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Combination amoxycillin and metronidazole with famotidine in the eradication of Helicobacter pylori--a randomized, double-blind comparison of a three times daily and twice daily regimen

Goh KL, Parasakthi N, Chuah SY, Toetsch M

Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol, 1997 Nov;9(11):1091-5.
PMID: 9431900

OBJECTIVES: To determine the efficacy of a three times daily (t.i.d.) versus a twice daily (b.i.d.) regimen of combination amoxycillin and metronidazole and famotidine in the eradication of Helicobacter pylori and the influence of metronidazole resistance on the outcome of treatment.
PATIENTS: Patients selected had unequivocal evidence of H. pylori infection based on the urease test, culture and histology and had either peptic ulcer disease or non-ulcer dyspepsia.
DESIGN: The study was a comparative and double-blind study and patients were randomized to receive either amoxycillin 750 mg t.i.d. and metronidazole 500 mg t.i.d. for 12 days or amoxycillin 1000 mg b.i.d. and metronidazole 500 mg b.i.d. for 12 days. Both groups also received famotidine 40 mg for 6 weeks.
MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: Patients were assessed for successful eradication, defined as absence of bacteria in all tests, at least 4 weeks after completion of antibiotic therapy by repeat gastroscopy.
RESULTS: One hundred and twenty-nine patients were recruited for the study. Two patients defaulted follow-up, two patients were withdrawn from the study and six patients were found to be non-compliant with medications. The eradication rates of the t.i.d. regimen was higher than the b.i.d. regimen (per protocol (PP) analysis: 83.3% (50/60) vs. 76.3% (45/59), P=0.337; intention-to-treat (ITT) analysis: 78.5% (51/65) vs. 75.0% (48/64), P=0.642). Seventy-five patients had pre-treatment cultures checked for metronidazole resistance, 33 (44.0%) were found to be resistant. Acquired resistance occurred in 3/40 (7.5%) patients. Eradication rates of metronidazole-sensitive and metronidazole-resistant patients: t.i.d. regimen - 100% (17/17) and 88.2% (15/17), b.i.d. regimen - 19/21 (90.5%) and 11/15 (73.3%). Side effects were reported in up to 70% of patients but were mild and tolerable in the majority. Two patients were withdrawn from the study because of a fixed drug eruption in one and generalized macular rash in the other.
CONCLUSION: Combination amoxycillin and metronidazole is effective in eradicating H. pylori. There was a tendency for the t.i.d. regimen to be better than the b.i.d. regimen and for metronidazole-resistant infections to be associated with a lower eradication rate but these differences did not reach statistical significance.

Matched MeSH terms: Drug Resistance, Microbial
Fulltext The Complete Sequence and Comparative Analysis of a Multidrug-Resistance and Virulence Multireplicon IncFII Plasmid pEC302/04 from an Extraintestinal Pathogenic Escherichia coli EC302/04 Indicate Extensive Diversity of IncFII Plasmids

Ho WS, Yap KP, Yeo CC, Rajasekaram G, Thong KL

Front Microbiol, 2015;6:1547.
PMID: 26793180 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2015.01547

Extraintestinal pathogenic Escherichia coli (ExPEC) that causes extraintestinal infections often harbor plasmids encoding fitness traits such as resistance and virulence determinants that are of clinical importance. We determined the complete nucleotide sequence of plasmid pEC302/04 from a multidrug-resistant E. coli EC302/04 which was isolated from the tracheal aspirate of a patient in Malaysia. In addition, we also performed comparative sequence analyses of 18 related IncFIIA plasmids to determine the phylogenetic relationship and diversity of these plasmids. The 140,232 bp pEC302/04 is a multireplicon plasmid that bears three replication systems (FII, FIA, and FIB) with subtype of F2:A1:B1. The plasmid is self-transmissible with a complete transfer region. pEC302/04 also carries antibiotic resistance genes such as bla TEM-1 and a class I integron containing sul1, cml and aadA resistance genes, conferring multidrug resistance (MDR) to its host, E. coli EC302/04. Besides, two iron acquisition systems (SitABCD and IutA-IucABCD) which are the conserved virulence determinants of ExPEC-colicin V or B and M (ColV/ColBM)-producing plasmids were identified in pEC302/04. Multiple toxin-antitoxin (TA)-based addiction systems (i.e., PemI/PemK, VagC/VagD, CcdA/CcdB, and Hok/Sok) and a plasmid partitioning system, ParAB, and PsiAB, which are important for plasmid maintenance were also found. Comparative plasmid analysis revealed only one conserved gene, the repA1 as the core genome, showing that there is an extensive diversity among the IncFIIA plasmids. The phylogenetic relationship of 18 IncF plasmids based on the core regions revealed that ColV/ColBM-plasmids and non-ColV/ColBM plasmids were separated into two distinct groups. These plasmids, which carry highly diverse genetic contents, are also mosaic in nature. The atypical combination of genetic materials, i.e., the MDR- and ColV/ColBM-plasmid-virulence encoding regions in a single ExPEC plasmid is rare but of clinical importance. Such phenomenon is bothersome when the plasmids are transmissible, facilitating the spread of virulence and resistance plasmids among pathogenic bacteria. Notably, certain TA systems are more commonly found in particular ExPEC plasmid types, indicating the possible relationships between certain TA systems and ExPEC pathogenesis.

Matched MeSH terms: Drug Resistance, Microbial
Fulltext Salmonella Typhi genomics: envisaging the future of typhoid eradication

Yap KP, Thong KL

Trop Med Int Health, 2017 08;22(8):918-925.
PMID: 28544285 DOI: 10.1111/tmi.12899

Next-generation whole-genome sequencing has revolutionised the study of infectious diseases in recent years. The availability of genome sequences and its understanding have transformed the field of molecular microbiology, epidemiology, infection treatments and vaccine developments. We review the key findings of the publicly accessible genomes of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi since the first complete genome to the most recent release of thousands of Salmonella Typhi genomes, which remarkably shape the genomic research of S. Typhi and other pathogens. Important new insights acquired from the genome sequencing of S. Typhi, pertaining to genomic variations, evolution, population structure, antibiotic resistance, virulence, pathogenesis, disease surveillance/investigation and disease control are discussed. As the numbers of sequenced genomes are increasing at an unprecedented rate, fine variations in the gene pool of S. Typhi are captured in high resolution, allowing deeper understanding of the pathogen's evolutionary trends and its pathogenesis, paving the way to bringing us closer to eradication of typhoid through effective vaccine/treatment development.

Matched MeSH terms: Drug Resistance, Microbial*
Fulltext Antibiotic prescribing for upper respiratory tract infections in the Asia-Pacific region: a brief review

Teng CL

Malays Fam Physician, 2014;9(2):18-25.
PMID: 25893067 MyJurnal

This review highlights the high prevalence of antibiotic use for upper respiratory tract infections (URTIs) in a larger part of the Asia-Pacific region. Since URTIs are one of the common reasons for primary care consultations in this region, inappropriate use of antibiotic in both quantity and drug choice has greatly influenced the development of antibiotic resistance. Notwithstanding the paucity of Asia-Pacific data on the above issues, the available information suggests urgent actions needed to be taken to promote judicious antibiotic use at the point-of-care through a multi- pronged approach targeting the patients/consumers (or parents), healthcare providers and health care systems.

Matched MeSH terms: Drug Resistance, Microbial
Bacterial regulatory RNAs: complexity, function, and putative drug targeting

Cheah HL, Raabe CA, Lee LP, Rozhdestvensky TS, Citartan M, Ahmed SA, et al.

Crit Rev Biochem Mol Biol, 2018 08;53(4):335-355.
PMID: 29793351 DOI: 10.1080/10409238.2018.1473330

Over the past decade, RNA-deep sequencing has uncovered copious non-protein coding RNAs (npcRNAs) in bacteria. Many of them are key players in the regulation of gene expression, taking part in various regulatory circuits, such as metabolic responses to different environmental stresses, virulence, antibiotic resistance, and host-pathogen interactions. This has contributed to the high adaptability of bacteria to changing or even hostile environments. Their mechanisms include the regulation of transcriptional termination, modulation of translation, and alteration of messenger RNA (mRNA) stability, as well as protein sequestration. Here, the mechanisms of gene expression by regulatory bacterial npcRNAs are comprehensively reviewed and supplemented with well-characterized examples. This class of molecules and their mechanisms of action might be useful targets for the development of novel antibiotics.

Matched MeSH terms: Drug Resistance, Microbial
Fulltext Treatment failure of falciparum malaria with Fansidar in Tawau Sabah. January-June, 1982

Tan HS, Tan PE

Med J Malaysia, 1983 Sep;38(3):217-23.
PMID: 6369092

One hundred and ten consecutive patients with falciparum malaria were treated with Fansidar and primaquine. Of the 61 patients who were followed up at one week, 4 (6.5%) failed to clear their parasitemia (1 R III and 3 R Il treatment failures). Of the subsequent 40 patients who were seen again at one month, another 3 (7.5%) had recrudesced (R 1 treatment failure). A total of 7 patients thus experienced some form of treatment failure in the cohort of 40 who completed the one month follow up. Only 1 of these 7patients (with R III treatment) failure) failed to respond to repeat Fansidar treatment, and may be the only one with true Fansidar resistance. The overall treatment failure rate of 17.5% (95% confidence interval: 6-29%) in the cohort who completed the study is consistent with the known clinical efficacy of Fansidar. These results suggest no significant Fansidar resistance in falciparum malaria found in Sabah.

Matched MeSH terms: Drug Resistance, Microbial
Clinical efficacy of sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine in the treatment of falciparum malaria in Sabah, Malaysia

Tan HS, Tan PE

Ann Acad Med Singap, 1984 Apr;13(2):170-4.
PMID: 6388486

One hundred and ten consecutive patients with falciparum malaria were treated with Fansidar and primaquine. Of the 61 patients who were followed up at one week, 4 (6.6%) failed to clear their parasitaemia (1 R III and 3 R II treatment failures). Of the subsequent 40 patients who were seen again at one month, another 3 (7.5%) had recrudesced (R I treatment failure). A total of 7 patients thus experienced some form of treatment failure in the cohort of 40 who completed the one month follow up. Only 1 of these 7 patients (with R III treatment failure) failed to respond to repeat Fansidar treatment, and may be the only one with true Fansidar resistance. The overall treatment failure rate of 17.5% (95% confidence interval: 6-29%) in the cohort who completed the study is consistent with the known clinical efficacy of Fansidar. These results suggest no significant Fansidar resistance in falciparum malaria found in Sabah.

Matched MeSH terms: Drug Resistance, Microbial
Tigecycline resistance may be associated with dysregulated response to stress in Mycobacterium abscessus

Ng HF, Ngeow YF, Yap SF, Zin T, Tan JL

Int J Med Microbiol, 2019 Nov 18.
PMID: 31784213 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmm.2019.151380

Previously, we characterized 7C, a laboratory-derived tigecycline-resistant mutant of Mycobacterium abscessus ATCC 19977, and found that the resistance was conferred by a mutation in MAB_3542c, which encodes an RshA-like protein. In M. tuberculosis, RshA is an anti-sigma factor that negatively regulates the SigH-dependent heat/oxidative stress response. We hypothesized that this mutation in 7C might dysregulate the stress response which has been generally linked to antibiotic resistance. In this study, we tested this hypothesis by subjecting 7C to transcriptomic dissection using RNA sequencing. We found an over-expression of genes encoding the SigH ortholog, chaperones and oxidoreductases. In line with these findings, 7C demonstrated better survival against heat shock when compared to the wild-type ATCC 19977. Another interesting observation from the RNA-Seq analysis was the down-regulation of ribosomal protein-encoding genes. This highlights the possibility of ribosomal conformation changes which could negatively affect the binding of tigecycline to its target, leading to phenotypic resistance. We also demonstrated that transient resistance to tigecycline could be induced in the ATCC 19977 by elevated temperature. Taken together, these findings suggest that dysregulated stress response may be associated with tigecycline resistance in M. abscessus.

Matched MeSH terms: Drug Resistance, Microbial
Biodiversity of chloramphenicol-resistant mesophilic heterotrophs from Southeast Asian aquaculture environments

Huys G, Bartie K, Cnockaert M, Hoang Oanh DT, Phuong NT, Somsiri T, et al.

Res. Microbiol., 2007 Apr;158(3):228-35.
PMID: 17350231

In the present study, samples of pond water, sediment and farmed species were collected at 12 fish and shrimp farms in Malaysia, Thailand and Vietnam to determine the biodiversity and environmental distribution of chloramphenicol-resistant (CmR) mesophilic heterotrophs in Southeast Asian aquaculture sites. Following isolation on Iso-Sensitest agar supplemented with 35mug ml(-1) Cm and dereplication using (GTG)(5)-PCR fingerprinting, 557 genotypically unique CmR strains were subjected to polyphasic identification. The 557 mesophilic heterotrophic CmR isolates represented 18 different genera largely dominated by the genera Escherichia (40.2%), Pseudomonas (11.7%), Acinetobacter (11.1%), Klebsiella (7.5%) and Bacillus (5.9%). A total of 439 CmR isolates were further assigned to 31 described species or species groups, mainly including organisms that have been associated with various human opportunistic infections such as Escherichia coli (n=219), Pseudomonas putida (n=47), Klebsiella pneumoniae (n=38) and Acinetobacter baumannii (n=23). Strains of Escherichia, and most notably, of E. coli, were the only common group of CmR heterotrophs irrespective of country, sample type or farm type. Together with other predominant but less widespread groups such as acinetobacters and pseudomonads, the results of this biodiversity study suggest that E. coli can be regarded as a potential indicator of Cm resistance in Southeast Asian aquaculture environments.

Matched MeSH terms: Drug Resistance, Microbial/genetics
Fulltext Antimicrobial resistance in 6 Malaysian general hospitals

Cheong YM, Lim VK, Jegathesan M, Suleiman AB

Med J Malaysia, 1994 Dec;49(4):317-26.
PMID: 7674966

Knowledge of local antimicrobial resistance patterns of bacteria is a valuable guide to empirical antimicrobial therapy. This paper reports the resistance patterns of more than 36,000 bacteria isolated between August 1991 and July 1992 in six Malaysian hospitals and discusses the implications of the results. A customized menu driven software programme was developed to analyse the results. Generally, resistance to the commonly used antibiotics like ampicillin, cloxacillin, cephalosporins, gentamicin, cotrimoxazole and tetracycline was high. Some differences in resistance rate amongst the six hospitals were also noted. Continuous surveillance of antimicrobial resistance in hospitals is encouraged for the effective control of the emergence of antimicrobial resistance.

Matched MeSH terms: Drug Resistance, Microbial*
Fabrication of biopolymer polyhydroxyalkanoate/chitosan and 2D molybdenum disulfide-doped scaffolds for antibacterial and biomedical applications

Mukheem A, Shahabuddin S, Akbar N, Anwar A, Sarih NM, Sudesh K, et al.

Appl Microbiol Biotechnol, 2020 Apr;104(7):3121-3131.
PMID: 32060693 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-020-10416-2

Antibiotic resistance in pathogenic bacteria is a major health challenge, as Infectious Diseases Society of America (IDSA) has recognized that the past simply drugs susceptible pathogens are now the most dangerous pathogens due to their nonstop growing resistance towards conventional antibiotics. Therefore, due to the emergence of multi-drug resistance, the bacterial infections have become a serious global problem. Acute infections feasibly develop into chronic infections because of many factors; one of them is the failure of effectiveness of antibiotics against superbugs. Modern research of two-dimensional nanoparticles and biopolymers are of great interest to attain the intricate bactericidal activity. In this study, we fabricated an antibacterial nanocomposite consisting of representative two-dimensional molybdenum disulfide (2D MoS2) nanoparticles. Polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA) and chitosan (Ch) are used to encapsulate MoS2 nanoparticles into their matrix. This study reports the in vitro antibacterial activity and host cytotoxicity of novel PHA-Ch/MoS2 nanocomposites. PHA-Ch/MoS2 nanocomposites were subjected to time-dependent antibacterial assays at various doses to examine their antibacterial activity against multi-drug-resistant Escherichia coli K1 (Malaysian Type Culture Collection 710859) and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) (Malaysian Type Culture Collection 381123). Furthermore, the cytotoxicity of nanocomposites was examined against spontaneously immortalized human keratinocyte (HaCaT) cell lines. The results indicated significant antibacterial activity (p value

Matched MeSH terms: Drug Resistance, Microbial
Systemic Candida infection in University hospital 1997-1999: the distribution of Candida biotypes and antifungal susceptibility patterns

Ng KP, Saw TL, Na SL, Soo-Hoo TS

Mycopathologia, 2001;149(3):141-6.
PMID: 11307597

A total of 102 Candida species were isolated from blood cultures from January 1997 to October 1999. Using assimilation of carbohydrate test, 52 (51.0%) of the Candida sp. were identified as C. parapsilosis, 25.5% (26) were C. tropicalis. C. albicans made up 11.8% (12), 6.9% (7) were C. rugosa, 3.8% (4) C. glabrata and 1% (1) C. guilliermondii. No C. dubliniensis was found in the study. In vitro antifungal susceptibility tests showed that all Candida species were sensitive to nystatin, amphotericin B and ketoconazole. Although all isolates remained sensitive to fluconazole, intermediate susceptibility was found in 3 C. rugosa isolates. Antifungal agents with high frequency of resistance were econazole, clotrimazole, miconazole and 5-fluorocytosine. Candida species found to have resistance to these antifungal agents were non-C. albicans.

Matched MeSH terms: Drug Resistance, Microbial
The antibiogram and the distribution of Proteus organisms isolated from urinary tracts

Chai KH, Soo-Hoo TS

Med J Malaya, 1970 Sep;25(1):43-5.
PMID: 4249494
Matched MeSH terms: Drug Resistance, Microbial*
Fulltext Biosafety of Vibrio parahaemolyticus from vegetables based on antimicrobial sensitivity and RAPD profiling

Tunung, R., Jeyaletchumi, P., Noorlis, A., Tang, Y.H., Sandra, A., Ghazali, F.M., et al.

International Food Research Journal, 2012;19(2):467-474.
MyJurnal

This study was undertaken to characterize the antibiotic resistance and randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) profiles of Vibrio parahaemolyticus isolates from raw vegetable samples. A total of 46 isolates of V. parahaemolyticus recovered from raw vegetables samples and were confirmed by PCR were analyzed in this study. Most of the isolates were resistant to nalidixic acid (93.48%) and were the least resistant towards imipinem (4.35%). The MAR index results also demonstrated high individual and multiple resistances to antibiotics among the isolates. From the RAPD analysis, the size for RAPD fragments generated ranged from 250 bp to 1,500 bp, with most of the strains contained three major gene fragments of 350, 1,000 and 1,350 bp. The RAPD profiles revealed a high level of DNA sequence diversity within the isolates. Antibiotic resistance and RAPD proved to be effective tools in characterizing and differentiating the V. parahaemolyticus strains.

Matched MeSH terms: Drug Resistance, Microbial
Fulltext Characterization of Salmonella enterica isolated from street food and clinical samples in Malaysia

Tunung, R., Chai, L.C., Usha, M.R., Lee, H.Y., Fatimah, A.B., Farinazleen, M.G., et al.

International Food Research Journal, 2007;14(3):161-173.
MyJurnal

Salmonella enterica is one of the major causes of bacterial foodborne infection. The aims of this study were to determine the antibiotic resistance and the genetic diversity of Salmonella enterica isolated from street foods and clinical samples and to understand the correlation between the prevalence of serovars and genotypes with their source (street food and clinical samples) and geographic origin (Negeri Sembilan, Malacca and Selangor in Peninsular Malaysia). The enterobacterial repetitive intergenic consensus (ERIC) PCR analysis distinguished the Salmonella isolates into 19 ERIC types, with one untypable isolate. Dendrograms were specifically constructed for the S. Biafra and S. Typhi isolates. Identical or very similar ERIC types among the S. Biafra isolates from street food samples indicate transmission of the S. Biafra among the street foods, as well as possible cross-contamination of the street foods. In addition, the identical or very similar ERIC types among the S. Typhi isolates from human samples examined suggest possible similarity in their source of infection. All the twenty four isolates were resistant to rifampin and none were resistant to cefuroxime. Most isolates displayed multiple resistances. Dendrogram of antibiotic resistances produced six clusters, with similarity levels between 18.8% and 100%. Generally, street food and clinical isolates tend to cluster apart. Dendrogram to cluster the antibiotic groups showed that they could be grouped according to classes based on mode of inhibition. The findings suggest that street food contaminated with drug-resistant Salmonella enterica can be an important factor in the continuous emergence of antibiotic resistant Salmonella enterica.

Matched MeSH terms: Drug Resistance, Microbial
Occurrence and antibiotic resistance of Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli in retail broiler chicken

Usha, M.R., Fauziah, M., Tunung, R., Chai, L.C., Cheah, Y.K., Farinazleen, M.G., et al.

International Food Research Journal, 2010;17(2):247-255.
MyJurnal

Broiler part samples (80 fresh and 80 chilled) were examined for the prevalence and numbers of C. jejuni and C. coli by employing most-probable-number (MPN) and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) techniques. The prevalence of the bacteria was high where C. jejuni was detected in 92.5% fresh and 53.8% chilled samples while C. coli in 80.0% fresh and 56.3% chilled. The number of these bacteria in the positive fresh and chilled samples was from 3 to more than 2400 MPN/g and from 3 to 290 MPN/g, respectively. Antibiotic resistance test (using Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method) on 10 C. jejuni and 13 C. coli isolates toward ampicillin, tobramycin, enrofloxacin, ciprofloxacin, tetracycline, cephalothin, gentamicin and norfloxacin revealed high resistance toward all antibiotics (20.0% - 100.0%). All isolates were resistant to at least two antibiotics. This study highlights the potential of multidrug-resistant C. jejuni and C. coli transmission to humans through fresh and chilled broiler parts. Consecutive studies with bigger sample sizes and covering all over Malaysia are warranted in future.

Matched MeSH terms: Drug Resistance, Microbial
Fulltext Biosafety of Campylobacter jejuni from raw vegetables consumed as ulam with reference to their resistance to antibiotics

Chai, L.C., Fatimah, A.B., Ghazali, F.M., Lee, H.Y., Tunung, R., Shamsinar, A.T., et al.

International Food Research Journal, 2008;15(2):125-134.
MyJurnal

Antibiotic resistance in campylobacter is an emerging global public health problem after MRSA and VRE. Fluoroquinolone and macrolide resistance have been found to be more common in this world leading foodborne pathogen. A total of fifty-six isolates of Campylobacter jejuni obtained from raw vegetables
which are consumed as ulam (salad) in Malaysia, were tested with 12 antibiotics used clinically and
agriculturally. The resistance was determined using the disk diffusion method. Results were determined
by hierarchic numerical methods to cluster strains and antibiotics according to similarity profiles. Fifty
five C. jejuni isolates from different isolation sites were all clustered together into ten groups. This indicates that the commodities (raw salad vegetables/ulam) where the isolates originated might share a similar source of cross-contamination along the production route. All antibiotics tested correlated and there were four groupings reflecting their mode of actions. Generally, C. jejuni isolates were found to be highly resistant to erythromycin (91.1%) and tetracycline (85.7%). Both agents are popular antibiotics used clinically to treat bacterial infections. On the other hand, the C. jejuni isolates showed high percentage (80.4%) of resistance towards enrofloxacin, an extensively used antimicrobial agent in agriculture practices. This study showed that C. jejuni isolates were highly multi-resistance to as many as 10 antibiotics. Therefore, in terms of biosafety, the presence of antibiotic resistance strains in the food chain has raised concerns that the treatment of human infections will be compromised.

Matched MeSH terms: Drug Resistance, Microbial
Fulltext Molecular characterization of clinical isolate of Vibrio cholerae isolated from outbreaks cases in Malaysia

Patrick, G. B., Nishibuchi, M., Tunung, R., Son, R.

International Food Research Journal, 2012;19(3):1267-1274.
MyJurnal

A total of 32 clinical strains of Vibrio cholerae, including members of the 01 and 0139 serogroup
were collected from Klang, Selangor; Penang Island; Samarahan, Sarawak and Miri, Sarawak in Malaysia. In general, all the isolates except the 0139 serotype expressed low resistance to all the antibiotics tested with their Multiple Antibiotic Resistance (MAR) indices ranged from 0.10 to 0.48. The presence of ctx gene that encoded the cholera toxin was confirmed in all these clinical isolates by polymerase chain reaction. The results from the RAPD-PCR were analyzed using the RAPDistance software (Version 1.04). From the dendrogram generated, two main groups were observed which were subdivided into two clusters each. The Selangor’s isolates and the 0139 Penang’s isolates formed one group whereas the Samarahan, Sarawak isolates and the Miri, Sarawak isolates made up the other group, thus delineating their different sources of origin based on their geographical location.

Matched MeSH terms: Drug Resistance, Microbial
Fulltext Quantification and antibiotic susceptibility of Salmonella spp., Salmonella Enteritidis and Salmonella Typhimurium in raw vegetables (ulam)

Najwa, M.S., Rukayadi, Y., Ubong, A., Loo, Y.Y., Chang, W.S., Lye, Y.L., et al.

International Food Research Journal, 2015;22(5):1761-1769.
MyJurnal

Salmonella has been reported to be presence both in raw and processed foods worldwide. In this study, the prevalence, quantification and antibiotic susceptibility of Salmonella isolated from raw vegetables or locally known as ulam such as asiatic pennywort (Centella asiatica (L) Urb), water dropwort (Oenanthe javanica (Blume) DC), long bean (Vigna sinensis EndL), and winged bean (Psophocarpus tetragonolobus (L) DC) obtained from retail markets in Selangor, Malaysia were carried out. From 96 samples tested, the overall prevalence of Salmonella spp. was 97.9%, Salmonella Enteritidis was 54.2% and Salmonella Typhimurium was 82.3% respectively. Samples were contaminated with Salmonella ranging from < 3 to 2400 MPN/g. Salmonella Enteritidis and Salmonella Typhimurium isolates obtained from the raw vegetables (ulam) were found to exhibit high resistance against ampicillin (100%), erythromycin (100%), amoxicillin/clavunic acid (81.3%), cephalothin (75%), streptomycin (50%) and ciprofloxacin (50%). All Salmonella isolates showed multi drug resistant (MDR) profile with each isolate being resistant to 3 or more antibiotics. The multiple antibiotic resistance (MAR) index of Salmonella isolates ranged from 0.27 to 0.55 for Salmonella Enteritidis and 0.27 to 0.82 for Salmonella Typhimurium. The presence of Salmonella on raw vegetables (ulam) and high antibiotic resistance isolates indicated that raw vegetables could be contaminated and thus imposes possible health risk to local consumers.

Matched MeSH terms: Drug Resistance, Microbial
Fulltext Antimicrobial resistance of Listeria monocytogenes and Salmonella Enteritidis isolated from vegetable farms and retail markets in Malaysia

Kuan, C.H., Rukayadi, Y., Ahmad, S. H., Wan Mohamed Radzi, C.W.J., Kuan, C.S., Yeo, S.K., et al.

International Food Research Journal, 2017;24(4):1831-1839.
MyJurnal

Listeriosis and salmonellosis are the major foodborne illnesses worldwide. Over the last decade,
increasing reports about the antibiotic resistance of Listeria monocytogenes and Salmonella from diverse sources have prompted public health concerns, especially in developing countries with over reliance or misuse of antibiotic drugs in the treatment of humans and animals. In this study, antibiotic susceptibility profiles of 58 L. monocytogenes and 12 Salmonella Enteritidis strains from vegetable farms and retail markets in Malaysia were testedby the standard disk diffusion method. Listeria monocytogenes isolates were found to exhibit 100% resistance to penicillin G. Also, high resistance patterns were observed for meropenem (70.7%) and rifampicin (41.4%). The multiple antibiotic resistance (MAR) index of L. monocytogenes isolates ranged from 0.11 to 0.56. Besides, the antibiogram results revealed that multidrugresistant (MDR) S. Enteritidis were detected and all the S. Enteritidis isolates demonstrated resistance to at least four antibiotics. Ampicillin, amoxicillin, and trimethoprim failed to inhibit all the S. Enteritidis strains. Salmonella Enteritidis isolates also displayed high resistance to nalidixic acid (75.0%), trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (75.0%), and chloramphenicol (66.7%). Findings in this study indicated that vegetables could be potential sources of multidrug resistance of L. monocytogenes and S. Enteritidis, which can be a serious issue and a major concern for public health. Thus, there is a great need for surveillance programs in Malaysia to continuously monitor the antibiotic resistance profiles of important pathogens.

Matched MeSH terms: Drug Resistance, Microbial

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