Displaying publications 21 - 40 of 51 in total

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  1. Size-selective purification of hepatitis B virus-like particle in flow-through chromatography: Types of ion exchange adsorbent and grafted polymer architecture
    Ng HW, Lee MFX, Chua GK, Gan BK, Tan WS, Ooi CW, et al.
    J Sep Sci, 2018 May;41(10):2119-2129.
    PMID: 29427396 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201700823
    Hepatitis B virus-like particles expressed in Escherichia coli were purified using anion exchange adsorbents grafted with polymer poly(oligo(ethylene glycol) methacrylate) in flow-through chromatography mode. The virus-like particles were selectively excluded, while the relatively smaller sized host cell proteins were absorbed. The exclusion of virus-like particles was governed by the accessibility of binding sites (the size of adsorbents and the charge of grafted dextran chains) as well as the architecture (branch-chain length) of the grafted polymer. The branch-chain length of grafted polymer was altered by changing the type of monomers used. The larger adsorbent (90 μm) had an approximately twofold increase in the flow-through recovery, as compared to the smaller adsorbent (30 μm). Generally, polymer-grafted adsorbents improved the exclusion of the virus-like particles. Overall, the middle branch-chain length polymer grafted on larger adsorbent showed optimal performance at 92% flow-through recovery with a purification factor of 1.53. A comparative study between the adsorbent with dextran grafts and the polymer-grafted adsorbent showed that a better exclusion of virus-like particles was achieved with the absorbent grafted with inert polymer. The grafted polymer was also shown to reduce strong interaction between binding sites and virus-like particles, which preserved the particles' structure.
    Matched MeSH terms: Chromatography, Ion Exchange
  2. Phytoestrogens levels determination in the cord blood from Malaysia rural and urban populations
    Mustafa AM, Malintan NT, Seelan S, Zhan Z, Mohamed Z, Hassan J, et al.
    Toxicol Appl Pharmacol, 2007 Jul 1;222(1):25-32.
    PMID: 17490695
    This study is a result of an analysis of free and conjugated phytoestrogens daidzein, genistein, daidzin, genistin and coumesterol in human cord blood plasma using LCMS. Cord blood was collected from urban and rural populations of Malaysia (n=300) to establish a simple preliminary database on the levels of the analyzed compounds in the collected samples. The study also aimed to look at the levels of phytoestrogens in babies during birth as this may have a profound effect on the developmental process. The sample clean up was carried out by solid-phase extraction using C18 column and passed through DEAE sephadex gel before analysis by LCMS. The mean concentrations of total phytoestrogens were daidzein (1.4+/-2.9 ng/ml), genistein (3.7+/-2.8 ng/ml), daidzin (3.5+/-3.1 ng/ml), genistin (19.5+/-4.2 ng/ml) and coumesterol (3.3+/-3.3 ng/ml). Distribution of phytoestrogen was found to be higher in samples collected from rural areas compared to that of urban areas.
    Matched MeSH terms: Chromatography, Ion Exchange
  3. Fulltext Effect of hemoglobin E on glycosylated hemoglobin determinations using different commercial kits
    Musalmah M, Normah J, Wan Mohamad WB, Salwah ON, Fatah HA, Nik Zahari NA
    Med J Malaysia, 2000 Sep;55(3):352-6.
    PMID: 11200716
    The effect of HbE, a hemoglobin variant, on the determination of HbA1/HbA1c using 4 commercial kits based on cation-exchange resin, cation-exchange column chromatography and specific antibody techniques was studied. Fifty-eight normal and 63 HbE heterozygous subjects were tested for HbA1 and HbA1c using 4 commercial kits i.e. Eagles Diagnostics, Boehringer Mannehim (BM), Diastat and Ames DCA 2000. Analyses of the samples by the 4 kits were done within one week and samples were stored at 4 degrees C before analysis. The results showed that HbE affects the determination of glycosylated hemoglobin using cation-exchange based and not kits based on specific antibody techniques.
    Matched MeSH terms: Chromatography, Ion Exchange
  4. Purification of bacteriophage M13 by anion exchange chromatography
    Monjezi R, Tey BT, Sieo CC, Tan WS
    J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci, 2010 Jul 1;878(21):1855-9.
    PMID: 20538529 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2010.05.028
    M13 is a non-lytic filamentous bacteriophage (phage). It has been used widely in phage display technology for displaying foreign peptides, and also for studying macromolecule structures and interactions. Traditionally, this phage has been purified by cesium chloride (CsCl) density gradient ultracentrifugation which is highly laborious and time consuming. In the present study, a simple, rapid and efficient method for the purification of M13 based on anion exchange chromatography was established. A pre-packed SepFast Super Q column connected to a fast protein liquid chromatography (FPLC) system was employed to capture released phages in clarified Escherichia coli fermented broth. An average yield of 74% was obtained from a packed bed mode elution using citrate buffer (pH 4), containing 1.5 M NaCl at 1 ml/min flow rate. The purification process was shortened substantially to less than 2 h from 18 h in the conventional ultracentrifugation method. SDS-PAGE revealed that the purity of particles was comparable to that of CsCl gradient density ultracentrifugation method. Plaque forming assay showed that the purified phages were still infectious.
    Matched MeSH terms: Chromatography, Ion Exchange/methods*
  5. Structural identification of haemoglobin F Kuala Lumpur: alpha2 gamma2 22(B4)Asp leads to Gly; 136 Ala
    Luan Eng LI, Wiltshire BG, Lehmann H
    Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 1973 Oct 18;322(2):224-30.
    PMID: 4765089
    Matched MeSH terms: Chromatography, Ion Exchange
  6. Purification of filamentous bacteriophage M13 by expanded bed anion exchange chromatography
    Ling TC, Loong CK, Tan WS, Tey BT, Abdullah WM, Ariff A
    J Microbiol, 2004 Sep;42(3):228-32.
    PMID: 15459653
    In this paper, we investigated the development of a simplified and rapid primary capture step for the recovery of M13 bacteriophage from particulate-containing feedstock. M13 bacteriophage, carrying an insert, was propagated and subsequently purified by the application of both conventional multiple steps and expanded bed anion exchange chromatography. In the conventional method, precipitation was conducted with PEG/NaCl, and centrifugation was also performed. In the single step expanded bed anion exchange adsorption, UpFront FastLine 20 (20 mm i.d.) from UpFront Chromatography was used as the contactor, while 54 ml (Ho = 15 cm) of STREAMLINE DEAE (rho = 1.2 g/cm3) from Amersham Pharmacia Biotechnology was used as the anion exchanger. The performance of the two methods were evaluated, analysed, and compared. It was demonstrated that the purification of the M13 bacteriophage, using expanded bed anion exchange adsorption, yielded the higher recovery percentage, at 82.86%. The conventional multiple step method yielded the lower recovery percentage, 36.07%. The generic application of this integrated technique has also been assessed.
    Matched MeSH terms: Chromatography, Ion Exchange/methods*
  7. Identification of low abundance proteins in colorectal cancer tissues
    Lim SR, Gooi BH, Gam LH
    Cancer Biomark, 2012;12(4):185-98.
    PMID: 23568009 DOI: 10.3233/CBM-130307
    Detection of low abundance proteins always possesses challenges even with the currently available proteomics technologies.
    Matched MeSH terms: Chromatography, Ion Exchange
  8. Negative chromatography purification of hepatitis B virus-like particles using poly(oligo(ethylene glycol) methacrylate) grafted cationic adsorbent
    Lee MF, Chan ES, Tan WS, Tam KC, Tey BT
    J Chromatogr A, 2015 Oct 9;1415:161-5.
    PMID: 26358561 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2015.08.056
    Poly(oligo(ethylene glycol) methacrylate) (POEGMA), an inert polymer was grafted onto an anion exchange adsorbent for the exclusion of relatively larger hepatitis B virus-like particles (HB-VLPs) from the anion exchange ligand (Q) and at the same time this process allowed the selective adsorption of smaller size Escherichia coli host cell proteins (HCPs). The chain lengths of the POEGMA grafted were modulated by varying the amount of monomers used in the polymer grafting. The purification factor and yield of the HB-VLPs obtained from the flow-through of negative chromatography were 2.3 and 66.0±3.1%, respectively, when shorter chain length of POEGMA (SQ) was grafted. Adsorbent grafted with longer chain of POEGMA (LQ) excluded some HCPs that are larger in size together with the HB-VLPs, reducing the purity of the recovered HB-VLPs. Further heat-treatment of the flow-through pool from SQ followed by centrifugation increased the purity of heat stable HB-VLPs to 87.5±1.1%. Heat-treatment of the flow through sample resulted in thermal denaturation and aggregation of HCPs, while the heat stable HB-VLPs still remained intact as observed under a transmission electron microscope. The performance of the negative chromatography together with heat treatment in the purification of HB-VLPs is far better than the reported bind-and-elute techniques.
    Matched MeSH terms: Chromatography, Ion Exchange/methods
  9. Negative chromatography of hepatitis B virus-like particle: Comparative study of different adsorbent designs
    Lee MF, Chan ES, Tan WS, Tam KC, Tey BT
    J Chromatogr A, 2016 May 6;1445:1-9.
    PMID: 27059397 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2016.03.066
    Purification of virus-like particles (VLPs) in bind-and-elute mode has reached a bottleneck. Negative chromatography has emerged as the alternative solution; however, benchmark of negative chromatography media and their respective optimized conditions are absent. Hence, this study was carried out to compare the performance of different negative chromatography media for the purification of hepatitis B VLPs (HB-VLPs) from clarified Escherichia coli feedstock. The modified anion exchange media, core-shell adsorbents (InertShell and InertLayer 1000) and polymer grafted adsorbents (SQ) were compared. The results of chromatography from packed bed column of core-shell adsorbents showed that there is a trade-off between the purity and recovery of HB-VLPs in the flowthrough fraction due to the shell thickness. Atomic force microscopic analysis revealed funnel-shaped pore channels in the shell layer which may contribute to the entrapment of HB-VLPs. A longer residence time at a lower feed flow rate (0.5ml/min) improved slightly the HB-VLPs purity in all modified adsorbents, but the recovery in InertShell reduced substantially. The preheat-treatment is not recommended for the negative chromatography as the thermal-induced co-aggregation of HCPs and HB-VLPs would flow along with HB-VLPs and thus reduced the HB-VLPs purity in the flowthrough. Further reduction in the feedstock concentration enhanced the purity of HB-VLPs especially in InertLayer 1000 but reduced substantially the recovery of HB-VLPs. In general, the polymer grafted adsorbent, SQ, performed better than the core-shell adsorbents in handling a higher feedstock concentration.
    Matched MeSH terms: Chromatography, Ion Exchange*
  10. Isolation and Characterization of Lectin from the Artist's Conk Medicinal Mushroom, Ganoderma applanatum (Agaricomycetes), and Evaluation of Its Antiproliferative Activity in HT-29 Colon Cancer Cells
    Kumaran S, Pandurangan AK, Shenbhagaraman R, Esa NM
    Int J Med Mushrooms, 2017;19(8):675-684.
    PMID: 29199567 DOI: 10.1615/IntJMedMushrooms.2017021274
    The growth and lectin production of Ganoderma applanatum, a white rot fungus, was optimized in broth cultures. The fungus was found to have a higher growth rate and higher lectin activity when grown in a medium adjusted to pH 6.5 at 26°C under stationary conditions. Expression of lectin activity started in 5-day-old mycelial culture; maximum activity was expressed after the 15th day of incubation. Among the various carbon and nitrogen sources tested, the carbon source sucrose and the nitrogen source yeast extract support maximum growth and lectin production. Lectin from G. applanatum was purified by ammonium sulfate precipitation and ion exchange chromatography. The purified fraction revealed a single band with a molecular weight of 35.0 kDa. Moreover, carbohydrates such as mannitol, glucose, sucrose, maltose, mannose, galactose, sorbose, and fructose were found to inhibit the hemagglutinating activity of the lectin. The purified lectins from G. applanatum contain cytotoxic and proapoptotic activities against HT-29 colon adenocarcinoma cells.
    Matched MeSH terms: Chromatography, Ion Exchange
  11. A preparative purification process for recombinant hepatitis B core antigen using online capture by expanded bed adsorption followed by size-exclusion chromatography
    Ho CW, Tan WS, Chong FC, Ling TC, Tey BT
    J Microbiol Biotechnol, 2009 Apr;19(4):416-23.
    PMID: 19421000
    Hepatitis B core antigen (HBcAg) is an important serological marker used in the diagnosis of hepatitis B virus (HBV) infections. In the current study, a fast and efficient preparative purification protocol for truncated HBcAg from Escherichia coli disruptate was developed. The recombinant HBcAg was first captured by anion exchange expanded bed adsorption chromatography integrated with a cell disruption process. This online capture process has shortened the process time and eliminated the "hold-up" period that may be detrimental to the quality of target protein. The eluted product from the expanded bed adsorption chromatography was subsequently purified using size-exclusion chromatography. The results showed that this novel purification protocol achieved a recovery yield of 45.1% with a product purity of 88.2%, which corresponds to a purification factor of 4.5. The recovered HBcAg is still biologically active as shown by ELISA test.
    Matched MeSH terms: Chromatography, Ion Exchange/methods*
  12. The direct recovery of recombinant hepatitis B core antigen from disruptate derived from continuous-flow bead milling
    Ho CW, Tan WS, Kamaruddin S, Ling TC, Tey BT
    Biotechnol Appl Biochem, 2008 May;50(Pt 1):49-59.
    PMID: 17760564
    HBcAg (hepatitis B core antigen) is a nanoplex bioproduct that has a great potential in the development of therapeutic drugs and vaccines. In the present study, a continuous-flow bead milling for the disruption of Escherichia coli was optimized and a direct recovery protocol to isolate the recombinant HBcAg from the unclarified E. coli disruptate was developed. The optimal condition for continuous-flow bead milling for the release of HBcAg from E. coli was achieved at a feed flow rate of 15 litres/h, biomass concentration of 10% [ww/v (wet weight/vol.)] and impeller tip speed of 14 m/s. The sucrose-density-gradient analysis showed that the particulate form of the HBcAg released by this optimal condition is still preserved. In the direct purification of HBcAg from the unclarified disruptate, the AE-EBAC (anion-exchange expanded-bed adsorption chromatography) technique was employed. A 54% adsorption and 50.7% recovery of HBcAg were achieved in this direct recovery process. The purity of HBcAg recovered was 49.8%, which corresponds to a purification factor of 2.0. ELISA showed that the HBcAg recovered is functionally active.
    Matched MeSH terms: Chromatography, Ion Exchange
  13. Fulltext Investigations on the relative synthesis of globin chains in thalassaemia: a preliminary study in Malaysian subjects
    Hassan K, Vijayasilan T, Mahmood Z, Abdul Hamid H, Chin YM
    Singapore Med J, 1988 Oct;29(5):462-8.
    PMID: 3241975
    Whole blood samples from patients with various forms of alpha- and beta- thalassaemia were incubated with 14C-Leucine to determine the relative rates of production of the alpha and beta chains by their reticulocytes. The labelled globin chains were fractionated by CM-Cellulose Chromatography in 8M Urea and the incorporated activity determined. The relative rates of synthesis of alpha and beta chains in some cases of alpha and beta- thalassaemia were established and the chain synthetic ratios were compared with similar ratios in normal individuals. The results show that it is possible to identify from the relative rates of in-vitro synthesis of the alpha and beta chains, the presence of the common thalassaemia slates in particular beta-thal trait, beta-thal homozygotes, Hb H disease and alpha0-thal trait. The presence of transfused blood does not affect the result. This study indicates that an abnormal alpha/beta chain synthesis ratio is useful in defining alpha and beta-thalassaemia variants.
    Matched MeSH terms: Chromatography, Ion Exchange
  14. Fulltext Modulation of NKG2D, KIR2DL and Cytokine Production by Pleurotus ostreatus Glucan Enhances Natural Killer Cell Cytotoxicity Toward Cancer Cells
    El-Deeb NM, El-Adawi HI, El-Wahab AEA, Haddad AM, El Enshasy HA, He YW, et al.
    Front Cell Dev Biol, 2019;7:165.
    PMID: 31457012 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2019.00165
    Medicinal mushrooms have been used for centuries against cancer and infectious diseases. These positive biological effects of mushrooms are due in part to the indirect action of stimulating immune cells. The objective of the current study is to investigate the possible immunomodulatory effects of mushroom polysaccharides on NK cells against different cancer cells. In this current study, fruiting bodies isolated from cultured Pleurotus ostreatus were extracted and partially purified using DEAE ion-exchange chromatography. The activation action of the collected fractions on Natural Killer cells was quantified against three different cancer cell lines in the presence or absence of human recombinant IL2 using three different activation and co-culture conditions. The possible modes of action of mushroom polysaccharides against cancer cells were evaluated at the cellular and molecular levels. Our results indicate that P. ostreatus polysaccharides induced NK-cells cytotoxic effects against lung and breast cancer cells with the largest effect being against breast cancer cells (81.2%). NK cells activation for cytokine secretion was associated with upregulation of KIR2DL genes while the cytotoxic activation effect of NK cells against cancer cells correlated with NKG2D upregulation and induction of IFNγ and NO production. These cytotoxic effects were enhanced in the presence of IL2. Analysis of the most active partially purified fraction indicates that it is predominantly composed of glucans. These results indicate bioactive 6-linked glucans present in P. ostreatus extracts activate NK-cell cytotoxicity via regulation of activation and induction of IFNγ and NO. These studies establish a positive role for bioactive P. ostreatus polysaccharides in NK-cells activation and induction of an innate immune response against breast and lung cancer cells.
    Matched MeSH terms: Chromatography, Ion Exchange
  15. Source contribution of PM₂.₅ at different locations on the Malaysian Peninsula
    Ee-Ling O, Mustaffa NI, Amil N, Khan MF, Latif MT
    Bull Environ Contam Toxicol, 2015 Apr;94(4):537-42.
    PMID: 25652682 DOI: 10.1007/s00128-015-1477-9
    This study determined the source contribution of PM2.5 (particulate matter <2.5 μm) in air at three locations on the Malaysian Peninsula. PM2.5 samples were collected using a high volume sampler equipped with quartz filters. Ion chromatography was used to determine the ionic composition of the samples and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry was used to determine the concentrations of heavy metals. Principal component analysis with multilinear regressions were used to identify the possible sources of PM2.5. The range of PM2.5 was between 10 ± 3 and 30 ± 7 µg m(-3). Sulfate (SO4 (2-)) was the major ionic compound detected and zinc was found to dominate the heavy metals. Source apportionment analysis revealed that motor vehicle and soil dust dominated the composition of PM2.5 in the urban area. Domestic waste combustion dominated in the suburban area, while biomass burning dominated in the rural area.
    Matched MeSH terms: Chromatography, Ion Exchange
  16. The rubber elongation factor of rubber trees (Hevea brasiliensis) is the major allergen in latex
    Czuppon AB, Chen Z, Rennert S, Engelke T, Meyer HE, Heber M, et al.
    J Allergy Clin Immunol, 1993 Nov;92(5):690-7.
    PMID: 8227860
    BACKGROUND: Allergy to latex-containing articles is becoming more and more important because it can result in unexpected life-threatening anaphylactic reactions in sensitized individuals.

    METHODS: A protein of 58 kd with an isoelectric point of 8.45 was purified from raw latex and from latex gloves and identified as the major allergen, completely blocking specific IgE antibodies in the serum of latex-sensitized subjects. The allergen is a noncovalent homotetramer molecule, in which the 14.6 kd monomer was identified, by amino acid composition and sequence homologies of tryptic peptides, to be the rubber elongation factor found in natural latex of the Malaysian rubber tree.

    RESULTS: Competitive immunoinhibition tests showed that the starch powder covering the finished gloves is the airborne carrier of the allergen, resulting in bronchial asthma on inhalation. The purified allergen can induce allergic reactions in the nanogram range.

    CONCLUSION: The identification of the allergen (Hev b I) may help to eliminate it during the production of latex-based articles in the future.

    Matched MeSH terms: Chromatography, Ion Exchange
  17. Fulltext Separation of rebaudioside a from stevia rebaudiana extract using low polarity resin ab-8
    Chong, Saw Peng, Norellia Bahari, Mustapha Akil, Norazlina Noordin
    Borneo International Journal of Biotechnology, 2020;1(1):45-54.
    MyJurnal
    There are many methods to separate or purify the rebaudioside A compound from Stevia rebaudiana extract. However, the ion-exchange chromatography using macroporous resin is still the most popular among those methods. The separation of rebaudioside A from stevia crude extract by macroporous resin AB-8 was optimised in this adsorption separation study. This approach was applied to evaluate the influence of four factors such as the adsorption temperature, desorption time, elution solution ratio, and adsorption volume on rebaudioside A yield of the purified stevia extract. The results showed that the low polarity resin AB-8 is able to separate rebaudioside A from stevia extract with 0.601 in yield compared to the high polarity resin HPD 600 with 0.204 in yield used in Anvari and Khayati study. The best conditions for rebaudioside A separation by macroporous resin AB-8 were at 35°C of adsorption temperature, 30 min of desorption time, elution solution ratio 2:1, and 50 mL of adsorption volume.
    Matched MeSH terms: Chromatography, Ion Exchange
  18. Fulltext Enhancement of a protocol purifying T1 lipase through molecular approach
    Che Hussian CHA, Raja Abd Rahman RNZ, Thean Chor AL, Salleh AB, Mohamad Ali MS
    PeerJ, 2018;6:e5833.
    PMID: 30479887 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.5833
    T1 Lipase is a thermostable secretary protein of Geobacillus zalihae strain previously expressed in a prokaryotic system and purified using three-step purification: affinity 1, affinity 2, and ion exchange chromatography (IEX). This approach is time consuming and offers low purity and recovery yield. In order to enhance the purification strategy of T1 lipase, affinity 2 was removed so that after affinity 1, the cleaved Glutathione S-transferase (GST) and matured T1 lipase could be directly separated through IEX. Therefore, a rational design of GST isoelectric point (pI) was implemented by prediction using ExPASy software in order to enhance the differences of pI values between GST and matured T1 lipase. Site-directed mutagenesis at two locations flanking the downstream region of GST sequences (H215R and G213R) was successfully performed. Double point mutations changed the charge on GST from 6.10 to 6.53. The purified lipase from the new construct GST tag mutant-T1 was successfully purified using two steps of purification with 6,849 U/mg of lipase specific activity, 33% yield, and a 44-fold increase in purification. Hence, the increment of the pI values in the GST tag fusion T1 lipase resulted in a successful direct separation through IEX and lead to successful purification.
    Matched MeSH terms: Chromatography, Ion Exchange
  19. Adsorption and purification performance of lysozyme from chicken egg white using ion exchange nanofiber membrane modified by ethylene diamine and bromoacetic acid
    Chang YK, Cheng HI, Ooi CW, Song CP, Liu BL
    Food Chem, 2021 Oct 01;358:129914.
    PMID: 34000689 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2021.129914
    A high-performance polyacid ion exchange (IEX) nanofiber membrane was used in membrane chromatography for the recovery of lysozyme from chicken egg white (CEW). The polyacid IEX nanofiber membrane (P-BrA) was prepared by the functionalization of polyacrylonitrile (PAN) nanofiber membrane with ethylene diamine (EDA) and bromoacetic acid (BrA). The adsorption performance of P-BrA was evaluated under various operating conditions using Pall filter holder. The results showed that optimal conditions of IEX membrane chromatography for lysozyme adsorption were 10% (w/v) of CEW, pH 9 and 0.1 mL/min. The purification factor and yield of lysozyme were 402 and 91%, respectively. The adsorption process was further scaled up to a larger loading volume, and the purification performance was found to be consistent. Furthermore, the regeneration of IEX nanofiber membrane was achieved under mild conditions. The adsorption process was repeated for five times and the adsorption capacity of adsorber was found to be unaffected.
    Matched MeSH terms: Chromatography, Ion Exchange/instrumentation*; Chromatography, Ion Exchange/methods*
  20. Gold(III) recovery from aqueous solutions by raw and modified chitosan: A review
    Chang SH
    Carbohydr Polym, 2021 Mar 15;256:117423.
    PMID: 33483013 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2020.117423
    Chitosan, a prestigious versatile biopolymer, has recently received considerable attention as a promising biosorbent for recovering gold ions, mainly Au(III), from aqueous solutions, particularly in modified forms. Confirming the assertion, this paper provides an up-to-date overview of Au(III) recovery from aqueous solutions by raw (unmodified) and modified chitosan. A particular emphasis is placed on the raw chitosan and its synthesis from chitin, characteristics of raw chitosan and their effects on metal sorption, modifications of raw chitosan for Au(III) sorption, and characterization of raw chitosan before and after modifications for Au(III) sorption. Comparisons of the sorption (conditions, percentage, capacity, selectivity, isotherms, thermodynamics, kinetics, and mechanisms), desorption (agents and percentage), and reusable properties between raw and modified chitosan in Au(III) recovery from aqueous solutions are also outlined and discussed. The major challenges and future prospects towards the large-scale applications of modified chitosan in Au(III) recovery from aqueous solutions are also addressed.
    Matched MeSH terms: Chromatography, Ion Exchange
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