A normal health status is highly depends on body weight. Many health problems may occur or impose risk for
extremely obese individuals. Etiopathology of obesity includes interaction of several factors inclusive of
genetic and non-genetic factors such as lifestyle changes. This study aimed to launch Malaysian Obesity
DNA Bank and determine the prevalence of obesity along with anthropometric measurements of the subjects.
The cross-sectional study was conducted on total of 340 subjects (obese = 95, overweight = 122 and normal =
123), aged 19-60 years, in Terengganu. The BMI and well appropriate anthropometric measurements (waist
circumference, hip circumference, waist to hip ratio, fat percentage and ASindex) were determined through
standard protocols and formulae. The mean difference of anthropometrics was determined by independent ttest. Data was analysed using SPSS ver.16.0.0. The BMI was determined for all subjects and it was found that
out of 340 subjects, a total of 95 (27.9%) subjects were obese , followed by a total of 122 (35.8%) subjects
were overweight and normal individuals were 123 (36.1%). The mean of the BMI, WHR, Fat% and ASindex,
in Malay obese were 32.83, 0.88, 33.5 and 13.21 respectively, while in normal healthy individuals were 22.1,
0.78, 24.2 and 20.1 respectively. The difference of mean of BMI, WHR, Fat% and ASindex was calculated to
be 10.73, 0.1, 9.3 and 6.89 respectively. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report in Malaysia,
reporting that this is very first Obesity DNA Bank in South East Asia region and prevalence of obesity in
Terengganu, Malaysia to be 27.9%. In addition, it indicates a significant mean difference for anthropometric
measurements among obese and normal individuals. For Asindex calculations suggest that the prevalence of
genocide obesity is greater 89.9% of android obesity in Malay obese attributes
.
Nurul Mahfuzah Ahmad Yani, Nur Zakirah Zahari, Nur Fatini Haziqah Abu Samah, Muhammad Ammar Faidhi Mohamed Azahar, Siti Munira Yasin, Mohd Shahril Ahmad Saman, et al.
Homelessness continues to exist in our country even though we hear of various initiatives that have been put in place to solve this ongoing issue. The objectives of this study are, first, to explore factors that lead to homelessness, second, to determine the associated medical conditions and third, to shed light on the views of homeless individuals regarding their future perspectives.
Serving raw oysters with lemon juice is a delicacy in many restaurants in
Malaysia. Oysters (Crassostrea virginica) live in the seacoast and they share the same
environment as Vibrio parahaemolyticus. Consumption of raw oysters contaminated with V.
parahaemolyticus can lead to severe gastroenteritis. A study was performed to determine
whether lemon (Citrus limon) juice is able to inhibit the growth of V. parahaemolyticus after
being inoculated in raw oysters. Methods: Frozen oysters bought from a local supplier
weighing 6 g each were minced and placed in two bottles using sterile technique.
Approximately 1 ml of 107 CFU of V. parahaemolyticus (ATCC strain 17802) was added and
mixed in both bottles. The mixture was treated with 1 ml of lemon juice in only one of the
bottles and the other bottle served as a control. At every 30 s intervals for 2 min, 1 g of the
sample was taken for enumeration of viable cells onto thiosulphate citrate bile salt sucrose
(TCBS). Results: After 30 s of treatment with the lemon juice, it was observed that the
number of colonies in the treated samples reduced from 7 Log to 3 Log. Subsequently, no
viable V. parahaemolyticus was seen. It was also observed that there were 3 Log reductions
of V. parahaemolyticus after 30 s in untreated samples, however the number of colonies
remained stable until the end of the experiment. Conclusion: This study therefore shows
that lemon juice has some antimicrobial effect on V. parahaemolyticus in raw oysters.
This article describes the preparation of titanium dioxide (TiO2) hollow fiber membrane using phase inversion and sintering technique. In this study, nano-sized TiO2 powders with different particle sizes were used to prepare ceramic hollow fiber membranes. In a series of preparation steps, a dispersant was dissolved in organic solvent before the addition of ceramic powders. These steps were followed by the addition of polymer binder. The membrane precursor was obtained by extruding the ceramic suspension into a coagulation bath, which enabled the precipitation of the precursor of ceramic hollow fiber membrane. The dried precursor was later sintered at temperatures ranging from 1200 to 1300oC to obtain TiO2 hollow fiber membrane. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used to study the morphology of TiO2 hollow fiber membrane. The SEM images show the membrane can be shaped into asymmetric structure and symmetric structure based on the ceramic suspension compositions. The highest mechanical strength obtained was 223 MPa when the membrane prepared using 20 wt. % ceramic loading of single nano-sized powder and sintered at 1300oC. TiO2 hollow fiber membrane prepared using similar ceramic loading showed high permeation rate of inert gas. High pure water fluxes were obtained when permeability tests was carried out using TiO2 hollow fiber membrane, prepared using mixture of nano-sized particles, even though its cross-section have a sponge-like structure.
In this study, graphene-on-silicon process technology was developed to fabricate a power rectifier Schottky diode for efficiency improvement in high operating temperature. Trench-MOS-Barrier-Schottky (TMBS) diode structure was used to enhance the device performance. The main objective of this research was to study the effect of reduced graphene oxide (RGO) deposited on silicon surface for Schottky barrier formation and heat transfer in Schottky junction. The study showed RGO deposited on silicon as a heat spreader could help to reduce the effect of heat generated in the Schottky junction that leads to a leakage current reduction and efficiency improvement in the device. With comparison to the conventional metal silicide (titanium silicide and cobalt silicide), the leakage reduced by two-orders of magnitude when tested under high operating temperature (>100°C). TMBS rectifier diode that uses graphene-based heat spreader could produce highly reliable product able to withstand high temperature operating condition.
Islam merupakan satu agama yang menitikberatkan kesihatan manusia termasuklah sistem pencernaan manusia. Najis
(tinja) manusia yang dibincangkan dalam kajian ini merupakan hasil buangan manusia yang menjadi salah satu kaedah
untuk melihat sudut kesihatan manusia. Objektif penyelidikan ini ialah untuk mengkaji fizikokimia dan ciri-ciri najis
serta kegunaannya daripada perspektif sains dan sudut pandangan Islam terutamanya mengenai diet yang diamalkan
oleh Rasulullah SAW. Kajian ini dijalankan dengan menggunakan ulasan literatur secara deskriptif. Kajian mendapati
bahawa sistem pencernaan merupakan satu sistem yang rumit. Tinja terdiri daripada 75% air dan 25% bahan pepejal
serta ciri-ciri tinja seperti bentuk, warna dan bau memberi kesan kepada kesihatan manusia. Daripada sudut Islam
warna, bau dan rasa tinja merupakan perkara asas yang dititikberatkan semasa proses pembersihan najis terutamanya
bagi memulakan sesuatu ibadah. Selain itu, diet, senaman, umur dan jantina merupakan faktor-faktor yang membezakan
jenis tinja bagi setiap individu. Malah, kajian ini juga merungkai beberapa alternatif yang kini diguna pakai bagi
mengurus najis-najis manusia dalam menjamin kesihatan dan pemeliharaan alam sekitar. Kajian ini kemudiannya
mengupas diet makanan-makanan sunnah yang terdapat di dalam Al-Quran dan hadis yang terbukti kaya dengan serat
dan sihat untuk manusia terutamanya bagi sistem pencernaan manusia. Oleh itu, najis (tinja) manusia daripada sudut
sains mampu menggambarkan kesihatan seseorang dan amalan diet makanan-makanan sunnah sangat baik dalam
memelihara sistem pencernaan manusia.
Mekanisme pengambilan dan penghasilan asid amino bagi mikroorganisma psikrofil yang bermandiri dan berpoliferasi
pada persekitaran sejuk melampau masih belum difahami sepenuhnya. Objektif kajian ini ialah untuk mengenal pasti
gen yang terlibat dalam penjanaan asid amino bagi yis psikrofil, Glaciozyma antarctica serta menentukan pengekspresan
gen tersebut semasa kehadiran dan kekurangan asid amino dalam medium pertumbuhan. Pengenalpastian gen telah
dilakukan melalui penjanaan penanda jujukan terekspres (ESTs) daripada dua perpustakaan cDNA yang dibina daripada
sel yang dikultur dalam medium pertumbuhan kompleks dan medium pertumbuhan minimum tanpa asid amino. Sebanyak
3552 klon cDNA daripada setiap perpustakaan dipilih secara rawak untuk dijujuk menghasilkan 1492 transkrip unik
(medium kompleks) dan 1928 transkrip unik (medium minimum). Analisis pemadanan telah mengenl pasti gen mengekod
protein yang terlibat di dalam pengambilan asid amino bebas, biosintesis asid amino serta gen yang terlibat dengan
kitar semula asid amino berdasarkan tapak jalan yang digunakan oleh yis model, Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Analisis
pengekspresan gen menggunakan kaedah RT-qPCR menunjukkan pengekspresan gen mengekod protein yang terlibat di
dalam pengambilan asid amino bebas iaitu permease adalah tinggi pada medium kompleks manakala pengekspresan
kebanyakan gen mengekod protein yang terlibat dalam kitar semula dan biosintesis asid amino adalah tinggi di dalam
medium minimum. Kesimpulannya, gen yang terlibat dalam penjanaan dan pengambilan asid amino bagi mikroorganisma
psikrofil adalah terpulihara seperti mikroorganisma mesofil dan pengekspresan gen-gen ini adalah diaruh oleh kehadiran
atau ketiadaan asid amino bebas pada persekitaran.
Muhammad Qadri Effendy Mubarak, Siti Hajar Mohamad Jufri, Shikh Mohd Shahrul Nizan Shikh Zahar, Mohd Sahaid Kalil, Aidil Abdul Hamid, Mohd Hafez Mohd Isa
A kinetic model of bacterial growth and metabolite production can adequately explain the trends and interaction of important parameters in a fermentation process. Production of surfactin by two bacterial strains, namely, Bacillus subtilis MSH1 and Bacillus subtilis ATCC 21322, in a 5 L bioreactor was investigated using Cooper’s media with 4% (v/v) glucose. The present kinetic study was carried out in order to determine the correlation between microbial cell growth, surfactin production and glucose consumption. Batch fermentation was performed by cultivation of each selected strain in a bioreactor at 30°C for 55 h. The experimental results showed production of surfactin in the culture medium after 5 and 10 h of incubation for B. subtilis ATCC 21332 and B. subtilis MSH1, respectively, at which the bacterial cells were at an early stage of the log phase. The maximum concentration of surfactin (Pmax) achieved by B. subtilis MSH1 and B. subtilis ATCC 21332 was 226.17 and 447.26 mg/L, respectively. The kinetic study of bacterial cell growth of both strains indicated that B. subtilis MSH1 had a specific growth rate (μmax) of 0.224 h-1 and attained a maximum biomass concentration (Xmax) as high as 2.90 g/L after 28 h of fermentation, while B. subtilis ATCC 21332, with μmax of 0.087 h-1, attained an Xmax of 2.62 g/L after 45 h of incubation. B. subtilis MSH1 showed higher growth kinetics, thus exhibited higher values of μmax and Xmax compared with B. subtilis ATCC 21332 under identical fermentation conditions. The Pmax achieved by B. subtilis ATCC 21332 was 447.26 mg/L, two times higher than that achieved by B. subtilis MSH1 (226.17 mg/L). The results obtained provide kinetics information including values of Pmax, μmax and Xmax for better understanding of interactions of bacterial cell growth and glucose consumption towards surfactin production by a commercial strain of B. subtilis ATCC 21332 and a local isolate of B. subtilis MSH1
Air liur berpotensi menjadi punca DNA yang mudah diambil bagi kajian klinikal kerana tidak invasif berbanding sampel darah. Kajian ini dijalankan untuk memencilkan dan menulenkan DNA genom daripada sampel air liur manusia serta mengkaji kesan penyimpanan terhadap kualiti DNA genom. Sampel air liur (n=5) disimpan dalam penimbal Tris-NaCl EDTA (TNE) pada suhu bilik (25°C) mengikut tempoh masa yang ditetapkan iaitu, segar (tanpa penyimpanan), 1,2,3 dan 4 bulan. Pemencilan dan penulenan DNA dilakukan menggunakan kaedah fenol-kloroform. Seterusnya, PCR telah dijalankan untuk mengetahui ketulenan DNA yang diekstrak menggunakan amplifikasi pada kawasan jujukan beta-globin dan mengenal pasti kehadiran bakteria melalui jujukan yang mengekod 16S rDNA. Keputusan menunjukkan fragmen DNA gen beta-globin manusia hanya berjaya diamplifikasi daripada sampel segar. Sampel air liur yang disimpan dalam penimbal TNE pada suhu bilik tidak mampu menstabilkan DNA genom manusia untuk jangka masa lama dan hanya berkesan untuk tempoh yang singkat iaitu, kurang daripada 1 bulan. Kesimpulannya, hanya sampel air liur segar sahaja yang berupaya memencil DNA genom.
Titanium dioxide (TiO2
) nanorods and nanoparticles had been successfully done by hydrothermal method and spray
pyrolysis deposition technique, respectively. Form XRD results, crystallite structure for TiO2
nanorods is rutile phase
at 2θ degree 27.5° which corresponded to [110] orientation. Whereas, TiO2
nanoparticles produced anatase phase at
2θ degree 25.3° which corresponded to [110] plane. The structure of nanorods and nanoparticles were characterized
using FESEM. The size of nanorods was in the range of 80 to 100 nm. While, the nanoparticles size was ranging from
25 to 35 nm. The HeLa cells were grown on those TiO2
and were observed under fluorescence microscope. The cells
showed healthy sign of growth on TiO2
nanorods and nanoparticles substrates. Thus, TiO2
nanorods and nanoparticles
are biocompatible to HeLa cells.
Farah Fadwa Benbelgacem, Oualid Abdelkader Bellag, Adibah Parman, Ibrahim Ali Noorbatcha, Mohd Noor Mat Isa, Muhammad Alfatih Muddathir Abdelrahim, et al.
Metagenomic DNA library from palm oil mill effluent (POME) was constructed and subjected to high-throughput screening
to find genes encoding cellulose- and xylan-degrading enzymes. DNA of 30 positive fosmid clones were sequenced with next
generation sequencing technology and the raw data (short insert-paired) was analyzed with bioinformatic tools. First,
the quality of 64,821,599 reverse and forward sequences of 101 bp length raw data was tested using Fastqc and SOLEXA.
Then, raw data filtering was carried out by trimming low quality values and short reads and the vector sequences were
removed and again the output was checked and the trimming was repeated until a high quality read sets was obtained.
The second step was the de novo assembly of sequences to reconstruct 2900 contigs following de Bruijn graph algorithm.
Pre-assembled contigs were arranged in order, the distances between contigs were identified and oriented with SSPACE,
where 2139 scaffolds have been reconstructed. 16,386 genes have been identified after gene prediction using Prodigal
and putative ID assignment with Blastp vs NR protein. The acceptable strategy to handle metagenomic NGS-data in order
to detect known and potentially unknown genes is presented and we showed the computational efficiency of de Bruijn
graph algorithm of de novo assembly to 21 bioprospect genes encoding cellulose-degrading enzymes and 6 genes
encoding xylan-degrading enzymes of 30.3% to 100% identity percentage.
Microbial production of natural products using metabolic engineering and synthetic biology approaches often involves
the assembly of multiple gene fragments including regulatory elements, especially when using eukaryotes as hosts.
Traditional cloning strategy using restriction enzyme digestion and ligation are laborious and inflexible owing to the
high number of sequential cloning steps, limited cutting sites and generation of undesired ‘scar’ sequences. In this study,
a homology-based isothermal DNA assembly method was carried out for one-step simultaneous assembly of multiple DNA
fragments to engineer plant phenylpropanoid biosynthesis in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Rapid construction of yeast
plasmid harboring dual gene expression cassettes was achieved via isothermal assembly of four DNA fragments designed
with 20 bp overlapping sequences. The rate-limiting enzyme of phenylpropanoid pathway, cinnamate 4-hydroxylase
encoded by C4H gene from Polygonum minus was cloned in tandem with yeast promoter and terminator elements of S.
cerevisiae for efficient construction of phenylpropanoid biosynthetic pathway in recombinant yeast. The assembled pAGCAT (C4H-ADH1t-TEF1p) shuttle plasmid and transformation of S. cerevisiae with the plant C4H gene were confirmed
via PCR analysis. Based on these findings, the yeast shuttle plasmid harboring P. minus phenylpropanoid biosynthesis
gene was efficiently constructed to be the starting platform for the production of plant natural products in geneticallyengineered S. cerevisiae.
Cephradine belongs to the first generation cephalosporin having a broad range of anti-bacterial activities. In the
present work, Cephradine wasreacted with different metal salts. These metal salts were Iron, Copper, Cobalt and Nickel
salts. All the complexes of Cephradine metals were synthesized at room temperature using a mechanical vibrator.
The reactions yielded the coordinated complexes within 5-10 min with improved product yield. The synthesized
complexes were analyzed for their antibacterial power using disc diffused assay. All the Cephradine complexes showed
powerful antibacterial activity. The Co, Cu, Ni and Sn complexes showed good antibacterial activities 18.5 mm by Cu
complexes against S. typhi, 17 mm against B. subtillus 16.5 mm against S. aureus, 16 mm against S. coccus. Similarly
Sn complexes exhibited 17 mm zone of inhibition against S. coccus and 15.5 mm against B. subtillus. Cobalt and Ni
complexes also shed significant inhibition activities against bacterial pathogenic bacterial strains. The study is of
particular importance and new, using mechanical vibrator for the first time. The product yield is also comparatively
good with short reaction time.
Oxidation of p-Cresol was investigated by using ozonation process. The aim of this research is to assess the effectiveness
of ozonation on oxidation of micropollutant such as p-Cresol. Ozonation performance was evaluated based on p-Cresol
concentration reduction and chemical oxidation demand (COD) reduction. It was found ozonation at pH11 achieved
the highest p-Cresol degradation, with 95.8% of p-Cresol reduced and 96.0% of COD reduced, for an initial 50 mgL-1
of p-Cresol. The degradation of p-Cresol could be expressed by second-order of kinetic model. The second-order rate
constant k increases as the initial pH increased, but decreases with the increasing of initial p-Cresol concentrations.
Besides, the absorption spectra of p-Cresol over ozonation time were analyzed by spectrophotometry. The evolution of
absorption spectra of p-Cresol degradation suggests that the oxidation of p-Cresol follows three stages mechanisms
with cycloaddition as the first step to produce aromatic intermediates followed by ring-opening reactions, degradation
of the intermediates, and subsequently achieved mineralization.
The stability of the limestone cliff at Gunung Kandu, Gopeng, Perak, Malaysia was assessed based on the Slope Mass
Rating (SMR) system on 53 cross sections of the Gunung Kandu hill slopes. The slopes of Gunung Kandu were identified
as class I (very good) to IV (poor). The kinematic analysis showed that 12 out of 53 hill slopes of Gunung Kandu were
identified as having potential wedge, planar and toppling failures. The assessment showed that the stability of the western
flanks can be classified as stable to unstable with the probability of failure from 0.2 to 0.6. The stability of the eastern and
southern flanks range from very stable to partially stable with the probability of failure from 0.0 to 0.4. While the stability
of northern flanks are from very stable to stable with the probability of failure of 0.0 - 0.2. This systematic approach
offers a practical method especially for large area of rock slope stability assessment and the results from probability of
failure values will help engineers to design adequate mitigation measures.
The increased use of health care services by elderly has placed greater pressure to an already strained health care resources. Thus, an accurate economic cost estimation for specific age-related diseases like dementia is essential. The objectives of this project are to estimate costs of treating patient dementia among Malaysian elderly in the hospital settings. Two types of data were collected: Hospital costing data (using costing template) and patient clinical data (using questionaire). The cost analysis for hospital setting was carried out using a step-down costing methodology. The costing template was used to organize costing data into three levels of cost centers in hospitals: overhead cost centers (e.g. administration, consumables, maintenance), intermediate cost centers (e.g. pharmacy, radiology), and final cost centers (all wards and clinics). In estimating the cost for each cost center, both capital cost (building, equipment and furniture cost) and recurrent cost (staff salary and recurrent cost except salary) were combined. Information on activities which reflects the workload such as discharges, inpatient days, number of visit, floor space etc., are gathered to determine an appropriate allocation factor. In addition, for each final cost center, the fully allocated costs are then divided by the total unit of in-patient days to obtain the cost of providing services on a per-patient per-day of stay basis, referred as unit cost. The unit cost is finally multiplied with the individual patient’s length of stay to obtain the cost of care per patient per admission. All these steps were simplified by using the Clinical Cost Modeling Software Version 3.0 (CCM Ver. 3.0). The mean cost of dementia cases per episode of care was RM 12,806 (SD=10,389) with the length of stay of 14.3 (SD=9.9) days per admission. The top three components of cost for the treatment of dementia were the ward services 8,040 (SD=7,512), 62.78% of the total cost, followed by the pharmacy 1,312(SD=1,098), 10.25% of the total cost and Intensive Care Unit 979 (SD=961), 7.64% of the total cost. A multivariable analysis using multiple linear regressions showed that factors which significantly influence (p<0.05) the treatment costs of dementia cases were the length of stay (p<0.001), followed by age (p=0.001), case type severe (p=0.005) and study location (p=0.032). However, the factor length of stay is the tremendous parameter. In conclusion, data collection from selected hospitals as well as patient level data from medical record unit were successfully used to estimate the provider costs of hospital for the elderly with dementia disease. Results from the project will enable an assessment on the economic impact and consequences of cognitive impairment in an aged population. A cost quantification and distributive mapping of the burden of care can assist in policy implementation through targeted intervention for at-risk groups, which will translate into savings by means of delayed onset or progression of dementia.
The use of photoplethysmography (PPG) as one of cardiovascular disease (CVD) marker has got more attention due to
its simplicity, noninvasive and portable characteristics. Two new markers had been developed from PPG namely PPG
fitness index (PPGF) and vascular risk prediction index (VPRI). The aim of the present study was to compare PPGF level
between young women with and without CVD risk factors, to investigate the relationship between PPGF with other CVD
markers and to assess the sensitivity of VRPI in classifying young women that have CVD risk factors. A total of 148 young
women aged 20-40 years old with and without CVD risk factors were involved in this study. CVD risk factors comprised of
abdominal obesity, hypertension, dyslipidemia, smoking and family history of premature CVD. Subjects were categorized
into healthy or having CVD risk factor. Measurements taken were anthropometric data, blood pressure, lipid profile,
pulse wave velocity (PWV), augmentation index (AIx), high sensitivity C-Reactive Protein (hs-CRP), PPGF and VRPI. SPSS
version 20 was used for data analysis with p<0.05 as significant value. The mean subjects’ age was 29.97±5.27 years
old. There was no difference in PPGF level between groups (p>0.05). PPGF was independently determined by PWV (β=-
0.31, p<0.001) and height (β=0.16, p=0.04). VRPI had 77.9% sensitivity in identifying subjects with CVD risk factor. In
conclusion, PPGF correlates with PWV and has potential to be an indicator of aortic stiffness while VRPI is sensitive to
classify those with CVD risk factor.
Currently, there is no effective therapy for non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), although intensive calorie restriction is typically recommended but dietary adherence is an issue. The current study aimed to determine the effectiveness and adherence of eight weeks of modified alternate-day calorie restriction (MACR) in the control of NAFLD activity. This was a randomized controlled trial with MACR as the intervention and normal habitual diet as control. The outcome measures were body mass index (BMI), blood lipids, fasting blood sugar (FBS), liver enzymes (ALT and AST), and ultrasonographic measurements of liver steatosis and shear wave elastography (SWE). Per-protocol (PP) and intention-to-treat (ITT) analysis were performed within and between-groups with P 0.22). Both liver steatosis grades and fibrosis (SWE) scores were reduced in between-group analyses of MACR vs. controls (PP and ITT, all P
Chronic pain is a devastating condition affecting the physical, psychological, and socioeconomic status of the patient. Inflammation and immunometabolism play roles in the pathophysiology of chronic pain disorders. Electrical neuromodulation approaches have shown a meaningful success in otherwise drug-resistant chronic pain conditions, including failed back surgery, neuropathic pain, and migraine. A literature review (PubMed, MEDLINE/OVID, SCOPUS, and manual searches of the bibliographies of known primary and review articles) was performed using the following search terms: chronic pain disorders, systemic inflammation, immunometabolism, prediction, biomarkers, metabolic disorders, and neuromodulation for chronic pain. Experimental studies indicate a relationship between the development and maintenance of chronic pain conditions and a deteriorated immunometabolic state mediated by circulating cytokines, chemokines, and cellular components. A few uncontrolled in-human studies found increased levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines known to drive metabolic disorders in chronic pain patients undergoing neurostimulation therapies. In this narrative review, we summarize the current knowledge and possible relationships of available neurostimulation therapies for chronic pain with mediators of central and peripheral neuroinflammation and immunometabolism on a molecular level. However, to address the needs for predictive factors and biomarkers, large-scale databank driven clinical trials are needed to determine the clinical value of molecular profiling.
In the designed research work, a series of 2-furoyl piperazine based sulfonamide derivatives were synthesized as therapeutic agents to target the Alzheimer's disease. The structures of the newly synthesized compounds were characterized through spectral analysis and their inhibitory potential was evaluated against butyrylcholinesterase (BChE). The cytotoxicity of these sulfonamides was also ascertained through hemolysis of bovine red blood cells. Furthermore, compounds were inspected by Lipinki Rule and their binding profiles against BChE were discerned by molecular docking. The protein fluctuations in docking complexes were recognized by dynamic simulation. From our in vitro and in silico results 5c, 5j and 5k were identified as promising lead compounds for the treatment of targeted disease.