MyMedR

Fulltext Dot enzyme immunosorbent assay for the serodiagnosis of typhoid fever

Ismail A, Kader ZS, Kok-Hai O

Southeast Asian J. Trop. Med. Public Health, 1991 Dec;22(4):563-6.

PMID: 1820645

A nitrocellulose membrane strip dotted with a specific 50 kDa outer membrane protein of Salmonella typhi was applied for the serodiagnosis of typhoid fever. Using horseradish peroxidase conjugated IgM and IgG antibodies with 4-chloronaphthol as substrate, antibodies in typhoid patients were clearly visualised as bluish purple dots while sera from patients with non-typhoid fevers gave negative results. The detection of specific IgM and IgG antibodies in typhoid patients suggest either recent or current infection. Combined with the high specificity, reliability and rapidity of the test, the dot EIA technique provides a simple and useful method for the serodiagnosis of typhoid using a single serum specimen.

Matched MeSH terms: Typhoid Fever/diagnosis*

An update on diarrhoeal diseases in Malaysia

Ismail A

Southeast Asian J. Trop. Med. Public Health, 1988 Sep;19(3):397-400.

PMID: 3217821

Analysis of diarrhoeal disease patterns in Malaysia from 1981-1986 suggested that infectious hepatitis ranked as the most predominant diarrhoeal disease followed by typhoid, food poisoning, dysentery and cholera. Although these five major food and water-borne diseases are still endemic in this country, diarrhoeal diseases per se no longer become an important public health problem in Malaysia. Enforcement of the cholera control program brought the incidence of the disease to a minimal. Unfortunately, this fatal form of diarrhoeal disease caused the greatest mortality compared to the others. Seasonal influence also played a part in controlling the occurrence of the disease. There was a preponderance of diarrhoeal diseases during the rainy season implicating contaminated water as a source of transmission. Although greater than half of the population has been supplied with piped water and sanitary latrines, a lot more has to be done before diarrhoeal diseases could be eliminated from this country.

Matched MeSH terms: Typhoid Fever/epidemiology

Salmonella agglutinins in normal adult sera in an endemic area

Jamal F, Yasin MS, Abdullah R, Mokhtar N

J Diarrhoeal Dis Res, 1986 Jun;4(2):74-6.

PMID: 3571875

Matched MeSH terms: Typhoid Fever/epidemiology*

Fulltext Cutaneous drug eruptions

Adam BA

Med J Malaysia, 1982 Jun;37(2):110-3.

PMID: 6215559

Patients attending a referral Skin Clinic were studied to identify the spectrum of drug eruptions and the offending drugs. There were 51 patients with an incidence of five per thousand and equal sex incidence. Though the pattern of eruption was broadly similar to other reports, unusual reactions were observed. In addition to the skin manifestation, fever and lymphadenopathy were present in most patients. Raised erythrocyte sedimentation rate and eosinopoenia were commonly observed. Clinical acumen and the list of drugs ingested are still the best clues to the diagnosis ofdrug eruption.
Study site: Skin clinic, University Malaya Medical Centre (UMMC), Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia

Matched MeSH terms: Fever/complications

Antigenic analysis by direct immunofluorescence of 114 isolates of Rickettsia tsutsugamushi recovered from febrile patients in rural Malaysia

Shirai A, Robinson DM, Brown GW, Gan E, Huxsoll DL

Jpn. J. Med. Sci. Biol., 1979 Dec;32(6):337-44.

PMID: 120901

One hundred and fourteen Rickettsia tsutsugamushi isolates, recovered from febrile patients in central Peninsular Malaysia, were antigenically analyzed by direct immunofluorescence using eight prototype strains. Twenty-nine antigenic types were detected. The TA763, TA716, Karp and TA686 strains were the most common and occurred singly or in combination with each other or other strains in 86% of the isolates.

Matched MeSH terms: Fever/microbiology*

Isolation of a Plesiomonas shigelloides in Malaysia

Ampalam SD, Fang L

Med J Malaya, 1971 Jun;25(4):282-4.

PMID: 4261301

Matched MeSH terms: Typhoid Fever/diagnosis

Health problems among international travellers: from a subtropical region to tropical and non-tropical regions

Pai HH, Lai JL

Travel Med Infect Dis, 2008 Jul;6(4):201-4.

PMID: 18571109 DOI: 10.1016/j.tmaid.2008.03.001

International travel may be associated with the risk of a wide range of infectious diseases. This study was designed to obtain information on the health problems among international travellers from a subtropical region to the neighbouring tropical, subtropical, and temperate regions. Health problems among international travellers from Taiwan to the Philippines, Malaysia, Indonesia, Singapore, Vietnam, Thailand (tropical group), Hong Kong, Macao, China and Japan (non-tropical group) were surveyed through the telephone. Of 649 travellers surveyed, 8.2% had one or more health problems and insect bite (3.4%) and coughing or sore throats (3.2%) were the most important symptoms. The rate of coughing or sore throats was significantly higher among those returned from the non-tropical regions. However, no associations were found between health problems and the demographic factors, travel style or travelling duration of travel.

Matched MeSH terms: Fever/epidemiology

Fulltext Case Report: Two Cases of Recurring Ovale Malaria in Sarawak, Malaysia, after Successful Treatment of Imported Plasmodium falciparum Infection

Liew JWK, Ooi CH, Snounou G, Lau YL

Am J Trop Med Hyg, 2019 12;101(6):1402-1404.

PMID: 31595863 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.19-0305

Here are two cases of recurring ovale malaria in Sarawak, Malaysia, that are likely relapses that occurred 1-2 months after successful treatment of the initial imported falciparum malaria with artemisinin-based combined therapy. The patients have no history or recollection of previous malaria episodes. These cases add to the limited evidence on the relapsing nature of Plasmodium ovale, after a febrile episode. In regions where P. ovale is not known to be autochthonous, active follow-up of treated imported malaria patients is highly recommended following their return, particularly to areas nearing or having achieved elimination.

Matched MeSH terms: Fever/parasitology

Infections in post-tsunami victims

Othman N, Ismail IH, Yip R, Zainuddin Z, Kasim SM, Isa R, et al.

Pediatr Infect Dis J, 2007 Oct;26(10):960-1.

PMID: 17901807 DOI: 10.1097/INF.0b013e3181257234

Two tsunami survivors from Banda Acheh, Sumatra, presented with pyrexia of unknown origin and a nonresolving left-sided empyema, respectively. Both children had mixed infections of tuberculosis and melioidosis; Salmonella typhi was also present in the second patient. Mixed infections are common late sequela complications in post-tsunami victims.

Matched MeSH terms: Fever of Unknown Origin/microbiology

Mimotopes of the Vi antigen of Salmonella enterica serovar typhi identified from phage display peptide library

Tang SS, Tan WS, Devi S, Wang LF, Pang T, Thong KL

Clin Diagn Lab Immunol, 2003 Nov;10(6):1078-84.

PMID: 14607870

The capsular polysaccharide Vi antigen (ViCPS) is an essential virulence factor and also a protective antigen of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi. A random 12-mer phage-displayed peptide library was used to identify mimotopes (epitope analogues) of this antigen by panning against a ViCPS-specific monoclonal antibody (MAb) ATVi. Approximately 75% of the phage clones selected in the fourth round carried the peptide sequence TSHHDSHGLHRV, and the rest of the clones harbored ENHSPVNIAHKL and other related sequences. These two sequences were also obtained in a similar panning process by using pooled sera from patients with a confirmed diagnosis of typhoid fever, suggesting they mimic immunodominant epitopes of ViCPS antigens. Binding of MAb ATVi to the mimotopes was specifically blocked by ViCPS, indicating that they interact with the same binding site (paratope) of the MAb. Data and reagents generated in this study have important implications for the development of peptide-base diagnostic tests and peptide vaccines and may also provide a better understanding of the pathogenesis of typhoid fever.

Matched MeSH terms: Typhoid Fever/diagnosis*

A simple adherence test for detection of IgM antibodies in typhoid

Ong LY, Pang T, Lim SH, Tan EL, Puthucheary SD

J Med Microbiol, 1989 Jul;29(3):195-8.

PMID: 2473209

A simple adherence test to detect IgM antibodies in patients with typhoid is described. The test utilises the IgM-"capture" approach, in which the test serum is applied to microtitration plate wells previously coated with anti-human IgM, followed by application of a stained Salmonella typhi antigen suspension which shows adherence in positive cases. By this test, 58 (95%) of 61 sera from confirmed cases of typhoid possessed IgM antibodies to the H or O or both antigens of S. typhi. In patients for whom a diagnosis of typhoid was based only on a significant Widal-test titre, 31 (41%) of 76 sera had IgM antibodies to the H or O or both antigens of S. typhi. Some cross-reactivity of the IgM antibodies was detected, especially with the O antigens of S. paratyphi A and B. A total of 82 sera from non-typhoidal fevers (leptospirosis, typhus, dengue fever) showed no reactivity in this test. In normal sera there was no detectable IgM to the O antigen of S. typhi and only a small number (3.9%) had low levels of IgM to the H antigen. The significance and potential importance of this simple, sensitive, specific and economical test is discussed.

Matched MeSH terms: Typhoid Fever/immunology*

Fulltext Clinical Characteristics of Patients with Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) in a Teaching Hospital in Malaysia

Ahmad N, Mohd Ali NF, Mohammed Nawi A, Hassan MR, Aizuddin AN, Hod R, et al.

J Infect Dev Ctries, 2021 08 31;15(8):1059-1065.

PMID: 34516411 DOI: 10.3855/jidc.13232

INTRODUCTION: Information on the clinical characteristics of local patients with confirmed COVID-19 is limited. This study aims to report the clinical characteristics of 147 patients admitted and receiving treatment at a teaching hospital.

METHODOLOGY: Patients' socio-demographic and epidemiological data, clinical features, laboratory findings and clinical outcomes were extracted using a data sheet.

RESULTS: The median patient age was 25 [interquartile range (IQR)] 20-44) years, and most of patients were male (68.7%) and of Malaysian nationality (88.4%). Almost half of the patients were from a case cluster related to a religious event (48.3%) and 12.9% had a history of overseas travel. A total of 33.3% of patients were not related to any case cluster, i.e. sporadic cases. Radiological investigation showed that 13.6% of the patients had chest X-ray changes and all laboratory parameters were within the normal ranges. Sixty-six patients (44.9%) experienced symptoms. The most common symptoms were rhinitis (66.7%), followed by fever (19.7%) and cough (15.2%). Age, gender, case cluster, comorbidity status, haemoglobin, albumin, total protein, bilirubin total and alkaline phosphatase level were associated with symptomatic status.

CONCLUSIONS: In this single-centre study, COVID-19 infection led not only to case clusters, but also to sporadic infections, with patients being either symptomatic or asymptomatic. These sporadic cases and asymptomatic patients may hamper effective contact tracing, leading to rapid human-to-human transmission in our population. Future studies on the prevalence and clinical significance of asymptomatic and presymptomatic COVID-19 patients would pre-emptively address issues on further containment of the pandemic.

Matched MeSH terms: Fever/virology

Fulltext A Double Whammy of Mycotic Aneurysms and Acquired Dysfibrinogenemia in a Patient with Septicemia

Sim CY, Khoo CS, Mustafar R, Chai JN

Balkan Med J, 2021 01;38(1):55-56.

PMID: 32720494 DOI: 10.4274/balkanmedj.galenos.2020.2020.5.208

Matched MeSH terms: Fever/etiology

Pathogenicity evaluation of twelve West Nile virus strains belonging to four lineages from five continents in a mouse model: discrimination between three pathogenicity categories

Pérez-Ramírez E, Llorente F, Del Amo J, Fall G, Sall AA, Lubisi A, et al.

J Gen Virol, 2017 Apr;98(4):662-670.

PMID: 28475031 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.000743

Rodent models have been used extensively to study West Nile virus (WNV) infection because they develop severe neurological symptoms similar to those observed in human WNV neuroinvasive disease. Most of this research has focused on old lineage (L) 1 strains, while information about pathogenicity is lacking for the most recent L1 and L2 strains, as well as for newly defined lineages. In this study, 4-week-old Swiss mice were inoculated with a collection of 12 WNV isolates, comprising 10 old and recent L1 and L2 strains, the putative L6 strain from Malaysia and the proposed L7 strain Koutango (KOU). The intraperitoneal inoculation of 10-fold dilutions of each strain allowed the characterization of the isolates in terms of LD50, median survival times, ID50, replication in neural and extraneural tissues and antibody production. Based on these results, we classified the isolates in three groups: high virulence (all L1a strains, recent L2 strains and KOU), moderate virulence (B956 strain) and low virulence (Kunjin and Malaysian isolates). We determined that the inoculation of a single dose of 1000 p.f.u. would be sufficient to classify WNV strains by pathotype. We confirmed the enhanced virulence of the KOU strain with a high capacity to cause rapid systemic infection. We also corroborated that differences in pathogenicity among strains do not correlate with phylogenetic lineage or geographic origin, and confirmed that recent European and African WNV strains belonging to L1 and L2 are highly virulent and do not differ in their pathotype profile compared to the prototype NY99 strain.

Matched MeSH terms: West Nile Fever/virology*

Mechanism of hyperthermia in the interaction between pethidine or imipramine and monoamine oxidase inhibitors

Gong NC, Rogers KJ

Med J Malaysia, 1973 Jun;27(4):280-3.

PMID: 4270786

Matched MeSH terms: Fever/chemically induced*

Beta haemolytic streptococcal carriers among normal schoolchildren

Chen ST, Dugdale AE, Puthucheary SD

Trop Geogr Med, 1972 Sep;24(3):257-64.

PMID: 4636100

Matched MeSH terms: Rheumatic Fever/epidemiology

Fulltext Emerging infectious diseases: Ministry of Health Practice & Planning

Fadzilah Hj. Kamaludin

Journal of Occupational Safety and Health, 2004;1(2):89-91.

MyJurnal

There are disturbing trends of emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases, globally and locally thus giving it a real cause of concern. These include diseases by agents hitherto unknown in human such as Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) and Ebola; those that were purely zoonoses but had now affected man such as bovine spongioform encephalitis (BSE) in United Kingdom and avian influenza in Vietnam and Thailand; those that were thought to be eliminated but reappeared such as plague in India and those that begun to show reverse trends such as tuberculosis (TB) and malaria. Malaysia is no exception. Viral fever EV71, Chinkugunya, Conjunctivitis C24 variant or Nipah encephalitis were local examples of unknown or exotic infectious diseases occurring in recent years. In this age of globalization with expanding air travel and industrial trade, Malaysia is vulnerable to a wide array of new and resurgent infectious diseases. Apart from the direct health consequences on morbidity, mortality and its staggering cost, these infections also have far reaching implications upon sustainable development, psychosocial, economic, political and global security.

Matched MeSH terms: Fever; Hemorrhagic Fever, Ebola

Fulltext Is Ebola a sexually transmitted disease? Implication of Ebola RNA persistence in the semen

Sulaiman WAW, Mat LNI, Hoo FK, Mohamed MH, Lim SMS

J Infect Public Health, 2017 07 27;11(2):299.

PMID: 28757292 DOI: 10.1016/j.jiph.2017.07.015

Matched MeSH terms: Hemorrhagic Fever, Ebola/transmission*

Fulltext Coinfection of leprosy and tuberculosis

Shetty S, Umakanth S, Manandhar B, Nepali PB

BMJ Case Rep, 2018 Mar 15;2018.

PMID: 29545426 DOI: 10.1136/bcr-2017-222352

Leprosy and tuberculosis (TB) are endemic to India, however, their coinfection is not frequently encountered in clinical practice. Here, we report a 32-year-old female patient who presented with a history of high-grade intermittent fever, cough and painless skin lesions since a month, along with bilateral claw hand (on examination). The haematological profile was suggestive of anaemia of chronic disease, chest radiograph showed consolidation, sputum smears were positive for Mycobacterium tuberculosis, and skin slit smear confirmed leprosy. The patient was prescribed WHO recommended multidrug therapy for multibacillary leprosy with three drugs. Additionally, prednisolone was added to her regimen for 2 weeks to treat the type 2 lepra reaction. For treatment of TB, she was placed on the standard 6-month short course chemotherapy. She was lost to follow-up, and attempts were made to contact her. Later, it came to our notice that she had discontinued medications and passed away 3 months after diagnosis.

Matched MeSH terms: Fever/etiology

Fulltext Hayes Yard virus: a novel ephemerovirus isolated from a bull with severe clinical signs of bovine ephemeral fever is most closely related to Puchong virus

Blasdell KR, Davis SS, Voysey R, Bulach DM, Middleton D, Williams S, et al.

Vet Res, 2020 Apr 29;51(1):58.

PMID: 32349781 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-020-00781-1

Bovine ephemeral fever is a vector-borne disease of ruminants that occurs in tropical and sub-tropical regions of Africa, Asia and Australia. The disease is caused by a rhabdovirus, bovine ephemeral fever virus (BEFV), which occurs as a single serotype globally. Although several other closely related ephemeroviruses have been isolated from cattle and/or arthropods, only kotonkan virus from Nigeria and (tentatively) Mavingoni virus from Mayotte Island in the Indian Ocean have been previously associated with febrile disease. Here, we report the isolation of a novel virus (Hayes Yard virus; HYV) from blood collected in February 2000 from a bull (Bos indicus) in the Northern Territory of Australia. The animal was suffering from a severe ephemeral fever-like illness with neurological involvement, including recumbency and paralysis, and was euthanised. Histological examination of spinal cord and lung tissue identified extensive haemorrhage in the dura mata with moderate perineuronal oedema and extensive emphysema. HYV displayed cone-shaped morphology, typical of rhabdoviruses, and was found to be most closely related antigenically to Puchong virus (PUCV), isolated in 1965 from mosquitoes in Malaysia. Analysis of complete genome sequences of HYV (15 025 nt) and PUCV (14 932 nt) indicated that each has a complex organisation (3' N-P-M-G-GNS-α1-α2-β-γ-L 5') and expression strategy, similar to that of BEFV. Based on an alignment of complete L protein sequences, HYV and PUCV cluster with other rhabdoviruses in the genus Ephemerovirus and appear to represent two new species. Neutralising antibody to HYV was also detected in a retrospective survey of cattle sera collected in the Northern Territory.

Matched MeSH terms: Ephemeral Fever/virology

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