METHODOLOGY: This cross sectional study on tibiofemoral angle was conducted among 160 normal healthy children using clinical measurement method. The children between 2 18 months to 6 years old were assigned to 5 specific age groups of 32 children with equal sex distribution.

RESULT: This study had shown a good inter-observer reliability of tibiofemoral angle measurement with intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) of 0.87 with narrow margin of 95% confident interval (95% CI: 0.73, 0.94). The mean tibiofemoral angle for children at 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 and 6 years old were 2.25° (SD=0.53), 8.73° (SD=0.95), 7.53° (SD=1.40), 7.27° (SD=1.14) and 6.72° (SD=0.98) respectively. The age when they achieved maximum valgus tibiofemoral angle was 3 years old. The maximum mean (SD) tibiofemoral angle for boys, girls and all children were 8.91° (SD=1.17), 8.56° (SD=0.62) and 8.73° (SD=0.95)respectively. The mean tibiofemoral angle showed no statistically significant difference between girls and boys except for the 5-year-old group, in which the mean TF angle for girls was 7.560 (SD=0.95) and for the boys was 6.970 (SD=1.26) with p-value of 0.037.

OBJECTIVE: This study aims to evaluate efficacy of using a bismuth breast shield and optimized scanning parameter to reduce breast absorbed doses from CT thorax examination.

METHODS: Five protocols comprising the standard CT thorax clinical protocol (CP1) and four modified protocols (CP2 to CP5) were applied in anthropomorphic phantom scans. The phantom was configured as a female by placing a breast component on the chest. The breast component was divided into four quadrants, where 2 thermoluminescence dosimeters (TLD-100) were inserted into each quadrant to measure the absorbed dose. The bismuth shield was placed over the breast component during CP4 and CP5 scans.

RESULTS: The pattern of absorbed doses in each breast and quadrant were approximately the same for all protocols, where the 4th quadrant > 3rd quadrant > 2nd quadrant > 1st quadrant. The mean absorbed dose value in CP3 was reduced to almost 34% of CP1's mean absorbed dose. It was reduced even lower to 15% of CP1's mean absorbed dose when the breast shield was used in CP5.

Methods: Twenty-two patients (11 males and 11 females; mean age 19.18 ± 2.00 years) having Angle's Class II division 1 malocclusion needing bilateral extractions of maxillary first bicuspids were recruited for this split-mouth randomized clinical trial. After the initial stage of alignment and leveling with contemporary edgewise MBT (McLaughlin-Bennett-Trevisi) prescription brackets (Ortho Organizers, Carlsbad, Calif) of 22 mil, followed by extractions of premolars bilaterally, 6 mm nickel-titanium spring was used to retract the canines separately by applying 150 g force on 0.019 × 0.025-in stainless steel working archwires. LIPUS (1.1 MHz frequency and 30 mW/cm2 intensity output) was applied for 20 minutes extraorally and reapplied after 3 weeks for 2 more successive visits over the root of maxillary canine on the experimental side whereas the other side was placebo. A numerical rating scale- (NRS-) based questionnaire was given to the patients on each visit to record their weekly pain experience. Impressions were also made at each visit before the application of LIPUS (T1, T2, and T3). Models were scanned with a CAD/CAM scanner (Planmeca, Helsinki, Finland). Mann-Whitney U test was applied for comparison of canine movement and pain intensity between both the groups.

Results: No significant difference in the rate of canine movement was found among the experimental (0.90 mm ± 0.33 mm) and placebo groups (0.81 mm ± 0.32 mm). There was no difference in pain reduction between experimental and placebo groups (p > 0.05).

OBJECTIVE: Use dietary diversity data to explore consumption patterns of fish and high-quality food items within the household and examine factors associated with delayed introduction of fish to infants and young children.

METHODS: Cross-sectional survey of 496 households with children <36 months participating in the Aquaculture for Income and Nutrition project in Bangladesh. Data collected included household characteristics, women's dietary diversity score, and minimum dietary diversity score along with data on Infant and Young Child Feeding practices.

RESULTS: Most children (63.4%) met the threshold for minimum dietary diversity. Despite having received extensive nutrition education related to including fish in complementary foods, only half of the caretakers introduced fish at 6 months and the mean age of introduction of small fish was 8.7 months. Meat and fish were not common in infant diets but increased with child age. Concerns about bones were a major barrier to incorporating fish into infant diets.

METHODS: Images of 31 adult patients who underwent CTPA examinations in our institution from March to April 2019 were retrospectively collected. Other data, such as scanning parameters, radiation dose and body habitus information from the subjects were also recorded. Six different levels of IR were applied to the volume data of the subjects. Five circles of the region of interest (ROI) were drawn in five different arteries namely, pulmonary trunk, right pulmonary artery, left pulmonary artery, ascending aorta and descending aorta. The mean Signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) was obtained, and the FOM was calculated in a fraction of the SNR2 divided by volume-weighted CT dose index (CTDIvol) and SNR2 divided by the size-specific dose estimates (SSDE).