerebral haemorrhage', 'tranexamic acid' and 'antifibrinolytic'. Authors of ongoing clinical trials were contacted for further details.
Findings: We screened 268 publications and retrieved 17 articles after screening. Unpublished information from three ongoing clinical trials was obtained. We found five completed studies. Of these, two randomised controlled trials (RCTs) comparing intravenous tranexamic acid to placebo (n = 54) reported no significant difference in death or dependency. Three observational studies (n = 281) suggested less haematoma growth with rapid tranexamic acid infusion. There are six ongoing RCTs (n = 3089) with different clinical exclusions, imaging selection criteria (spot sign and haematoma volume), time window for recruitment and dosing of tranexamic acid.
Discussion: Despite their heterogeneity, the ongoing trials will provide key evidence on the effects of tranexamic acid on ICH. There are uncertainties of whether patients with negative spot sign, large haematoma, intraventricular haemorrhage, or poor Glasgow Coma Scale should be recruited. The time window for optimal effect of haemostatic therapy in ICH is yet to be established.
Conclusion: Tranexamic acid is a promising haemostatic agent for ICH. We await the results of the trials before definite conclusions can be drawn.

Matched MeSH terms: Cerebral Hemorrhage
Fulltext Incidence and predictors of early seizures in intracerebral haemorrhage and the effect of tranexamic acid

Law ZK, England TJ, Mistri AK, Woodhouse LJ, Cala L, Dineen R, et al.

Eur Stroke J, 2020 Jun;5(2):123-129.
PMID: 32637645 DOI: 10.1177/2396987320901391

Introduction: Seizures are common after intracerebral haemorrhage. Tranexamic acid increases the risk of seizures in non-intracerebral haemorrhage population but its effect on post-intracerebral haemorrhage seizures is unknown. We explored the risk factors and outcomes of seizures after intracerebral haemorrhage and if tranexamic acid increased the risk of seizures in the Tranexamic acid for IntraCerebral Haemorrhage-2 trial.
Patients and methods: Seizures were reported prospectively up to day 90. Cox regression analyses were used to determine the predictors of seizures within 90 days and early seizures (≤7 days). We explored the effect of early seizures on day 90 outcomes.
Results: Of 2325 patients recruited, 193 (8.3%) had seizures including 163 (84.5%) early seizures and 30 (15.5%) late seizures (>7 days). Younger age (adjusted hazard ratio (aHR) 0.98 per year increase, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.97-0.99; p = 0.008), lobar haematoma (aHR 5.84, 95%CI 3.58-9.52; p

Matched MeSH terms: Cerebral Hemorrhage
Fulltext Novel technique using amplatzer AVP I stent in management for giant renal artery pseudoaneurysm

Sarmukh S, Putera MP, Tan KL, Chew LG

Urol Case Rep, 2021 Mar;35:101515.
PMID: 33318942 DOI: 10.1016/j.eucr.2020.101515

Renal artery pseudoaneurysm (RAP) is an uncommon vascular lesion. Early detection and treatment of renal artery pseudoaneurysm is important because it can rupture and lead to life-threatening hemorrhage. Recent advances in endovascular interventions can prevent potentially challenging open surgery. We describe a case 66 year old patient who presented with a painful abdominal lumbar mass. CT scan show a giant renal artery pseudoaneurysm. We discuss management of giant renal artery pseudoaneurysm, both open surgery and endovascular surgery. Endovascular arterial embolization and stent techniques is feasible. However, open surgical treatment remains to be most effective and radical method in emergency setting.

Matched MeSH terms: Hemorrhage
A case of ectopic triplets

Vine LE

Journal of the Malaya Branch of the British Medical Association, 1941;5:56-7.

Matched MeSH terms: Hemorrhage
Present methods of instruction in first aid

Kingsbury AN

Journal of the Malaya Branch of the British Medical Association, 1941;5:14-18.

Matched MeSH terms: Hemorrhage
Fulltext Intraspinal epidural hematoma in a warfarinized patient presenting with back pain: a case report

Jolina, W.N., Dazlin Masdiana, S., Afliza, A.B.

Medicine & Health, 2018;13(2):188-194.
MyJurnal

Warfarin is an anticoagulant that is commonly used as thrombo-prophylaxis in patients at risk of thrombo-embolic events. However, the use of warfarin is known to cause hemorrhage due to its anticoagulation effect. Although the common sites of hemorrhage are gastrointestinal and genitourinary tract, it can also occur in the least expected location. We report a rare case of spinal cord compression secondary to intraspinal epidural hematoma as a result of overwarfarinization in a patient who had undergone liver transplant. The patient underwent emergency decompression laminectomy of spinal cord and hematoma evacuation after the reversal of overwarfarinization to normal levels.

Matched MeSH terms: Hemorrhage
Fulltext A Randomized Controlled Trial of Novel Treatment for Hemorrhagic Radiation Proctitis

Pui WC, Chieng TH, Siow SL, Nik Abdullah NA, Sagap I

Asian Pac J Cancer Prev, 2020 Oct 01;21(10):2927-2934.
PMID: 33112550 DOI: 10.31557/APJCP.2020.21.10.2927

BACKGROUND: Various methods have been used for treatment of hemorrhagic radiation proctitis (HRP) with variable results. Currently, the preferred treatment is formalin application or endoscopic therapy with argon plasma coagulation. Recently, a novel therapy with colonic water irrigation and oral antibiotics showed promising results and more effective compared to 4% formalin application for HRP. The study objective is to compare the effect of water irrigation and oral antibiotics versus 4% formalin application in improving per rectal bleeding due to HRP and related symptoms such as diarrhoea, tenesmus, stool frequency, stool urgency and endoscopic findings.
METHODS: We conducted a study on 34 patients with HRP and randomly assigned the patients to two treatment arm groups (n=17). The formalin group underwent 4% formalin dab and another session 4 weeks later. The irrigation group self-administered daily rectal irrigation at home for 8 weeks and consumed oral metronidazole and ciprofloxacin during the first one week. We measured the patients' symptoms and endoscopic findings before and after total of 8 weeks of treatment in both groups.
RESULTS: Our study showed that HRP patients had reduced per rectal bleeding (p = 0.003) in formalin group, whereas irrigation group showed reduced diarrhoea (p=0.018) and tenesmus (p=0.024) symptoms. The comparison between the two treatment arms showed that irrigation technique was better than formalin technique for tenesmus (p=0.043) symptom only.
CONCLUSION: This novel treatment showed benefit in treating HRP. It could be a new treatment option which is safe and conveniently self-administered at home or used as a combination with other therapies to improve the treatment outcome for HRP.
.

Matched MeSH terms: Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage/etiology; Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage/pathology; Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage/therapy*
Fulltext A retrospective review of cryoprecipitate transfusion practice in Kuala Lumpur Hospital

Iliassa II, Mohammad WM, Tan JJ, Ayob Y

Asian J Transfus Sci, 2016 Jul-Dec;10(2):145-9.
PMID: 27605853 DOI: 10.4103/0973-6247.187934

BACKGROUND: Cryoprecipitate is generally used to treat bleeding patients with hypofibrinogenemia, and the transfusion decision is guided based on published guidelines.
AIM: This study aimed to evaluate the practice appropriateness in accordance to cryoprecipitate transfusion guidelines in Hospital Kuala Lumpur.
METHODOLOGY: This cross-sectional study of 117 cryoprecipitates transfused adult patients was conducted in Kuala Lumpur Hospital from January to June 2012. The compliance of the indication of cryoprecipitate was considered as appropriate if indicated for patients who have hypofibrinogenemia (<1.0 g/L) with bleeding, or otherwise inappropriate if pretransfusion fibrinogen level was more than 1.0 g/L, pretransfusion fibrinogen level was not examined and posttransfusion fibrinogen level more than 1.5 g/L.
RESULTS: Most of the cryoprecipitate prescriptions were found to be inappropriate, which read 81.2% (95% confidence interval = 0.740, 0.880). Patients who underwent neurovascular surgery were the major recipient of cryoprecipitate, but majority of the prescription was found not appropriate. The decision to transfuse cryoprecipitate was found mostly appropriate when was guided by fibrinogen (52.2%), but the percentage dropped to 10.6% when pretransfusion fibrinogen test was not performed. Regrettably, only 19.7% of total cryoprecipitate were given based on pretransfusion fibrinogen level.
KEYWORDS: Appropriateness; bleeding; cryoprecipitate transfusion; guideline

Matched MeSH terms: Hemorrhage
Fulltext The prevalence of oro-facial pain and discomfort among 16-year old students In Kelantan - a pilot study

Jaafar, N., Saub, R., Razak, I.A.

Ann Dent, 1997;4(1):9-12.
MyJurnal

A pilot study was conducted on 135 sixteen-year-old students from three rural schools in Kelantan to establish the prevalence of orofacial pain and discomfort. About 44% reported to have experienced some oro-facial pain in the preceding four weeks. About 27% of those with pain, still experienced the pain at the time of clinical examination but only 8% have consulted professional help. Most of the pain encountered were only mild or moderate in nature. Only 7% and 10% respectively, reported that the pain affected their sleep and concentration to study. The main cause was toothache and sensitivity. The prevalence of discomfort was 22%, the most common causes being recurrent oral ulcers and bleeding gums. The impacts of orofacial pain was mainly manifested at the personal level, and very few affecting social functioning. However, untreated decay and missing teeth were very low (mean DT 0.47, mean MT 0.27), while filled teeth (mean Ff 2.9) was the main component of the DMFf (mean 3.66, sd ± 2.6). Severe periodontal disease and the prevalence of traumatised teeth was not a major public health problem. The high prevalence of pain merit further research. Therefore a larger study involving other age-groups in other states is planned.

Matched MeSH terms: Gingival Hemorrhage
Fulltext Bipolar Hemiarthroplasty in Elderly Patients Presenting WithDisplaced Intracapsular Femoral Neck Fractures ..

Krishnan, H., Yoon, T.R., Park, K.S.

Malays Orthop J, 2010;4(1):26-31.
MyJurnal

This retrospective study was undertaken to analyze perioperative parameters, functional outcomes and complications of cemented versus uncemented bipolar hemiarthroplasty in elderly patients presenting with displaced intracapsular femoral neck fracture. The authors reviewed 17 patients that underwent cemented bipolar hemiarthroplasty and 21 patients that underwent uncemented bipolar hemiarthroplasty. The mean follow-up duration in the cemented and uncemented group was 29.9 and 30.5 months respectively. Intraoperative and postoperative blood loss was higher in the cemented group. On the last follow-up the mean HHS was 74.7 in the cemented group and 84.2 in the uncemented group. No statistically significant difference was evident in the pain score. In summary, bipolar hemiarthroplasty was found to be a good option for displaced intracapsular femoral neck fractures, and overall outcome was marginally better in the uncemented group in terms of postoperative of blood loss and functional outcome at last follow up.

Matched MeSH terms: Postoperative Hemorrhage
Factors associated with abrupt discontinuation of dabigatran therapy in patients with atrial fibrillation in Malaysia

Beshir SA, Chee KH, Lo YL

Int J Clin Pharm, 2016 Oct;38(5):1182-90.
PMID: 27450507 DOI: 10.1007/s11096-016-0350-1

Background Oral anticoagulant therapy is indicated for the prevention of stroke or other thromboembolic events. Premature discontinuation of oral anticoagulants may increase the risk of thromboembolism resulting in adverse sequelae. There are sparse data on the prevalence and the predictors of dabigatran discontinuation in Malaysian patients with atrial fibrillation. Objectives Determine the reasons and identify associated factors for abrupt discontinuation of dabigatran, assess the switching pattern and the occurrence of thromboembolic events after dabigatran discontinuation. Setting A university-affiliated tertiary hospital in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. Methods The clinical and demographic data of a cohort who were initiated with dabigatran between 2010 and 2012 at the University of Malaya Medical Centre were reviewed until the date of death or on 31st December 2013. Those patients who discontinued dabigatran were further followed up until 31st December 2015 to determine the occurrence of any thromboembolic event. Main outcome measure Permanent discontinuation of dabigatran for more than 8 weeks. Results 26 (14 %) of a cohort of 192 patients discontinued dabigatran therapy during a median follow-up period of 20 (range 3-45) months. About one-half of the discontinuation occurred within the first 6 months of dabigatran use. The three most cited reasons for discontinuation are bleeding events (19 %), high out-of-pocket drug payment (19 %) and cardioversion (19 %). Heart failure [adjusted odds ratio 3.699 (95 % confidence interval 1.393-9.574)] or chronic kidney disease [adjusted odds ratio 5.211 (95 % confidence interval 1.068-23.475)] were found to be independent risk factors for abrupt dabigatran discontinuation. Patients who discontinued dabigatran received warfarin (38 %), antiplatelet agents (16 %) or no alternative antithrombotic therapy (46 %). Five of the 26 patients who discontinued dabigatran developed an ischaemic stroke within 3-34 months after discontinuation. Conclusion Abrupt dabigatran discontinuation without an alternative oral anticoagulant increases the risk of thromboembolic events. As adverse drug events and renal impairment contribute substantially to the premature discontinuation of dabigatran, it is important to identify and monitor patients at risk to reduce dabigatran discontinuation rate especially during the first six months of dabigatran therapy.

Matched MeSH terms: Hemorrhage/chemically induced; Hemorrhage/diagnosis; Hemorrhage/epidemiology
Cervical ectopic pregnancy: a management dilemma

Shafiee, M.N., Norliza, I., Lim, P.S., Shuhaila, A., Mohd Hashim, O.

Journal of Surgical Academia, 2012;2(1):30-33.
MyJurnal

A 28-year-old G3P1+1 at 6 weeks period of amenorrhea with a previous Caesarean section presented with per vaginal bleeding. A cervical ectopic pregnancy was confirmed by a transvaginal scan. An intramuscular methotrexate was given followed by intracervical route due to poor decline of the serum βHCG. However, due to persistent increment of serum βHCG, an additional four doses of intramuscular methotrexate with folinic acid rescue were administered and she responded well to the regime. Unfortunately, following the last dose, she developed an episode of excessive per vaginal bleeding which required suction and curettage of the cervical canal. A Foley‘s catheter balloon was placed intracervically as a tamponade and the bleeding was successfully arrested.

Matched MeSH terms: Uterine Hemorrhage

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