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Fulltext The Effects of Chemical Castration with Degarelix on Bone Turnover: Densitometric and Biomechanics Bone Properties of Male Rats

Jayusman PA, Mohamed IN, Shuid AN

Int J Endocrinol Metab, 2018 Jul;16(3):e64038.
PMID: 30197659 DOI: 10.5812/ijem.64038

Background: Gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) antagonists may cause chemical castration in males by suppressing the pituitary-gonadal axis, hence reducing testosterone level. There are limited data on the effects of degarelix, a newer series of potent and long acting GnRH antagonist on bone.
Objectives: The current study aimed at determining the effects of degarelix on bone turnover, bone densitometry, and bone mechanical strength in male rats.
Methods: Eighteen male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into sham (SHAM), orchidectomized (ORX), and degarelix-induced (DGX) groups. Chemical castration was performed by subcutaneous degarelix injection (2 mg/kg) at the scapular region. The rats were scanned for baseline bone mineral area (BMA), bone mineral content (BMC), and bone mineral density (BMD) using dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA). Following six weeks of experimental period, BMA, BMC, and BMD were measured again with DXA and blood was collected for testosterone and bone biomarkers (osteocalcin and C-terminal of type I collagen crosslink (CTX-1)) measurements. The rats were euthanized and femora were dissected for bone biomechanical strength analysis.
Results: Bilateral orchidectomy and degarelix administration significantly lowered serum testosterone level, decreased whole body BMC, femoral BMA, femoral BMC, and femoral BMD (P < 0.05) compared with the SHAM group. However, no significant changes were observed in bone biochemical markers and bone mechanical strength in all experimental groups.
Conclusions: In conclusion, degarelix administration had comparable effects on bone as bilateral orchidectomy. Administration of degarelix provides an alternative method of inducing testosterone deficient-osteopenia in male rats without need for removing the testes.
Therapeutic effect of Vitamin E in preventing bone loss: An evidence-based review

Nazrun Shuid A, Das S, Mohamed IN

Int J Vitam Nutr Res, 2019 Nov;89(5-6):357-370.
PMID: 30856080 DOI: 10.1024/0300-9831/a000566

The present review explored the anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory properties of vitamin E, which has protective action against osteoporosis. A systematic review of the literature was conducted to identify the published bone studies on vitamin E. The studies included inflammatory or immunology-related parameters. Medline and Scopus databases were searched for relevant studies published from 2005 till 2015. Research articles published in English and confined to the effect of vitamin E on bone were included. It is pertinent to mention that these studies took into consideration inflammatory or immunology parameters including interleukin (IL)-1, IL-6, receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-B ligand (RANKL), inducible nitric oxide synthases (iNOS), serum amyloid A (SAA), e-selection and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP). An extended literature search yielded 127 potentially relevant articles with seven articles meeting the inclusion and exclusion criteria. Another recent article was added with the total number accounting to eight. All these included literature comprised five animal studies, one in-vitro study and two human studies. These studies demonstrated that vitamin E, especially tocotrienol, was able to alleviate IL-1, IL-6, RANKL, iNOS and hs-CRP levels in relation to bone metabolism. In conclusion, vitamin E exerts its anti-osteoporotic actions via its anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory effects.
Fulltext Strategies for radiology departments in handling the COVID-19 pandemic

Ashari MA, Zainal IA, Zaki FM

Diagn Interv Radiol, 2020 Jul;26(4):296-300.
PMID: 32352915 DOI: 10.5152/dir.2020.20232

The world is facing an unprecedented global pandemic in the form of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) which has ravaged all aspects of life, especially health systems. Radiology services, in particular, are under threat of being overwhelmed by the sheer number of patients affected, unless drastic efforts are taken to contain and mitigate the spread of the virus. Proactive measures, therefore, must be taken to ensure the continuation of diagnostic and interventional support to clinicians, while minimizing the risk of nosocomial transmission among staff and other patients. This article aims to highlight several strategies to improve preparedness, readiness and response towards this pandemic, specific to the radiology department.
Retrospective analysis of the sonographic and computed tomographic features of gallbladder empyema

Zainal IA, Kew TY, Othman HA

Emerg Radiol, 2021 Nov 23.
PMID: 34811585 DOI: 10.1007/s10140-021-01996-1

OBJECTIVE: Early detection of complicated cholecystitis, particularly gallbladder empyema, is important. Yet only a handful of patients are correctly diagnosed prior to intervention. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the sonographic and computed tomography features associated with gallbladder empyema compared with the intraoperative findings and histopathological examination.
MATERIALS AND METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed ultrasound and CT images for 146 patients with clinical suspicion of cholecystitis from January 2013 until December 2018. Ultrasound criteria reviewed included calculus, wall thickening, pericholecystic fluid, gallbladder distension and presence of echogenic material within the gallbladder. For CT, criteria reviewed were wall thickening, gallbladder distension, mucosal enhancement, pericholecystic fluid and hyperdense bile with an attenuation value of more than 20 HU. Association of these findings was made with intraoperative and pathological findings of 85 patients with proven gallbladder empyema.
RESULTS: Sonographic signs that were statistically significantly associated with gallbladder empyema (p < 0.05) were thickened gallbladder wall (mean 5.4 versus 3.0 mm), distended gallbladder (mean 8.5 versus 6.4cm), pericholecystic fluid and echogenic material within the gallbladder. No significant association between gallstones and gallbladder empyema. Scores of two and more out of four significant sonographic findings were found to have an association with higher chances of developing gallbladder empyema (p < 0.05, odds ratio: 10). None of the CT features was found to be significant with gallbladder empyema (p > 0.05).
CONCLUSION: A combination of few ultrasound features has a high significant association with gallbladder empyema. Thus, in the proper clinical setting, these findings should alarm the sonographic operator on the possibility of gallbladder empyema.
Prevalence of sexually transmitted diseases among new female drug abusers in a rehabilitation centre

Nordin RB, Rahman Bin Isa A, Rusli Bin Abdullah M

Malays J Med Sci, 2001 Jul;8(2):9-13.
PMID: 22893754 MyJurnal

The prevalence of sexually transmitted diseases (STD) among female drug abusers was studied by screening 130 new inmates of a rehabilitation centre. Data was collected using a structured questionnaire, physical examination and specimen collection for laboratory investigation at the Community Medicine Clinic of HUSM. The majority (64.6%) were Malays and self-confessed sex workers (77.7%). A high prevalence of syphilis (50.8%), hepatitis B (52.2%), moniliasis (23.8%), trichomoniasis (19.2%) and gonococcal vaginitis (8.5%) was noted. More than half of them harbour 2 or more STDs. Six subjects, of whom 5 were Malays, were HIV positive. The evidence indicates that female drug abusers need a thorough screening for STD followed by an aggressive treatment regimen. Since the majority of them were born Muslims, they should have access to spiritual counselling and rehabilitation, stressing on repentance, and adopting a compassionate and forgiving approach.
Fulltext The association of knowledge, attitude and practice with 24 hours urinary sodium excretion among malay healthcare staff in Malaysia

Diana Maha, Zaleha Md Isa, Azmi Mohd Tamil, Mohd Ihsani Mahmood, Fatimah Othman, Rashidah Ambak

Int J Public Health Res, 2017;7(2):860-870.
MyJurnal

Introduction The most effective and affordable public health strategy to prevent
hypertension, stroke and renal disease is by reducing daily salt consumption.
Therefore, this study aims to determine the association of knowledge, attitude
and practice on salt diet intake and to identify foods contributing to high
sodium intake.
Methods Secondary data analysis was performed on MySalt 2016 data. It was
conducted from November 2015 until January 2016 which involving Ministry
of Health Staff worked at 16 study sites in Malaysia. Salt intake was
measured using 24 hours urinary sodium excretion. Food frequency
questionnaire was used to determine the sodium sources. Knowledge, attitude
and practice of salt intake were assessed using a validated questionnaire
adapted from WHO. Demographic data and anthropometric measures also
were collected. Sodium levels of more than 2400mg/day was categorised as
high sodium intake. Data were analysed using SPSS software version 21.
Results The mean sodium intake estimated by 24 hours urinary sodium excretion was
2853.23 + 1275.8 mg/day. Food groups namely rice/noodles (33.8%),
sauces/seasoning (20.6%), meat and poultry (12.6%) and fish/seafoods
(9.3%) were the major contributors of dietary sodium. In multiple logistic
regression analysis, being a male (aOR=2.83, 95% CI 2.02 – 3.96) and obese
(aOR=6.78, 95% CI 1.98 – 23.18) were significantly associated with high
urinary sodium excretions. In addition, those who were unsure that high salt
intake can cause hypertension (aOR=1.24, 95% CI 0.65 – 2.36), those who
think that they consumed too much salt (aOR=2.10, 95% CI 1.13 – 3.87) and
those who only use salt rather than other spices for cooking (aOR=2.07, 95%
CI 1.29 – 3.30) were significantly associated with high urinary sodium
excretion.
Conclusions This study showed that the main sources of sodium among Malay healthcare
staff is cooked food. Poor knowledge and practice towards reducing salt
consumption among them contributes to the high sodium consumption. The
practice of healthy eating among them together with continuous awareness
campaign is essential in order to educate them to minimize sodium
consumption and to practice healthy eating.
Fulltext Bioadsorption of multiple heavy metal ions by rhizophora apiculate sp. and elaesis guineensis sp.

Nicodemus Ujih, M.B., Mohammad Isa Mohamadin, Millaa Armila Asli, Bebe Norlita Mohamed

Scientific Research Journal, 2017;14(1):15-27.
MyJurnal

Heavy metal ions contamination has become more serious which is caused
by the releasing of toxic waterfrom industrial area and landfill that are very
harmful to all living organism especially human and can even cause death
if contaminated in small amount of heavy metal concentration. Currently,
peoples are using classic method namely electrochemical treatment,
chemical oxidation/reduction, chemical precipitation and reverse osmosis
to eliminate the metal ions from toxic water. Unfortunately, these methods
are costly and not environmentally friendly as compared to bioadsorption
method, where agricultural waste is used as biosorbent to remove heavy
metals. Two types of agricultural waste used in this research namely oil
palm mesocarp fiber (Elaesis guineensis sp.) (OPMF) and mangrove bark
(Rhizophora apiculate sp.) (MB) biomass. Through chemical treatment,
the removal efficiency was found to improve. The removal efficiency is
examined based on four specification namely dosage, of biosorbent to
adsorb fourtypes of metalsion explicitly nickel, lead, copper, and chromium.
The research has found that the removal efficiency of MB was lower than
OPMF; whereas, the multiple metals ions removal efficiency decreased in
the order of Pb2+ > Cu2+ > Ni2+ > Cr2+.
Fulltext Rule-based technique for food ingredient aware mobile application

Mohamad Afendee Mohamed, Mohd Khalid Awang, Mohd Isa Awang, Abd Rasid Mamat

Malaysian Journal of Applied Sciences, 2018;2(1):1-10.
MyJurnal

Food additives may come from natural and chemical sources. In some countries, this ingredient is coded
into e-numbering system. E-Number identifies the additive substance, and it can be used to determine
its possible sources hence the halal status and its value for health. However the use of scientific name
or the coded number is confusing to consumers. This article presents an android-based mobile
application that provides a database access to the detailed information about the additives. Information
retrieval is done based on rule-based technique. The application also offers customer profiling services
whereby upon user registration and sharing current health conditions, the consumer will be provided
with extra information on the possible consequences of consuming the food. The system prototype
system was analysed for the usability in terms of user satisfactions using System Usability Scale (SUS).
The user satisfaction is rated from good to excellent according to SUS score in the range of 70%-80%.
The application is expected to increase consumers’ awareness of choosing the right food that is halal
and healthy.
Fulltext Understanding the tuberculosis disease progression and future directions of research in tuberculosis: a mini review

Siti, H.N., Syarifah-Noratiqah, S.B., Zulfarina, M.S., Isa, N.M., Kamisah, Y.

Medicine & Health, 2018;13(1):20-28.
MyJurnal

Eradication of tuberculosis seems to be a long way off especially with the growing of drug resistance tuberculosis and HIV co-infection tuberculosis. The gaps in our knowledge and the limited sensitive and specific biomarkers especially for latent tuberculosis infection make it defensive. The fate of tuberculosis treatment ranged from cured to failure and there are many risk factors involved apart from the immune state and age. Therefore, this review focuses on the understanding of tuberculosis disease progression and the associated risk factors of the events in the disease progression. This article also highlights the diagnostic and predictive marker that may predict the disease progression. In addition, this review highlights the potential use of rifabutin in tuberculosis treatment regimen. It is hoped that this review could give an overview on future directions of research in tuberculosis.
Ergonomics analysis of muscle activity of workers in a metal stamping industry

Md Fuad Bahari, Abdul Rahman Omar1, Darius Gnanaraj Solomon, Nor Hayati Saad, Isa Halim

Scientific Research Journal, 2006;3(2):31-44.
MyJurnal

Occupational health is considered as a crucial element in almost every Small
and Medium Industries (SMIs) and it is believed to be one of vital challenges
that can influence productivity and competitiveness. It has been known that
the metal stamping industry involved a lot of materials handling tasks such as
carrying stamped parts from machine to packaging section, transferring moulds
from tools store to machines, sorting the finished products and others.
Appropriate materials handling equipments are not often provided in SMIs
because of the limitation of capital and lack of ergonomics awareness. The
workers have to handle the materials and goods manually. These practices
may lead to occupational injuries particularly back pain and musculoskeletal
injuries. The objectives of the research are to assess and analyze the muscles
activity of workers in metal stamping industry. Three male workers who
performed metal stamping process using manual technique were participated
in the research. Ergonomic assessment associated with Surface
Electromyography (SEMG) was used to capture and interpret the data related
to muscles activity at before and after the ergonomic intervention. For the
purpose of muscle activity assessment, SEMG electrodes were attached to eight
critical muscles: deltoid muscle-medial part (left), deltoid muscle-medial part
(right), trapezius muscle (left), trapezius muscle (right), erector spinae muscle
(left), erector spinae muscle (right), gastrocnemius muscle (left) and
Fulltext Prevalence of retinopathy of prematurity and refractive status in premature infants in Sabah Women and Children Hospital (SWACH)

Linggam, Rachel Clarice, Mohammed Danial A. Razak, Israk Mohd Isa, Hanisah Abdul Hamid, Shuaibah Abdul Ghani

Borneo Journal of Medical Sciences, 2020;3(101):13-14.
MyJurnal

Introduction: Myopia has been regarded as an important cause of blindness and visual impairment by WHO. Due to higher incidence of myopia in a preterm baby with ROP, early detection and visual rehabilitation need to commence as soon as possible to give the children better quality of life and prevent blindness in this population. To determine the prevalence of ROP and refractive status in premature infants in Sabah Women and Children Hospital, Kota Kinabalu in 2018. To establish the relationship between low BW and GA with the presentation of ROP.
Fulltext PMMA doped Multi Walled Carbon Nanotube (MWCNTs) microfiber for alcohol sensing application

Husna Abdul Rahman, Haliza M. Haron, Naimah Mat Isa, Hasnida Saad

ESTEEM Academic Journal, 2020;15(2):24-34.
MyJurnal

PMMA polymer microfiber doped Multi Walled Carbon Nanotubes (MWCNTs) was reported for alcohol sensing application. The sensitivity of the sensor is increasing relatively with the increment of the alcohol concentration which affects the transmission output power. However, the challenges are on choosing the right material and the simplicity on the fabrication of microfiber sensor for an improvement of the sensitivity of the sensor. A PMMA polymer microfiber doped MWCNTs was introduced for an application of alcohol detection system. Direct drawing technique was used to form a uniform waist size of microfiber sensor with 6µm diameter and 5mm length respectively. The performance of the fabricated sensor was tested with two types of alcohol, namely ethanol and 2-propanol at concentrations varying from 2% to 8% with 2% intervals. The performance which includes sensitivity, linearity and resolution were studied and analysed for the undoped PMMA and PMMA doped MWCNTs-doped polymer microfiber. The PMMA doped MWCNTs sensor which exhibited higher sensitivity for ethanol sensing with 83.23dBm/% with a linearity of 99.96% and a sensitivity of 73.75dBm/% with linearity 99.82% for 2- propanol sensing. The resolution has improved significantly by 0.0004% and 0.0007% respectively. In conclusion, PMMA doped MWCNTs was able to increase the sensitivity as well as the reproducibility of the microfiber sensor for the alcohol detection system.
Fulltext Sustainable management using recycle and reuse of construction waste materials in Malaysia

Shaharin Hamid, Che Maznah Mat Isa, Shamer N. Felix, Nur Kamaliah Mustaffa

ESTEEM Academic Journal, 2020;16(1):47-58.
MyJurnal

Ineffective construction waste management has become a serious problem that impacted significantly to environmental pollutions especially in a developing country like Malaysia. Despite the enactment of law by the government, Malaysia is still far behind as compared to other countries like Denmark and Hong Kong in terms of implementation of recycling and reuse of construction waste. Recycling and reuse of waste materials seems to be a profitable method that will boost the
lifetime of landfills and cut down the usage of virgin natural resources. This paper discusses the practices of recycling and reuse of construction waste materials in the Klang Valley. A questionnaire survey was administered to 117 respondents from construction companies. The most common types of construction waste materials that can be recycled and reused are concrete, metal, asphalt, brick, plastic, cardboard, timber and glass. A descriptive analysis using Relative Important Index (RII) was used to rank the items asked in the survey. It was found that the most frequent types of recycling and reuse of construction waste materials based on ranking is timber,
while the key benefit of recycle and reuse of construction waste is reduction of landfill space. On the other hand, the key challenge that affects recycling and reuse of construction waste is the risk of contamination. This study is beneficial for all parties involved in construction activities to achieve a more sustainable construction in Malaysia and throughout the world.
Fulltext CNN comparisons models on dyslexia handwriting classification

Iza Sazanita Isa, Muhammad Aiman Zahir, Siti Azura Ramlan, Wang, Li-Chih, Siti Noraini Sulaiman

ESTEEM Academic Journal, 2021;17(1):12-25.
MyJurnal

Dyslexia is developed by neurobiological in origin which is categorized as
learning disorder that affect the ability to read, spell, write and speak. The
most common dyslexia symptom can easily be identified through the
handwriting pattern. There are many intelligence and computational
methods that have been proposed, and they have provided various and
different performance to evaluate the proposed system ability. However,
system performances are varied and nonstandardized in each assesment on
dyslexic children to validate the presence of dyslexia symptom. The recent
deep learning models have been employed to improve the assesment
performance and (the models/ they have shown) shows significant output to
detect and classify the present of dyslexia symptoms among school children.
Therefore, there is a crucial need in deep learning, specifically for
Convolutional Neural Network ( CNN) to validate performances of different
networks, so that the most performed CNN could be a bench mark in
evaluation to detect such symptom. This study aims to compare different deep
learning networks specifically the CNN models to validate its performance
in terms of the capability to classify dyslexic handwriting among school
children. This study is proposed to compare different CNN models such as
CNN-1, CNN-2, CNN-3 and LeNet-5. The proposed methods to compare the
CNN performances are developed by using Jupyter notebook as platform.
Meanwhile, keras is the higher-level API framework to provide a more
flexible way for defining models. It specifically allows to define multiple
input or output models as well as models that share layers. The tensorflow is
also used for machine learning applications such as neural networks. Before
that, the dataset of handwriting image is preprocessed by the augmentation
process which includes the rotation of all images. CNN models have shown
significant performance and provided sufficient results of performance with
more than 87% of accuracy in classifying the potential dyslexia symptom
based on handwritten images.
Fulltext Refractive error status of orang asli and Malay-Jawa children in Kuala Langat, Selangor

Fairuz Mohd Nordin, Khairun Najah binti Hasrin, Mohd Zaki Awg Isa, Amalina Othman, Zurin Firdawani Yacob

Journal of Optometry, Eye and Health Research, 2020;2(1):28-33.
MyJurnal

This study aims to determine the refractive error status of Orang Asli children and Malay-Jawa children in Kuala Langat, Selangor. Visual acuity was measured using LEA chart, followed by dry static retinoscopy which the testing eye fogged with 2.00D, and the contralateral eye fogged with 6.00D to determine the refractive errors. The inclusion criteria encompassed all children in the selected village. The exclusion criteria included children who were already on ophthalmology follow-up for known ocular conditions and refused visual acuity assessment or eye examination. In total, 103 ‘Orang Asli’ and 107 normal population children aged 3 to 13 years received refractive assessments. Approximately 18% of reported cases were myopia, 43% were hyperopia, while 39% were emmetropia. Results showed that the ‘Orang Asli’ population was more hyperopic than the Malay-Jawa (U = 4893.500, P > 0.05, r = 0.14). However, both groups were found more hyperopic compared to myopic conditions. In conclusion, both Orang Asli and Malay-Jawa in Kuala Langat, Selangor are more hyperopic and less myopic. This study suggests that refractive error screening is important for preventing visual impairment among children in rural areas.
Fulltext The prevalence of depression and its relationship to health related quality of life among Prostate cancer patients in tertiary centres, Kuala Lumpur

Mohamad Rodi Isa, Moy FM, Azad Hassan Abdul Razack, Zulkifli Mohd Zainuddin, Nur Zuraida Zainal

Journal of Clinical and Health Sciences, 2016;1:36-45.

To determine the prevalence of depression and its relationship with health related quality of life among prostate cancer patients in tertiary medical centres, Kuala Lumpur.
Fulltext Prevalence of urinary incontinence, its risk factors and effect on the quality of life in women after their first delivery

Bahiyah Abdullah, Siti Hajar Ayub, Akmal Zulayla Mohd Zahid, Noorneza Abd Rahman, Mohamad Rodi Isa

Journal of Clinical and Health Sciences, 2017;2:21-28.

Introduction: Although urinary incontinence is commonly associated with increasing parity, there is however a lack of published data on urinary incontinence among primiparous women. This study aims to determine its prevalence among primiparous women at 6-8 weeks postpartum, its risk factors and effects to their quality of life. Methods: This is a crosssectional study involving primiparous women at 6-8 weeks postpartum. Women in their third trimester were recruited using convenience sampling. Data were obtained using a study proforma, and International Consultation on Incontinence Questionnaire – Short Form (ICIQSF) over a face-to-face interview. The same questionnaire with additional enquiries on delivery was completed over a telephone interview at 6-8 week postpartum. Data were analysed using chi-square and simple logistic regression tests contained in the Statistical Package for Social Science version 20.0. Results: Three hundred and six women participated in this study. The prevalence of urinary incontinence in the third trimester of pregnancy was 34.3% (95%CI: 29.0, 39.7) and dropped to 5.2% (95% CI: 2.7, 7.7) at 6-8 weeks postpartum. Childhood enuresis and postpartum body mass index were the two factors that showed significant association with postpartum urinary incontinence. Urinary incontinence in 95 (31%) women had resolved by 6-8 weeks postpartum, whereas 10 (3.3%) women still had persistent symptom. A small proportion of women (2.0%) developed urinary incontinence in the postpartum period. Majority of women with urinary incontinence did not feel it significantly affected their quality of life. The ICIQ- SF mean score was 6.13 (range 2- 12). Conclusions: Postpartum urinary incontinence is rather uncommon among primiparous women and does not seem to affect their quality of life. Childhood enuresis and postpartum BMI were risk factors associated with postpartum urinary incontinence.
Fulltext Animal studies on male fertility enhancing properties of plants in Malaysia: a review of the past 16 years

Redzuan Nul Hakim Abdul Razak, Muhammad Lokman Md Isa, Hussin Muhammad, Roszaman Ramli

International Journal of Allied Health Sciences, 2017;1(2):44-55.
MyJurnal

For centuries, people have been practising phytomedicine in treating ailments or reducing risk of suffering certain diseases. It is considered as a part of an ancient medicine with interest in it becomes rapidly escalating in this modern era. Expansive and prescribed medicine is not the only true path to treat various illnesses. Without disclaiming the modern medicine, herbs can be used as an alternative or a combined therapy with conventional medication. Phytomedicine or ethnomedicine is not a new
field in the world of research. It has been started long ago since the ancient times. As we realized the expensive modern medication is not the only mean to treat illness, interest in the discovery of remedy through natural or conventional products has become more escalating. (Copied from article)
Fulltext Diagnostic Performance and Eye Movement Parameters during Radiographic Image Interpretation among Radiographers

Ibrahim, M. I., Mohd Norsuddin, N., Che Isa, I. N., Azman, N. F., Mohamad Shahimin, M.

Physics and Technology in Medicine, 2020;1(2):12-19.
MyJurnal

The radiographer's role in the imaging field is producing the best image to diagnose. Hence, this study is conducted to justify the ability of radiographers in terms of diagnostic performance and visual search patterns during radiographic image interpretation based on their experience. The musculoskeletal radiographic images were chosen as radiographers are expected to perform image interpretation in the red dot system as one of the expanded and extended roles of the radiographer. Sensitivity and specificity in the detection of abnormality are measured. The gaze plot, fixation count and duration are compared between groups of radiographers by using an eye tracker. 19 radiographic images consist of upper and lower extremities are used as stimuli in this study. The result from this study shows no significant difference in terms of sensitivity and specificity with a p-value of 0.818 and 0.146 respectively. For visual search pattern, two images have significant different in term of fixation count (Image 1, p = 0.017; Image 2, p = 0.042) and two images in fixation duration (Image 1, p = 0.001; Image 15, p = 0.021). The gaze plot is not different from an unstructured pattern and less coverage. In conclusion, the experience did not give an influence on the radiographic image interpretation. This may suggest that specific training in areas appropriate to the development of the radiographer could improve the image interpretation.
Fulltext Characterisation of biodegradable protein based films from gelatin alternative: a review

Nazmi, N. N. M., Isa, M. I. N., Sarbon, N. M.

International Food Research Journal, 2020;27(6):971-987.
MyJurnal

Protein-based films are thin and flexible films derived from protein sources. They are
completely biodegradable and used in food engineering, packaging, drug recovery, and other
applications. In food packaging, gelatin is widely used due to properties such as low cost,
availability, functional attributes, mechanical (flexibility and tension) and optical (brightness
and opacity) strength, barrier against gas flow, and structural resistance to water and
microorganisms. Therefore, this paper reviews the characterisation of biodegradable
protein-based films from gelatin alternatives, mainly from fish and chicken skin, as food
packaging materials. The properties of film packaging derived from gelatin alternatives were
compared with films derived from mammalian gelatin. The findings showed that the blended
gelatin alternatives with polysaccharide improved physical properties such as water vapour
permeability, gas permeability, light transmission and transparency, thermal properties,
microstructure, colour, and heat sealability. Moreover, improvements in mechanical
properties such as tensile strength and elongation at break were also investigated. This review
also comes out with suggestions for future research on the compatibility between gelatin films
and food ingredients. This paper provides a comprehensive overview that promotes the
development of biodegradable blended films from gelatin alternatives for packaging
applications in the food industry and related fields.

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