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Fulltext Dengue patients exhibit higher levels of PrM and E antibodies than their asymptomatic counterparts

Yeo AS, Rathakrishnan A, Wang SM, Ponnampalavanar S, Manikam R, Sathar J, et al.

Biomed Res Int, 2015;2015:420867.
PMID: 25815314 DOI: 10.1155/2015/420867

Dengue virus infection is a common tropical disease which often occurs without being detected. These asymptomatic cases provide information in relation to the manifestation of immunological aspects. In this study, we developed an ELISA method to compare neutralizing effects of dengue prM and E antibodies between dengue patients and their asymptomatic household members. Recombinant D2 premembrane (prM) was constructed, cloned, and tested for antigenicity. The recombinant protein was purified and tested with controls by using an indirect ELISA method. Positive dengue serum samples with their asymptomatic pair were then carried out onto the developed ELISA. In addition, commercially available recombinant envelope (E) protein was used to develop an ELISA which was tested with the same set of serum samples in the prM ELISA. Asymptomatic individuals showed preexisting heterotypic neutralizing antibodies. The recombinant prM was antigenically reactive in the developed ELISA. Dengue patients had higher prM and E antibodies compared to their household members. Our study highlights the neutralizing antibodies levels with respect to dengue prM and E between dengue patients and asymptomatic individuals.

Matched MeSH terms: Antibodies, Viral/immunology*
Isolation of Nipah virus from Malaysian Island flying-foxes

Chua KB, Koh CL, Hooi PS, Wee KF, Khong JH, Chua BH, et al.

Microbes Infect., 2002 Feb;4(2):145-51.
PMID: 11880045

In late 1998, Nipah virus emerged in peninsular Malaysia and caused fatal disease in domestic pigs and humans and substantial economic loss to the local pig industry. Surveillance of wildlife species during the outbreak showed neutralizing antibodies to Nipah virus mainly in Island flying-foxes (Pteropus hypomelanus) and Malayan flying-foxes (Pteropus vampyrus) but no virus reactive with anti-Nipah virus antibodies was isolated. We adopted a novel approach of collecting urine from these Island flying-foxes and swabs of their partially eaten fruits. Three viral isolates (two from urine and one from a partially eaten fruit swab) that caused Nipah virus-like syncytial cytopathic effect in Vero cells and stained strongly with Nipah- and Hendra-specific antibodies were isolated. Molecular sequencing and analysis of the 11,200-nucleotide fragment representing the beginning of the nucleocapsid gene to the end of the glycoprotein gene of one isolate confirmed the isolate to be Nipah virus with a sequence deviation of five to six nucleotides from Nipah virus isolated from humans. The isolation of Nipah virus from the Island flying-fox corroborates the serological evidence that it is one of the natural hosts of the virus.

Matched MeSH terms: Antibodies, Viral/immunology
Immunological characterization of rice tungro spherical virus coat proteins and differentiation of isolates from the Philippines and India

Druka A, Burns T, Zhang S, Hull R

J Gen Virol, 1996 Aug;77 ( Pt 8):1975-83.
PMID: 8760450

Rice tungro spherical virus (RTSV) has an RNA genome of more than 12 kb with various features which classify it as a plant picornavirus. The capsid comprises three coat protein (CP) species, CP1, CP2 and CP3, with predicted molecular masses of 22.5, 22.0 and 33 kDa, respectively, which are cleaved from a polyprotein. In order to obtain information on the properties of these proteins, each was expressed in E. coli, purified as a fusion to the maltose-binding protein and used for raising a polyclonal antiserum. CP1, CP2 and CP3 with the expected molecular masses were detected specifically in virus preparations. CP3 is probably the major antigenic determinant on the surface of RTSV particles, as was shown by ELISA, Western blotting and immunogold electron microscopy using antisera obtained against whole virus particles and to each CP separately. In some cases, especially in crude extracts, CP3 antiserum detected several other proteins (40-42 kDa), which could be products of CP3 post-translational modification. No serological differences were detected between the three CPs from isolates from the Philippines, Thailand, Malaysia and India. The CP3-related 40-42 kDa proteins of the Indian RTSV isolate have a slightly higher electrophoretic mobility (42-44 kDa) and a different response to cellulolytic enzyme preparations, which allows them to be differentiated from south-east Asian isolates.

Matched MeSH terms: Antibodies, Viral/immunology
Evaluation of a capture screening enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for combined determination of immunoglobulin M and G antibodies produced during Dengue infection

Kit Lam S, Lan Ew C, Mitchell JL, Cuzzubbo AJ, Devine PL

Clin Diagn Lab Immunol, 2000 Sep;7(5):850-2.
PMID: 10973469

A commercially available enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) (PanBio Dengue Screening ELISA) that utilized both immunoglobulin M (IgM) and IgG capture in the same microtiter well for the diagnosis of dengue infection was evaluated. Sensitivity in primary and secondary dengue was 95%, while specificity was 94%.

Matched MeSH terms: Antibodies, Viral/immunology
Vaccines to Emerging Viruses: Nipah and Hendra

Amaya M, Broder CC

Annu Rev Virol, 2020 09 29;7(1):447-473.
PMID: 32991264 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-virology-021920-113833

Hendra virus (HeV) and Nipah virus (NiV) are bat-borne zoonotic para-myxoviruses identified in the mid- to late 1990s in outbreaks of severe disease in livestock and people in Australia and Malaysia, respectively. HeV repeatedly re-emerges in Australia while NiV continues to cause outbreaks in South Asia (Bangladesh and India), and these viruses have remained transboundary threats. In people and several mammalian species, HeV and NiV infections present as a severe systemic and often fatal neurologic and/or respiratory disease. NiV stands out as a potential pandemic threat because of its associated high case-fatality rates and capacity for human-to-human transmission. The development of effective vaccines, suitable for people and livestock, against HeV and NiV has been a research focus. Here, we review the progress made in NiV and HeV vaccine development, with an emphasis on those approaches that have been tested in established animal challenge models of NiV and HeV infection and disease.

Matched MeSH terms: Antibodies, Viral/immunology
Fulltext The importance of breastfeeding in rotaviral diarrhoeas

Prameela KK, Vijaya LR

Malays J Nutr, 2012 Apr;18(1):103-11.
PMID: 23713234 MyJurnal

Globally, rotaviral vaccines in use today have contributed to the reduction of the incidence of rotaviral diarrhoeas. Despite the substantial protection conferred by the current vaccines against the rotaviral strains, it is only prudent to recognise that other protective factors, like breastfeeding, also provide some degree of protection against this disease. This article has attempted to review some important mechanisms of protection in breast milk against the rotaviruses and highlight the oft forgotten non-immunoglobulin fraction in breast milk as an additional tool of protection against rotavirus disease. The adaptive capacity of breast milk to environment is another compelling reason to continue breastfeeding as it can usefully complement and be significant in the use of many vaccines. Vital immunoprotective constituents in breast milk beneficially protect the infant by initiating and strengthening many immune responses and should be borne in mind as essential tools of defence even in an era where vaccines play a pivotal role in the combat against certain diseases. It is impressive that besides nutritive advantages, the suckling infant enjoys appreciable immunoprotection via exclusive breastfeeding.

Matched MeSH terms: Antibodies, Viral/immunology
Fulltext Development of an Indirect ELISA and Dot-Blot Assay for Serological Detection of Rice Tungro Disease

Henry Sum MS, Yee SF, Eng L, Poili E, Lamdin J

Biomed Res Int, 2017;2017:3608042.
PMID: 29201901 DOI: 10.1155/2017/3608042

Rice tungro disease (RTD) is one of the most destructive diseases of rice in South and Southeast Asia. RTD is routinely detected based on visual observation of the plant. However, it is not always easy to identify the disease in the field as it is often confused with other diseases or physiological disorders. Here we report the development of two serological based assays for ease of detection of RTD. In this study we had developed and optimized an indirect ELISA and dot-blot assay for detection of RTD. The efficiency of both assays was evaluated by comparing the specificity and sensitivity of the assays to PCR assay using established primer sets. The indirect ELISA showed 97.5% and 96.6%, while the dot-blot assay showed 97.5% and 86.4% sensitivity and specificity, respectively, when compared to established PCR method. The high sensitivity and specificity of the two assays merit the use of both assays as alternative methods to diagnose RTD. Furthermore, the dot-blot assay is a simple, robust, and rapid diagnostic assay that is suitable for field test for it does not require any specialized equipment. This is a great advantage for diagnosing RTD in paddy fields, especially in the rural areas.

Matched MeSH terms: Antibodies, Viral/immunology
Purification and characterization of Nipah virus nucleocapsid protein produced in insect cells

Eshaghi M, Tan WS, Ong ST, Yusoff K

J Clin Microbiol, 2005 Jul;43(7):3172-7.
PMID: 16000431

The nucleocapsid (N) protein of Nipah virus (NiV) is a major constituent of the viral proteins which play a role in encapsidation, regulating the transcription and replication of the viral genome. To investigate the use of a fusion system to aid the purification of the recombinant N protein for structural studies and potential use as a diagnostic reagent, the NiV N gene was cloned into the pFastBacHT vector and the His-tagged fusion protein was expressed in Sf9 insect cells by recombinant baculovirus. Western blot analysis of the recombinant fusion protein with anti-NiV antibodies produced a band of approximately 62 kDa. A time course study showed that the highest level of expression was achieved after 3 days of incubation. Electron microscopic analysis of the NiV recombinant N fusion protein purified on a nickel-nitrilotriacetic acid resin column revealed different types of structures, including spherical, ring-like, and herringbone-like particles. The light-scattering measurements of the recombinant N protein also confirmed the polydispersity of the sample with hyrdrodynamic radii of small and large types. The optical density spectra of the purified recombinant fusion protein revealed a high A(260)/A(280) ratio, indicating the presence of nucleic acids. Western blotting and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay results showed that the recombinant N protein exhibited the antigenic sites and conformation necessary for specific antigen-antibody recognition.

Matched MeSH terms: Antibodies, Viral/immunology
Fulltext Dengue virus infection-enhancing activity in serum samples with neutralizing activity as determined by using FcγR-expressing cells

Moi ML, Lim CK, Chua KB, Takasaki T, Kurane I

PLoS Negl Trop Dis, 2012;6(2):e1536.
PMID: 22389741 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0001536

Progress in dengue vaccine development has been hampered by limited understanding of protective immunity against dengue virus infection. Conventional neutralizing antibody titration assays that use FcγR-negative cells do not consider possible infection-enhancement activity. We reasoned that as FcγR-expressing cells are the major target cells of dengue virus, neutralizing antibody titration assays using FcγR-expressing cells that determine the sum of neutralizing and infection-enhancing activity, may better reflect the biological properties of antibodies in vivo.

Matched MeSH terms: Antibodies, Viral/immunology
Characterisation of mouse monoclonal antibodies targeting linear epitopes on Chikungunya virus E2 glycoprotein

Chua CL, Chan YF, Sam IC

J Virol Methods, 2014 Jan;195:126-33.
PMID: 24134938 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2013.10.015

Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) is a mosquito-borne arbovirus which has recently re-emerged globally and poses a major threat to public health. Infection leads to severe arthralgia, and disease management remains supportive in the absence of vaccines and anti-viral interventions. The high specificities of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) have been exploited in immunodiagnostics and immunotherapy in recent decades. In this study, eight different clones of mAbs were generated and characterised. These mAbs targeted the linear epitopes on the CHIKV E2 envelope glycoprotein, which is the major target antigen during infection. All the mAbs showed binding activity against the purified CHIKV virion or recombinant E2 when analysed by immunofluorescence, ELISA and Western blot. The epitopes of each mAb were mapped by overlapping synthetic peptide-based ELISA. The epitopes are distributed at different functional domains of E2 glycoprotein, namely at domain A, junctions of β-ribbons with domains A and B, and domain C. Alignment of mAb epitope sequences revealed that some are well-conserved within different genotypes of CHIKV, while some are identical to and likely to cross-react with the closely-related alphavirus O'nyong-nyong virus. These mAbs with their mapped epitopes are useful for the development of diagnostic or research tools, including immunofluorescence, ELISA and Western blot.

Matched MeSH terms: Antibodies, Viral/immunology*
Fulltext Risk Factors for Nipah virus infection among pteropid bats, Peninsular Malaysia

Rahman SA, Hassan L, Epstein JH, Mamat ZC, Yatim AM, Hassan SS, et al.

Emerg Infect Dis, 2013 Jan;19(1):51-60.
PMID: 23261015 DOI: 10.3201/eid1901.120221

We conducted cross-sectional and longitudinal studies to determine the distribution of and risk factors for seropositivity to Nipah virus (NiV) among Pteropus vampyrus and P. hypomelanus bats in Peninsular Malaysia. Neutralizing antibodies against NiV were detected at most locations surveyed. We observed a consistently higher NiV risk (odds ratio 3.9) and seroprevalence (32.8%) for P. vampyrus than P. hypomelanus (11.1%) bats. A 3-year longitudinal study of P. hypomelanus bats indicated nonseasonal temporal variation in seroprevalence, evidence for viral circulation within the study period, and an overall NiV seroprevalence of 9.8%. The seroprevalence fluctuated over the study duration between 1% and 20% and generally decreased during 2004-2006. Adult bats, particularly pregnant, with dependent pup and lactating bats, had a higher prevalence of NiV antibodies than juveniles. Antibodies in juveniles 6 months-2 years of age suggested viral circulation within the study period.

Matched MeSH terms: Antibodies, Viral/immunology
Innate and adaptive immunity in wild rodents spontaneously and experimentally infected with the tick-borne encephalitis virus

Morozova OV, Panov VV, Bakhvalova VN

Infect Genet Evol, 2020 Jun;80:104187.
PMID: 31927073 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2020.104187

Two dominant species of wild small rodents trapped in Novosibirsk region, South-Western Siberia, Russia differed in their susceptibility to the tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV) infection. TBEV RNA average detection rate for Northern red-backed vole Myodes rutilus (Pallas, 1779) (82.2 ± 5.8% blood samples and 63.1 ± 2.7% organ samples) significantly exceeded the corresponding values for the striped field mouse Apodemus agrarius (Pallas, 1771) (47.0 ± 8.7% blood and 24.5 ± 2.8% organ samples) (p <0.001). Innate immunity may be one of possible reasons of the differences. Th1 cytokine gene expression distinguished between M. rutilus (12.5 ± 8.5%) and A. agrarius (66.6 ± 11.4%), whereas Th2 cytokine frequencies were statistically similar (81.8 ± 12.2% and 100.0%, respectively). Polarization indexes (PI) of the innate immunity calculated as ratio of Th2 to Th1 cytokine RNA detection rates for both M. rutilus (6.5) and A. agrarius (1.5) suggested Th2 mainly humoral immune response against persistent TBEV in natural mammalian hosts. Therefore, the TBEV-induced antibodies were analyzed by ELISA and hemagglutination inhibition (HI) tests. The TBEV-specific antibodies were detected in 74.8 ± 4.3% sera of M. rutilus and 67.3 ± 6.8% of A. agrarius. Among them HI antibodies were found in 4.8 ± 2.1% of the same analyzed sera of M. rutilus and in 6.0 ± 3.4% blood samples of A. agrarius only. To model the TBEV persistence both M. rutilus and A. agrarius were infected with the suspensions of the TBEV-infected ticks with further observations during 4 subsequent months. Detection rate of the TBEV RNA and antigen E remained high during the whole period, however, pathogenic for laboratory suckling mice virus was isolated up to 8 days postinfection. At late stages of the persistent infection (1-4 months) the TBEV RNA detection rate in northern red-backed voles remained high 70.6 ± 7.9% whereas in striped field mice significantly declined to 26.7 ± 9.2% (p .05) but Th1 cytokine mRNA detection rates were different (44.4 ± 12.5% and 85.7 ± 9.7%, respectively) (p

Matched MeSH terms: Antibodies, Viral/immunology
Seroprevalence of Pteropine orthoreovirus in humans remain similar after nearly two decades (2001-2002 vs. 2017) in Tioman Island, Malaysia

Leong WJ, Quek XF, Tan HY, Wong KM, Muhammad HS, Mohamed NA, et al.

J Med Virol, 2022 02;94(2):771-775.
PMID: 34708881 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.27422

Pteropine orthoreovirus (PRV) is an emerging zoonotic respiratory virus that can be transmitted from bats to humans. In Malaysia, aside from PRV2P (Pulau virus) being isolated from Pteropus hypomelanus sampled in Tioman Island, PRV3M (Melaka virus), PRV4K (Kampar virus), and PRV7S (Sikamat virus) were all isolated from samples of patients who reported having a disease spectrum from acute respiratory distress to influenza-like illness and sometimes even with enteric symptoms such as diarrhea and abdominal pain. Screening of sera collected from human volunteers on Tioman Island in 2001-2002 demonstrated that 12.8% (14/109) were positive for PRV2P and PRV3M. Taking all these together, we aim to investigate the serological prevalence of PRV (including PRV4K and PRV7S) among Tioman Island inhabitants again with the assumption that the seroprevalence rate will remain nearly similar to the above reported if human exposure to bats is still happening in the island. Using sera collected from human volunteers on the same island in 2017, we demonstrated seroprevalence of 17.8% (28/157) against PRV2P and PRV3M, respectively. Seropositivity of 11.4% among Tioman Island inhabitants against PRV4K and PRV7S, respectively, was described in this study. In addition, the seroprevalence of 89.5% (17/19), 73.6% (14/19), 63.0% (12/19), and 73.6% (14/19) against PRV2P, PRV3M, PRV4K, and PRV7S, respectively, were observed among pteropid bats in the island. We revealed that the seroprevalence of PRV among island inhabitants remains nearly similar after nearly two decades, suggesting that potential spill-over events in bat-human interface areas in the Tioman Island. We are unclear whether such spillover was directly from bats to humans, as suspected for the PRV3M human cases, or from an intermediate host(s) yet to be identified. There is a high possibility of the viruses circulating among the bats as demonstrated by high seroprevalence against PRV in the bats.

Matched MeSH terms: Antibodies, Viral/immunology
Distinct prevalence of antibodies to the E2 protein of GB virus C/hepatitis G virus in different parts of the world

Ross RS, Viazov S, Schmitt U, Schmolke S, Tacke M, Ofenloch-Haehnle B, et al.

J Med Virol, 1998 Feb;54(2):103-6.
PMID: 9496367

Since the identification of the new human virus, GB virus C (GBV-C)/hepatitis G-virus (HGV), in 1995/1996, reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction remained the sole available diagnostic tool for GBV-C/HGV infection. Recently, a serologic test based on the detection of antibodies to the putative envelope protein 2 (anti-E2) has been introduced. We used this assay for a seroepidemiological survey including 3,314 healthy individuals from different parts of the world, 123 patients from Germany who were suspected to have an increased risk of acquiring GBV-C/HGV infection, 128 multiple organ donors, and 90 GBV-C/HGV RNA positive persons. In European countries, anti-E2 seropositivity ranged from 10.9% (Germany) to 15.3% (Austria). In South Africa (20.3%) and Brazil (19.5%), even higher anti-E2 prevalence rates were recorded. In Asian countries like Bhutan (3.9%), Malaysia (6.3%), and the Philippines (2.7%), anti-E2 positivity was significantly lower. GBV-C/HGV anti-E2 prevalence in potential "risk groups," i.e., patients on hemodialysis and renal transplant recipients, did not vary significantly from anti-E2 seroprevalence in German blood donors. Anti-E2 and GBV-C/HGV RNA were found to be mutually exclusive, confirming the notion that anti-E2 has to be considered as a marker of past infection.

Matched MeSH terms: Antibodies, Viral/immunology
Association of TNFRSF13B Gene Polymorphisms With SARS-CoV-2 Infection, Severity, and Humoral Immune Response in a Moroccan Population

Laazaazia O, Ouladlahsen A, Aqillouch S, Altawalah H, Bouddahab O, Noureddine R, et al.

Int J Immunogenet, 2025 Apr;52(2):75-87.
PMID: 40025551 DOI: 10.1111/iji.12709

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Genetic factors, including polymorphisms in the TNFRSF13B gene, which regulates humoral immunity, can influence susceptibility to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). This study aims to investigate the association between two polymorphisms, rs12603708 and rs3751987, and SARS-CoV-2 susceptibility, disease severity, and humoral immune responses in a Moroccan population.
MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 303 unvaccinated COVID-19 patients (151 severe cases and 152 asymptomatic/moderate cases) and 150 individuals from a SARS-CoV-2-negative group were included in the analysis. Genotyping was performed using TaqMan SNP assays. SARS-CoV-2 antibodies targeting the nucleocapsid protein and IgG antibodies specific to the receptor-binding domain (RBD) were quantified using chemiluminescence microparticles immunoassay. Complete blood counts and C-reactive protein levels were evaluated using an automated platform.
RESULTS: Our analysis revealed that the A/A genotype of rs12603708 significantly increased the risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection in both codominant (p = 0.0055; OR = 3.74; adjusted p value = 0.022) and recessive (p = 0.0049; OR = 3.17; adjusted p value = 0.022) models, as well as the risk of severe disease (p = 0.014; OR = 3.43; adjusted p value = 0.049). For rs3751987, the G/G genotype was linked to higher susceptibility to infection (p = 0.0011; OR = 2.91; adjusted p value = 0.008), while the G/A genotype appeared protective (p = 0.0007; OR = 0.45; adjusted p value = 0.008). No association was found between rs3751987 and disease severity. Analysis of IgG anti-N and anti-RBD levels revealed no significant associations with either polymorphism (p > 0.05).
CONCLUSION: These findings highlight the role of TNFRSF13B polymorphisms in SARS-CoV-2 susceptibility and severity, while their impact on humoral immune responses appears limited.

Matched MeSH terms: Antibodies, Viral/immunology
Fulltext Recombinant measles virus vaccine expressing the Nipah virus glycoprotein protects against lethal Nipah virus challenge

Yoneda M, Georges-Courbot MC, Ikeda F, Ishii M, Nagata N, Jacquot F, et al.

PLoS One, 2013;8(3):e58414.
PMID: 23516477 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0058414

Nipah virus (NiV) is a member of the genus Henipavirus, which emerged in Malaysia in 1998. In pigs, infection resulted in a predominantly non-lethal respiratory disease; however, infection in humans resulted in over 100 deaths. Nipah virus has continued to re-emerge in Bangladesh and India, and person-to-person transmission appeared in the outbreak. Although a number of NiV vaccine studies have been reported, there are currently no vaccines or treatments licensed for human use. In this study, we have developed a recombinant measles virus (rMV) vaccine expressing NiV envelope glycoproteins (rMV-HL-G and rMV-Ed-G). Vaccinated hamsters were completely protected against NiV challenge, while the mortality of unvaccinated control hamsters was 90%. We trialed our vaccine in a non-human primate model, African green monkeys. Upon intraperitoneal infection with NiV, monkeys showed several clinical signs of disease including severe depression, reduced ability to move and decreased food ingestion and died at 7 days post infection (dpi). Intranasal and oral inoculation induced similar clinical illness in monkeys, evident around 9 dpi, and resulted in a moribund stage around 14 dpi. Two monkeys immunized subcutaneously with rMV-Ed-G showed no clinical illness prior to euthanasia after challenge with NiV. Viral RNA was not detected in any organ samples collected from vaccinated monkeys, and no pathological changes were found upon histopathological examination. From our findings, we propose that rMV-NiV-G is an appropriate NiV vaccine candidate for use in humans.

Matched MeSH terms: Antibodies, Viral/immunology
Fulltext Investigation of a potential zoonotic transmission of orthoreovirus associated with acute influenza-like illness in an adult patient

Chua KB, Voon K, Yu M, Keniscope C, Abdul Rasid K, Wang LF

PLoS One, 2011;6(10):e25434.
PMID: 22022394 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0025434

Bats are increasingly being recognized as important reservoir hosts for a large number of viruses, some of them can be highly virulent when they infect human and livestock animals. Among the new bat zoonotic viruses discovered in recent years, several reoviruses (respiratory enteric orphan viruses) were found to be able to cause acute respiratory infections in humans, which included Melaka and Kampar viruses discovered in Malaysia, all of them belong to the genus Orthoreovirus, family Reoviridae. In this report, we describe the isolation of a highly related virus from an adult patient who suffered acute respiratory illness in Malaysia. Although there was no direct evidence of bat origin, epidemiological study indicated the potential exposure of the patient to bats before the onset of disease. The current study further demonstrates that spillover events of different strains of related orthoreoviruses from bats to humans are occurring on a regular basis, which calls for more intensive and systematic surveillances to fully assess the true public health impact of these newly discovered bat-borne zoonotic reoviruses.

Matched MeSH terms: Antibodies, Viral/immunology
Glycosylation is not necessary for recognition of the fusion glycoprotein domain of the human respiratory syncytial virus by a polyclonal antibody

Lim SH, Jahanshiri F, Jalilian FA, Rahim RA, Sekawi Z, Yusoff K

Acta Virol., 2010;54(3):181-7.
PMID: 20822310

Human respiratory syncytial virus (HRSV) is a leading pathogen causing lower respiratory tract infections in infants and young children worldwide. In line with the development of an effective vaccine against HRSV, a domain of the fusion (F) glycoprotein of HRSV was produced and its immunogenicity and antigenic properties, namely the effect of deficient glycosylation was examined. A His-tagged recombinant F (rF) protein was expressed in Escherichia coli, solubilized with 8 mol/l urea, purified by the Ni-NTA affinity chromatography and used for the raising of a polyclonal antibody in rabbits. The non-glycosylated rF protein proved to be a strong immunogen that induced a polyclonal antibody that was able to recognize also the glycosylated F1 subunit of native HRSV. The other way around, a polyclonal antibody prepared against the native HRSV was able to react with the rF protein. These results indicated that glycosylation was not necessary for the F domain aa 212-574 in order to be recognized by the specific polyclonal antibody.

Matched MeSH terms: Antibodies, Viral/immunology*
A phage-displayed single chain variable fragment that interacts with hepatitis B core antigen: library construction, selection and diagnosis

Tan GH, Yusoff K, Seow HF, Tan WS

J Clin Virol, 2007 Jan;38(1):49-56.
PMID: 17074533

Phage display is an alternative method for constructing and selecting antibodies with desired specificity towards an antigen.

Matched MeSH terms: Antibodies, Viral/immunology*
Fulltext Synthetic B-Cell Epitopes Eliciting Cross-Neutralizing Antibodies: Strategies for Future Dengue Vaccine

Ramanathan B, Poh CL, Kirk K, McBride WJ, Aaskov J, Grollo L

PLoS One, 2016;11(5):e0155900.
PMID: 27223692 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0155900

Dengue virus (DENV) is a major public health threat worldwide. A key element in protection from dengue fever is the neutralising antibody response. Anti-dengue IgG purified from DENV-2 infected human sera showed reactivity against several peptides when evaluated by ELISA and epitope extraction techniques. A multi-step computational approach predicted six antigenic regions within the E protein of DENV-2 that concur with the 6 epitopes identified by the combined ELISA and epitope extraction approach. The selected peptides representing B-cell epitopes were attached to a known dengue T-helper epitope and evaluated for their vaccine potency. Immunization of mice revealed two novel synthetic vaccine constructs that elicited good humoral immune responses and produced cross-reactive neutralising antibodies against DENV-1, 2 and 3. The findings indicate new directions for epitope mapping and contribute towards the future development of multi-epitope based synthetic peptide vaccine.

Matched MeSH terms: Antibodies, Viral/immunology*

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