Displaying publications 21 - 40 of 69 in total

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  1. Fulltext Southernmost Asia is the source of Japanese encephalitis virus (genotype 1) diversity from which the viruses disperse and evolve throughout Asia
    Gao X, Liu H, Wang H, Fu S, Guo Z, Liang G
    PLoS Negl Trop Dis, 2013;7(9):e2459.
    PMID: 24069502 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0002459
    Although a previous study predicted that Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) originated in the Malaysia/Indonesia region, the virus is known to circulate mainly on the Asian continent. However, there are no reported systematic studies that adequately define how JEV then dispersed throughout Asia.
    Matched MeSH terms: Encephalitis, Japanese/epidemiology*; Encephalitis, Japanese/transmission; Encephalitis, Japanese/virology*
  2. Fulltext A decade of Japanese encephalitis surveillance in Sarawak, Malaysia: 1997-2006
    Wong SC, Ooi MH, Abdullah AR, Wong SY, Krishnan S, Tio PH, et al.
    Trop Med Int Health, 2008 Jan;13(1):52-5.
    PMID: 18291002 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3156.2007.01967.x
    Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) is an important encephalitis virus in Asia, but there are few data on Malaysia. A hospital-based surveillance system for Japanese encephalitis (JE) has been in operation in Sarawak, Malaysia, for the last 10 years. JEV is endemic in Sarawak, with cases occurring throughout the year and a seasonal peak in the last quarter (one-way anova, P < 0.0001). Ninety-two per cent of 133 cases were children aged 12 years or younger; the introduction of JE vaccination in July 2001 reduced the number of JE cases (84 in the four seasons prior to vs. 49 in the six seasons after, McNemar's test, P = 0.0001). After implementation of the programme, the mean age of infected children increased from 6.3 to 8.0 years (Student's t-test, P = 0.0037), suggesting the need for a catch-up programme.
    Matched MeSH terms: Encephalitis, Japanese/epidemiology*; Encephalitis, Japanese/prevention & control; Encephalitis, Japanese/virology
  3. Australia's vital assistance to Asian nations fighting serious infectious diseases
    Murray G
    Aust. Vet. J., 1999 May;77(5):339.
    PMID: 10376108
    Matched MeSH terms: Encephalitis, Japanese/prevention & control*; Encephalitis, Japanese/transmission
  4. Fulltext Cross-sectional serosurvey for Japanese encephalitis specific antibody from animal sera in Malaysia 1993
    Oda K, Igarashi A, Kheong CT, Hong CC, Vijayamalar B, Sinniah M, et al.
    Southeast Asian J. Trop. Med. Public Health, 1996 Sep;27(3):463-70.
    PMID: 9185254
    Serum specimens were collected from 6 species of animals living in 9 states of Malaysia including Sabah, North Borneo in 1993. Antibodies against Japanese encephalitis (JE) virus in these sera were detected by means of hemagglutination-inhibition (HI) and neutralization (NT) tests. By HI test, 702 of 2,152 (32.6%) sera showed positive results. Higher positive rates were obtained by the NT test, in which 1,787 of 1,927 (92.7%) sera had antibodies against JE virus. All serum specimens with positive HI were confirmed as positive by the NT. Swine sera showed especially higher rates of antibody positive and higher antibody titers compared with other animals. These results suggest that JE infections are widely distributed among many animals of Malaysia, and pig is the most susceptible amplifier host for JE virus.
    Matched MeSH terms: Encephalitis, Japanese/transmission; Encephalitis, Japanese/veterinary*
  5. A case of Japanese encephalitis
    Burdon JT, Stanley PJ, Lloyd G, Jones NC
    J Infect, 1994 Mar;28(2):175-9.
    PMID: 8034997
    We report a case of Japanese encephalitis that occurred in a woman who had spent only a few days in an area where she could have been exposed to the virus. The risks and protective efficacy of vaccination against Japanese encephalitis virus for travellers who visit endemic areas for only a short period are discussed.
    Matched MeSH terms: Encephalitis, Japanese/diagnosis*; Encephalitis, Japanese/drug therapy
  6. Neurovirulence and host factors in flavivirus encephalitis--evidence from clinical epidemiology
    Solomon T, Winter PM
    Arch. Virol. Suppl., 2004.
    PMID: 15119771
    Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) and West Nile virus (WNV) provide some of the most important examples of emerging zoonotic viral encephalitides. For these flaviviruses, only a small proportion of those infected develop clinical features, and these may range from a non-specific flu-like illness to a severe fatal meningoencephalitis, often with Parkinsonian features, or a poliomyelitis-like flaccid paralysis. The factors governing the clinical presentations, and outcome of flavivirus infections are poorly understood, but studies have looked at viral virulence determinants and the host immune response. Previous studies on JEV have suggested that the distribution of the four genotypes across Asia may relate to the differing clinical epidemiology (epidemic disease in the north, endemic disease in the south). However, new data based on the complete nucleotide sequence of a virus representing one of the oldest lineages, and phylogenetic analyses of all JEV strains for which genetic data are available, suggest that the distribution is best explained in terms of the virus' origin in the Indonesia-Malaysia region (where all genotypes have been found), and the spread of the more recent genotypes to new geographical areas. Clinical studies have shown that innate immunity, as manifested by interferon alpha levels, is important in JEV and other flaviviruses, but treatment with interferon alpha did not improve the outcome. A failure of the humoral immune response, is associated with death from encephalitis caused by JEV and WNV. Cellular immunity has been less well characterized, but CD8+ and CD4+ T cells are thought to be important.
    Matched MeSH terms: Encephalitis, Japanese/epidemiology*; Encephalitis, Japanese/transmission
  7. Japanese encephalitis in Sarawak: studies on adult mosquito populations
    Hill MN
    Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg, 1970;64(4):489-96.
    PMID: 4394984
    Matched MeSH terms: Encephalitis, Japanese/epidemiology*; Encephalitis, Japanese/veterinary
  8. Fulltext Detection of Japanese Encephalitis Virus in Culex Mosquitoes in Singapore
    Yap G, Mailepessov D, Lim XF, Chan S, How CB, Humaidi M, et al.
    Am J Trop Med Hyg, 2020 09;103(3):1234-1240.
    PMID: 32700679 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.19-0377
    Mosquito-borne flaviviruses are emerging pathogens of an increasing global public health concern because of their rapid increase in geographical range and the impact of climate change. Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) and West Nile virus (WNV) are of concern because of the risk of reemergence and introduction by migratory birds. In Singapore, human WNV infection has never been reported and human JEV infection is rare. Four sentinel vector surveillance sites were established in Singapore to understand the potential risk posed by these viruses. Surveillance was carried out from August 2011 to December 2012 at Pulau Ubin, from March 2011 to March 2013 at an Avian Sanctuary (AS), from December 2010 from October 2012 at Murai Farmway, and from December 2010 to December 2013 at a nature reserve. The present study revealed active JEV transmission in Singapore through the detection of JEV genotype II in Culex tritaeniorhynchus collected from an Avian Sanctuary. Culex flavivirus (CxFV), similar to the Quang Binh virus isolated from Cx. tritaeniorhynchus in Vietnam and CxFV-LSFlaviV-A20-09 virus isolated in China, was also detected in Culex spp. (vishnui subgroup). No WNV was detected. This study demonstrates the important role that surveillance plays in public health and strongly suggests the circulation of JEV among wildlife in Singapore, despite the absence of reported human cases. A One Health approach involving surveillance, the collaboration between public health and wildlife managers, and control of mosquito populations remains the key measures in risk mitigation of JEV transmission in the enzootic cycle between birds and mosquitoes.
    Matched MeSH terms: Encephalitis, Japanese/epidemiology*; Encephalitis, Japanese/virology
  9. Japanese Encephalitis presenting with cerebral venous sinus thrombosis: a case report
    Neo RJ
    Med J Malaysia, 2019 12;74(6):537-539.
    PMID: 31929482
    A 17-year-old man from Sarawak presented with acute encephalitis syndrome. Serologic testing revealed raised Japanese Encephalitis (JE) IgM antibody titre in which first serum JE was negative followed by positive second serum JE IgM one week later. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and Magnetic resonance venogram (MRV) showed cerebral venous sinus thrombosis (CVST) which is a rare presentation of JE. Early identification of CVST is important as anticoagulation needs to be started to reduce adverse neurological sequelae and improve prognosis.
    Matched MeSH terms: Encephalitis, Japanese/complications; Encephalitis, Japanese/diagnosis*
  10. Fulltext Screening of pig sera for antibodies to Japanese encephalitis virus using a dot enzyme immunoassay and IgM capture ELISA: comparison with the hemagglutination inhibition and plaque reduction neutralization tests
    Cardosa MJ, Hah FL, Choo BH, Padmanathan S
    Southeast Asian J. Trop. Med. Public Health, 1993 Sep;24(3):472-6.
    PMID: 8160055
    A dot enzyme immunoassay for determination of antibodies to Japanese encephalitis virus was designed for use as a field technique for the surveillance of Japanese encephalitis virus activity among domestic pigs. The test was compared with the neutralization test and the hemagglutination inhibition test and found to be more sensitive than the hemagglutination inhibition test and comparable to the neutralization test in sensitivity but more simple to perform than either the neutralization or the hemagglutination inhibition tests. An IgM capture ELISA for the determination of JEV specific porcine IgM was also utilized to determine current infection rates in pigs. The tests which do not involve the determination of specific IgM are better used for testing sentinel animals for providing clues as to the rate of transmission of JEV among pigs. IgM tests determining acute infection are less likely to be useful unless animals are tested very frequently or if a great number of animals are tested at any one time.
    Matched MeSH terms: Encephalitis, Japanese/blood; Encephalitis, Japanese/epidemiology; Encephalitis, Japanese/transmission; Encephalitis, Japanese/veterinary*
  11. Fulltext The involvement of microtubules and actin during the infection of Japanese encephalitis virus in neuroblastoma cell line, IMR32
    Henry Sum MS
    Biomed Res Int, 2015;2015:695283.
    PMID: 25705678 DOI: 10.1155/2015/695283
    The role of the cytoskeleton, actin, and microtubules were examined during the process of Japanese encephalitis (JEV) infection in a human neuroblastoma cell line, IMR32. Cytochalasin D and nocodazole were used to depolymerise the cellular actin and microtubules, respectively, in order to study the effect of JEV infection in the cell. This study shows that depolymerisation of the actin cytoskeleton at early process of infection inhibits JEV infection in the cell; however infection was not inhibited when depolymerisation occurred at the later stage of infection. The microtubules, on the other hand, are required at 2 points in infection. The antigen production in the cells was inhibited when the infected cells were treated at time up to 2 hours after inoculation and there was no significant effect at later times, while the viable virus released continued to be affected until 10 hours after inoculation. In conclusion, infection of JEV in IMR32 cells required actin to facilitate early process in infection and the microtubular network is utilised as the transport system to the virus replication site and the release of mature virus.
    Matched MeSH terms: Encephalitis, Japanese/genetics; Encephalitis, Japanese/virology*
  12. Enterovirus 71 encephalomyelitis and Japanese encephalitis can be distinguished by topographic distribution of inflammation and specific intraneuronal detection of viral antigen and RNA
    Wong KT, Ng KY, Ong KC, Ng WF, Shankar SK, Mahadevan A, et al.
    Neuropathol. Appl. Neurobiol., 2012 Aug;38(5):443-53.
    PMID: 22236252 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2990.2011.01247.x
    To investigate if two important epidemic viral encephalitis in children, Enterovirus 71 (EV71) encephalomyelitis and Japanese encephalitis (JE) whose clinical and pathological features may be nonspecific and overlapping, could be distinguished.
    Matched MeSH terms: Encephalitis, Japanese/pathology*; Encephalitis, Japanese/virology
  13. Fulltext Antiviral activity of baicalein and quercetin against the Japanese encephalitis virus
    Johari J, Kianmehr A, Mustafa MR, Abubakar S, Zandi K
    Int J Mol Sci, 2012;13(12):16785-95.
    PMID: 23222683 DOI: 10.3390/ijms131216785
    Japanese encephalitis (JE), a mosquito-borne viral disease, is endemic to the entire east and southeast Asia, and some other parts of the world. Currently, there is no effective therapeutic available for JE; therefore, finding the effective antiviral agent against JEV replication is crucial. In the present study, the in vitro antiviral activity of baicalein and quercetin, two purportedly antiviral bioflavonoids, was evaluated against Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) replication in Vero cells. Anti-JEV activities of these compounds were examined on different stages of JEV replication cycle. The effects of the compounds on virus replication were determined by foci forming unit reduction assay (FFURA) and quantitative RT-PCR. Baicalein showed potent antiviral activity with IC(50) = 14.28 µg/mL when it was introduced to the Vero cells after adsorption of JEV. Quercetin exhibited weak anti-JEV effects with IC(50) = 212.1 µg/mL when the JEV infected cells were treated with the compound after virus adsorption. However, baicalein exhibited significant effect against JEV adsorption with IC(50) = 7.27 µg/mL while quercetin did not show any anti-adsorption activity. Baicalein also exhibited direct extracellular virucidal activity on JEV with IC(50) = 3.44 µg/mL. However, results of quantitative RT-PCR experiments confirmed the findings from FFURA. This study demonstrated that baicalein should be considered as an appropriate candidate for further investigations, such as the study of molecular and cellular mechanism(s) of action and in vivo evaluation for the development of an effective antiviral compound against Japanese encephalitis virus.
    Matched MeSH terms: Encephalitis, Japanese/prevention & control; Encephalitis, Japanese/virology
  14. Origin and evolution of Japanese encephalitis virus in southeast Asia
    Solomon T, Ni H, Beasley DW, Ekkelenkamp M, Cardosa MJ, Barrett AD
    J Virol, 2003 Mar;77(5):3091-8.
    PMID: 12584335
    Since it emerged in Japan in the 1870s, Japanese encephalitis has spread across Asia and has become the most important cause of epidemic encephalitis worldwide. Four genotypes of Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) are presently recognized (representatives of genotypes I to III have been fully sequenced), but its origin is not known. We have determined the complete nucleotide and amino acid sequence of a genotype IV Indonesian isolate (JKT6468) which represents the oldest lineage, compared it with other fully sequenced genomes, and examined the geographical distribution of all known isolates. JKT6468 was the least similar, with nucleotide divergence ranging from 17.4 to 19.6% and amino acid divergence ranging from 4.7 to 6.5%. It included an unusual series of amino acids at the carboxy terminus of the core protein unlike that seen in other JEV strains. Three signature amino acids in the envelope protein (including E327 Leu-->Thr/Ser on the exposed lateral surface of the putative receptor binding domain) distinguished genotype IV strains from more recent genotypes. Analysis of all 290 JEV isolates for which sequence data are available showed that the Indonesia-Malaysia region has all genotypes of JEV circulating, whereas only more recent genotypes circulate in other areas (P < 0.0001). These results suggest that JEV originated from its ancestral virus in the Indonesia-Malaysia region and evolved there into the different genotypes which then spread across Asia. Our data, together with recent evidence on the origins of other emerging viruses, including dengue virus and Nipah virus, imply that tropical southeast Asia may be an important zone for emerging pathogens.
    Matched MeSH terms: Encephalitis, Japanese/physiopathology; Encephalitis, Japanese/virology*
  15. Fulltext Bionomics of important mosquito vectors in Malaysia
    Vythilingam I, Chiang GL, Lee HL, Singh KI
    Southeast Asian J. Trop. Med. Public Health, 1992 Dec;23(4):587-603.
    PMID: 1363679
    Matched MeSH terms: Encephalitis, Japanese/prevention & control; Encephalitis, Japanese/transmission
  16. Fulltext Japanese encephalitis virus is an important cause of encephalitis among children in Penang
    Cardosa MJ, Hooi TP, Kaur P
    Southeast Asian J. Trop. Med. Public Health, 1995 Jun;26(2):272-5.
    PMID: 8629059
    This study was carried out to determine if Japanese encephalitis virus is an important causative agent of viral encephalitis among pediatric admissions in Penang, Malaysia. 195 children with CNS symptoms and 482 children with non-specific febrile illness admitted into the Pediatric Ward of Penang Hospital during a 16 month period were entered into the study. The presence in serum of cerebrospinal fluid (csf) of Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) specific IgM was determined by an IgM capture ELISA and cytomegalovirus (CMV) specific IgM was determined using a commercially available kit (Behringwerke AG). It was determined that 5 of 13 children with a discharge diagnosis of viral encephalitis had JEV specific IgM in csf, indicating that 38.5% of the viral encephalitis cases was due to JEV. One of the non-JEV cases was found to have mumps virus specific IgM in csf, while no etiology was determined for the other cases. It was also determined that 4 of the 195 (2.1%) cases with CNS symptoms had IgM to CMV, suggesting CMV may be an agent of encephalopathy in children in Penang. Other viruses found to be associated with CNS symptoms in children admitted into our study were measles and herpes simplex virus. A viral etiology was confirmed for 13 or the 195 cases (6.7%). We also screened 482 non-specific febrile cases for IgM to JEV and to dengue viruses and found that 2 (0.4%) had IgM specific for JEV and 9 (1.9%) had IgM specific for dengue virus.
    Matched MeSH terms: Encephalitis, Japanese/epidemiology; Encephalitis, Japanese/virology*
  17. Fulltext A serological study of Japanese encephalitis virus infections in northern Peninsular Malaysia
    Cardosa MJ, Choo BH, Zuraini I
    Southeast Asian J. Trop. Med. Public Health, 1991 Sep;22(3):341-6.
    PMID: 1667957
    This study describes the status of viral encephalitis in Perak, Malaysia during the year 1990. In addition, 14 cases selected from Penang and Perak during the years 1989 and 1990 are presented, with data showing titers of neutralizing antibodies against Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) and dengue 2 virus, titers of antibodies against JEV and dengue virus antigens as determined by DEIA, and a comparison of these with the presence of IgM to JEV and dengue virus. These data show that there probably is far more viral encephalitis due to JEV in Malaysia than the national figures reflect.
    Matched MeSH terms: Encephalitis, Japanese/blood; Encephalitis, Japanese/epidemiology*
  18. Japanese encephalitis in Sarawak: virus isolation and serology in a Land Dyak village
    Simpson DI, Bowen ET, Platt GS, Way H, Smith CE, Peto S, et al.
    Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg, 1970;64(4):503-10.
    PMID: 4394986
    Matched MeSH terms: Encephalitis, Japanese/epidemiology*; Encephalitis, Japanese/veterinary
  19. Fulltext The effect of vaccination coverage and climate on Japanese encephalitis in Sarawak, Malaysia
    Impoinvil DE, Ooi MH, Diggle PJ, Caminade C, Cardosa MJ, Morse AP, et al.
    PLoS Negl Trop Dis, 2013;7(8):e2334.
    PMID: 23951373 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0002334
    BACKGROUND: Japanese encephalitis (JE) is the leading cause of viral encephalitis across Asia with approximately 70,000 cases a year and 10,000 to 15,000 deaths. Because JE incidence varies widely over time, partly due to inter-annual climate variability effects on mosquito vector abundance, it becomes more complex to assess the effects of a vaccination programme since more or less climatically favourable years could also contribute to a change in incidence post-vaccination. Therefore, the objective of this study was to quantify vaccination effect on confirmed Japanese encephalitis (JE) cases in Sarawak, Malaysia after controlling for climate variability to better understand temporal dynamics of JE virus transmission and control.

    METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: Monthly data on serologically confirmed JE cases were acquired from Sibu Hospital in Sarawak from 1997 to 2006. JE vaccine coverage (non-vaccine years vs. vaccine years) and meteorological predictor variables, including temperature, rainfall and the Southern Oscillation index (SOI) were tested for their association with JE cases using Poisson time series analysis and controlling for seasonality and long-term trend. Over the 10-years surveillance period, 133 confirmed JE cases were identified. There was an estimated 61% reduction in JE risk after the introduction of vaccination, when no account is taken of the effects of climate. This reduction is only approximately 45% when the effects of inter-annual variability in climate are controlled for in the model. The Poisson model indicated that rainfall (lag 1-month), minimum temperature (lag 6-months) and SOI (lag 6-months) were positively associated with JE cases.

    CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE: This study provides the first improved estimate of JE reduction through vaccination by taking account of climate inter-annual variability. Our analysis confirms that vaccination has substantially reduced JE risk in Sarawak but this benefit may be overestimated if climate effects are ignored.

    Matched MeSH terms: Encephalitis, Japanese/epidemiology*; Encephalitis, Japanese/prevention & control*
  20. Exotic and emerging viral encephalitides
    Solomon T
    Curr. Opin. Neurol., 2003 Jun;16(3):411-8.
    PMID: 12858080
    The exotic and emerging viral encephalitides are caused by animal or human viruses and characterised by sudden unexpected outbreaks of neurological disease, usually in tropical and sub-tropical regions, but sometimes spreading to temperate areas. Although a wide range of viruses come within this label, as this review highlights, there are common research questions as to the origin and spread of the viruses, the contribution of viral and host factors to the clinical presentations and outcome, and the possibilities for treatment and vaccination.
    Matched MeSH terms: Encephalitis, Japanese/pathology; Encephalitis, Japanese/therapy; Encephalitis, Japanese/virology
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