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Validity of body composition methods across ethnic population groups

Deurenberg P, Deurenberg-Yap M

Acta Diabetol, 2003 Oct;40 Suppl 1:S246-9.
PMID: 14618484

Most in vivo body composition methods rely on assumptions that may vary among different population groups as well as within the same population group. The assumptions are based on in vitro body composition (carcass) analyses. The majority of body composition studies were performed on Caucasians and much of the information on validity methods and assumptions were available only for this ethnic group. It is assumed that these assumptions are also valid for other ethnic groups. However, if apparent differences across ethnic groups in body composition 'constants' and body composition 'rules' are not taken into account, biased information on body composition will be the result. This in turn may lead to misclassification of obesity or underweight at an individual as well as a population level. There is a need for more cross-ethnic population studies on body composition. Those studies should be carried out carefully, with adequate methodology and standardization for the obtained information to be valuable.

Matched MeSH terms: Ethnic Groups*
Fulltext Validity and Reliability of the Malay Version of Duke University Religion Index (DUREL-M) Among A Group of Nursing Student

Nurasikin, M.S., Aini, A., Aida Syarinaz, A.A., Ng, C.G.

Malaysian Journal of Psychiatry, 2010;19(2):1-5.
MyJurnal

Background: Duke University Religion Index (DUREL) is a brief and easy to use instrument for measurement of religious commitment. Objective: The aim of this study was to validate the Malay version of DUREL (DUREL-M) among a group of nursing students. Methods: This is a cross-sectional validation study conducted in a nursing school involved a group of year 1 nursing students. The students were given the Malay version of DUREL, Malay version of General Health Questionnaire (GHQ), Malay version of Brief COPE, Malay version of Depression Anxiety Stress Scale (DASS21), English version of DUREL. A week later, they were again given the Malay version of DUREL. Results: The instrument displayed good parallel reliability (0.70), test-retest reliability (0.68) (Spearman’s rho, p.

Matched MeSH terms: Ethnic Groups
Validation study of the Mini-Mental State Examination in a Malay-speaking elderly population in Malaysia

Ibrahim NM, Shohaimi S, Chong HT, Rahman AH, Razali R, Esther E, et al.

Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord, 2009;27(3):247-53.
PMID: 19246909 DOI: 10.1159/000203888

BACKGROUND/AIMS: In view of the differing sensitivity and specificity of the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) in the non-English-speaking populations, we conducted the first validation study of the Malay version (M-MMSE) in Malaysia among 300 subjects (from the community and outpatient clinics).
METHODS: Three versions were used: M-MMSE-7 (serial 7), M-MMSE-3 (serial 3) and M-MMSE-S (spell 'dunia' backwards). Dementia was assessed using the criteria of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders IV. The optimal cutoff scores were obtained from the receiver operating characteristics curves.
RESULTS: Seventy-three patients (24.3%) had dementia and 227 (75.7%) were controls. Three hundred patients completed the M-MMSE-7, 160 the M-MMSE-3 and 145 the M-MMSE-S. All 3 versions were valid and reliable in the diagnosis of dementia. The optimal cutoff scores varied with each version and gender. In the control group, significant gender differences were observed in the patients with the lowest educational status. Increasing educational levels significantly improved the M-MMSE performance in both genders.
CONCLUSION: All 3 versions of the M-MMSE are valid and reliable as a screening tool for dementia in the Malaysian population, but at different cutoff scores. In those with the lowest educational background, gender-adjusted cutoff scores should be applied.
Study site: Community, neurology and dementia outpatient clinics, Perubatan Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (PPUKM), University Malaya Medical Centre (UMMC)

Matched MeSH terms: Ethnic Groups
Validation of the medical outcomes study family and marital functioning measures in SLE patients in Singapore

Thumboo J, Fong KY, Chan SP, Leong KH, Feng PH, Thio ST, et al.

Lupus, 1999;8(7):514-20.
PMID: 10483028 DOI: 10.1191/096120399678840747

OBJECTIVE: To validate the Medical Outcomes Study Family and Marital Functioning Measures (FMM and MFM) in a multi-ethnic, urban Asian population in Singapore.
METHODS: English speaking Chinese, Malay or Indian SLE patients (n=120) completed a self-administered questionnaire containing the FFM and MFM at baseline, after 2 weeks and after 6 months. Lupus activity, disease-related damage and quality of life were assessed using the British Isles Lupus Assessment Group (BILAG), Systemic Lupus International Collaborating Clinics/American College of Rheumatology (SLICC/ACR) Damage Index and SF-36 Health Survey respectively. Scale psychometric properties were assessed through factor analysis, Cronbach's alpha, quantifying test-retest differences and known-groups construct validity.
RESULTS: Factor analysis of scores obtained at baseline and after 6 months identified 3 factors corresponding to the FFM (1 factor) and the MFM (2 factors). Both scales showed acceptable internal consistency, with Cronbach's alpha of 0.95 for the FFM and 0.70 for the MFM. Mean (s.d.) test-retest differences were -0.31 (3.82) points for the FFM and -0.70 (4.26) points for the MFM. Eleven out of 13 a priori hypotheses relating both the FFM and MFM to demographic, disease and quality of life variables were confirmed, supporting the construct validity of these scales.
CONCLUSION: The FFM and MFM are valid and reliable measures of family and marital functioning in a multi-ethnic cohort of Asian SLE patients in Singapore.

Matched MeSH terms: Ethnic Groups/psychology
Validation of the Malay version of the Quality of Life Questionnaire of the European Foundation for Osteoporosis (QUALEFFO-41) in Malaysia

Nagammai T, Mohazmi M, Liew SM, Chinna K, Lai PS

Qual Life Res, 2015 Aug;24(8):2031-7.
PMID: 25648757 DOI: 10.1007/s11136-015-0933-7

PURPOSE: To assess the validity and reliability of the Malay version of the Quality of Life (QOL) Questionnaire of the European Foundation for Osteoporosis (QUALEFFO-41) in Malaysia.
METHODS: The QUALEFFO-41 was translated from English to Malay and administered to 215 post-menopausal osteoporotic women ≥50 years who could understand Malay, at baseline and 4 weeks. The SF-36 was administered at baseline to assess convergent validity. To assess discriminative validity, patients with and without back pain were recruited.
RESULTS: Confirmatory factor analysis showed that the QUALEFFO-41 had five domains. Good internal consistency was seen in all domains (0.752-0.925) except for the social activity domain (0.692). Test-retest reliability showed adequate correlation for all items (0.752-0.964, p < 0.001). Patients with back pain had significantly worse QOL compared with those without (back pain = 42.2 ± 10.9, no back pain = 33.3 ± 8.9; p < 0.001). The total QUALEFFO-41 score and the SF-36 physical and mental composite scores were significantly correlated (-0.636 and -0.529, p < 0.001, respectively).
CONCLUSIONS: The Malay version of the QUALEFFO-41 was found to be a reliable and valid instrument to evaluate the QOL of osteoporotic patients in Malaysia. To enable the QUALEFFO-41 to be used in a multiracial population, further studies should look into validating other versions of the QUALEFFO-41 in Malaysia.

Matched MeSH terms: Ethnic Groups
Fulltext Validation of the Malay Oral Impacts on Daily Performances and Evaluation of Oral Health-Related Quality of Life in a Multi-Ethnic Urban Malaysian Population: A Cross-Sectional Study

Lim FY, Goo CL, Leung WK, Goh V

Int J Environ Res Public Health, 2022 Dec 16;19(24).
PMID: 36554823 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph192416944

Oral Impacts on Daily Performances (OIDP) can be used as a generic or condition-specific oral health-related quality of life (OHRQoL) instrument. It offers different contexts on how dental conditions affect OHRQoL. This cross-sectional study aimed to validate a newly translated Malay OIDP (OIDP-M), compare OHRQoL, decayed, missing, or filled teeth (DMFT) in Malaysians, and investigate factors associated with OHRQoL. A total of 368 Malaysians were surveyed and examined for DMFT. Short-form oral health impact profile-Malaysia [S-OHIP(M)] and OIDP-M were used to measure OHRQoL. The OIDP-M was tested for reliability and validity. DMFT, S-OHIP(M), and OIDP-M between ethnicities were compared. Associations between ethnicity, DMFT, S-OHIP(M), and OIDP-M of Malays and Chinese were evaluated through partial correlation. Malays and Chinese had more filled teeth and DMFT compared with Indians. Malays reported worse OHRQoL through S-OHIP(M). Decayed teeth were positively associated with S-OHIP(M), physical, psychological, social disabilities, and handicap. For OIDP-M, decayed teeth were positively associated with OIDP-M, working, and sleeping. Missing teeth and ethnicity were positively associated with eating and speaking. Filled teeth were negatively associated with cleaning teeth. The OIDP-M was reliable and valid for evaluating OHRQoL. There were differences in DMFT and OHRQoL between ethnicities. Ethnicity affects OHRQoL, where Malays experienced worse OHRQoL due to dental problems.

Matched MeSH terms: Ethnic Groups
Validation of bioelectrical impedance analysis for total body water assessment against the deuterium dilution technique in Asian children

Liu A, Byrne NM, Ma G, Nasreddine L, Trinidad TP, Kijboonchoo K, et al.

Eur J Clin Nutr, 2011 Dec;65(12):1321-7.
PMID: 21731041 DOI: 10.1038/ejcn.2011.122

To develop and cross-validate bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) prediction equations of total body water (TBW) and fat-free mass (FFM) for Asian pre-pubertal children from China, Lebanon, Malaysia, Philippines and Thailand.

Matched MeSH terms: Ethnic Groups
Vaccine hesitancy among parents in a multi-ethnic country, Malaysia

Mohd Azizi FS, Kew Y, Moy FM

Vaccine, 2017 05 19;35(22):2955-2961.
PMID: 28434687 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2017.04.010

BACKGROUND: Vaccine hesitancy is a threat in combating vaccine-preventable diseases. It has been studied extensively in the Western countries but not so among Asian countries.
OBJECTIVES: To assess the test-retest reliability of the Parent Attitudes about Childhood Vaccines (PACV) questionnaire in Malay language; to determine the prevalence of vaccine hesitancy among parents and its associations with parents' socio-demographic characteristics.
METHODS: Forward and backward translation of PACV in Malay language was carried out. The reliability of the Malay-PACV questionnaire was tested among parents with children. The same questionnaire was used to study vaccine hesitancy among parents in a tertiary hospital in Kuala Lumpur. Information pertaining to socio-demographic characteristics, sources of information regarding vaccination and vaccine hesitancy were collected. Associations between vaccine hesitancy with socio-demographic factors were tested using Multivariable Logistic Regression.
RESULTS: The Spearman correlation coefficient and Cronbach alpha for total PACV was 0.79 (p<0.001) and 0.79 respectively. The intra-class correlation coefficients of the subscales ranged from 0.54 to 0.90 demonstrating fair to excellent reliability. A total of 63 (11.6%) parents were noted to be vaccine hesitant. In the univariate analyses, vaccine hesitancy was associated with unemployed parents, parents who were younger, had fewer children and non-Muslim. In the multivariate model, pregnant mothers expecting their first child were four times more likely to be vaccine hesitant compared to those who already had one or more children (aOR: 3.91, 95% CI: 1.74-8.79) and unemployed parents were also more likely to be vaccine hesitant (aOR: 1.97, 95% CI: 1.08-3.59). The internet (65.6%) was the main source of information on vaccination followed by brochures (56.9%).
CONCLUSION: The Malay-PACV questionnaire is reliable to be used. The prevalence of vaccine hesitancy among the multi-ethnic Malaysians was comparable with other populations. Pregnant mothers expecting their first child and unemployed parents were found to be more vaccine hesitant.

Matched MeSH terms: Ethnic Groups/psychology; Ethnic Groups/statistics & numerical data
Utilization of maternal and child health facilities by the urban poor of Kuala Lumpur

Gan CY, Yusof K

Southeast Asian J. Trop. Med. Public Health, 1993 Jun;24(2):302-6.
PMID: 8266233

A survey conducted to assess the extent which the urban poor in rapidly expanding Kuala Lumpur utilize maternal and child health services available to them. The sample consisted of 1,380 households with children below 6 years and yielded 1,233 children below 6 years of age. 74% of the children had been delivered in government hospitals and 86% of the pregnancies had antenatal care in governmental establishments. 89.2% had BCG immunization before they were 1 year old but 13.3% had not received DPT by that age. Immunization was mainly done in government clinics. The overall immunization coverage for the whole of Kuala Lumpur is expected to be higher than these figures limited to the urban poor. Health planners should increase health facilities in the city to accommodate the expanding population. There is a need to continually campaign for immunization to improve coverage among the urban poor.

Matched MeSH terms: Ethnic Groups
Fulltext Utility of Using the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) as a Screening Tool for HIV-Associated Neurocognitive Disorders (HAND) In Multi-Ethnic Malaysia

Mukherjee T, Sakthivel R, Fong HY, McStea M, Chong ML, Omar SF, et al.

AIDS Behav, 2018 Oct;22(10):3226-3233.
PMID: 29508103 DOI: 10.1007/s10461-018-2073-x

This study determines the optimal cut-off scores for the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) to detect HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND) in a multi-ethnic Malaysian HIV-positive cohort by developing demographically corrected normative standards among 283 HIV-negative community-based controls with overlapping demographic characteristics. The norms (corrected for age, sex, education, ethnicity) were applied to 342 HIV-positive virally suppressed individuals on cART. Impairment rates were classified using the Global Deficit Score (GDS ≥ .5) method. The MoCA was also scored according to the recommended cut-off of ≤ 26, and functional decline was applied to both impairment definitions to classify HAND per the Frascati criteria. The ≤ 26 cut-off considerably overestimated cognitive impairment in both samples (59.4% HIV-negative; 69.3% HIV-positive). In contrast, corrected scores yielded impairment rates consistent with what has been reported internationally in virally suppressed cohorts (23.4% with 83.3% mild impairment, 16.7% moderate impairment). A supplemental file allowing the computation of corrected MoCA scores and impairment status is included.

Matched MeSH terms: Ethnic Groups
Fulltext Urinary calculi in Limbang District

Lau LK, Ong AT

Med J Malaysia, 1980 Sep;35(1):38-40.
PMID: 7253996

74 cases of radiologically proven urinary calculi between 1975 and 1979 were analysed by race, sex and age. The relative frequency of single and multiple stones was also studied. The disease was found in all the ethnic groups present in Limbang except for the Punans. Possible reasons for this observation of their apparent absence were given. The absence of patients from one of the Malay Kampongs in Limbang town was also noted.

Matched MeSH terms: Ethnic Groups
Urinary NMR-based metabolomic analysis of rats possessing variable sperm count following orally administered Eurycoma longifolia extracts of different quassinoid levels

Ebrahimi F, Ibrahim B, Teh CH, Murugaiyah V, Chan KL

J Ethnopharmacol, 2016 Apr 22;182:80-9.
PMID: 26899442 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2016.02.015

Eurycoma longifolia (Tongkat Ali, TA) roots have been ethnically used as a remedy to boost male sexual desire, libido, energy and fertility.

Matched MeSH terms: Ethnic Groups
Urbanization and low-income housing in Malaysia: impact on the urban Malays

Agus MR

Warasan Prachakon Lae Sangkhom, 1990 Jan;2(2):205-21, 242-3.
PMID: 12283536

The focus of this study is on urbanization in Malaysia. "This paper is divided into three parts. The first part examines the trend of uneven urban development in West Malaysia. The second part discusses the change [in] ethnic composition of urban population between 1970 and 1980 intercensal period. The third part analyses the impact of the urbanization process on the Malays in the context of housing problems of the lower income groups." (SUMMARY IN THA)

Matched MeSH terms: Ethnic Groups*
Fulltext Unstable haemoglobin Köln disease in members of a Malay family

Eng LL, Lopez CG, Eapen JS, Eravelly J, Wiltshire BG, Lehmann H

J Med Genet, 1972 Sep;9(3):340-3.
PMID: 5079107 DOI: 10.1136/jmg.9.3.340
Matched MeSH terms: Ethnic Groups
Unperceived dental needs in a group of Malaysian elderly patients

Razak IA, Ali MM

Ann Acad Med Singap, 1989 Sep;18(5):516-8.
PMID: 2619242

The present study analysed the records of 342 elderly subjects aged 55 years and above of different ethnic groups to ascertain the types and level of their unperceived dental needs. The overall percentage of unperceived needs was highest among the Malays (96.1% or 74/77 subjects) and among the men (88.5% or 139/157 subjects). The unperceived need for prosthetic treatment was highest among the Malays and Chinese as well as among women, whereas the unperceived need for treatment for periodontal disease was highest among the Indians. The data for unperceived needs for prosthetic treatment as well as for treatment for caries and periodontal disease were somewhat similar among men. Within each ethnic group, variations among sex in the unperceived needs for the various dental symptoms were also noticeable. Further research is indicated to ascertain the role of traditional and cultural concepts and dogmas in determining the importance attached to the various dental health symptoms within each ethnic group.

Matched MeSH terms: Ethnic Groups*
University students and mental health. Canada, Britain and Singapore

Gold JH

Int J Soc Psychiatry, 1979;25(2):84-91.
PMID: 511452

There are many crucial determinants of the individual outcome and benefit of a university education including the stressful interplay of cultural and socioeconomic factors which are of growing importance in the inflationary 1970's. An epidemiological study of university students from 1969-1972 in Canada, 1973-1974 in Britain, and 1975 in Singapore, attempted to identify stresses leading to mental ill-health in these students. Singapore was chosen as an example of a culture bridging the developed Northern and developing Southern nations of the world. Cultural differences affecting the results of the study are discussed as is the role of social change.

Matched MeSH terms: Ethnic Groups
University of Malaya dental students' attitudes towards communication skills learning: implications for dental education

Nor NA, Yusof ZY, Shahidan MN

J Dent Educ, 2011 Dec;75(12):1611-9.
PMID: 22184601

The Ministry of Higher Education in Malaysia has called for the implementation of a soft skills module in all public universities in Malaysia. In response to this and as part of curriculum development efforts for a new integrated program for 2011, a study was undertaken to improve the University of Malaya (UM) Faculty of Dentistry's communication skills course. One of the study objectives was to investigate dental students' attitudes towards communication skills learning and the association between their attitudes and demographic and education-related characteristics. A cross-sectional survey--using a self-administered twenty-four-item adapted Communication Skills Attitude Scale (CSAS) that contained both positive (PAS) and negative (NAS) attitude subscales--was carried out targeting all final-year dental students at the UM and the Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM). A total of 148 students completed the survey, yielding a response rate of 88.1 percent. Overall, UKM students had significantly more positive attitudes towards communication skills learning (PAS score: mean=48.69, SD=4.48, p<0.001) than UM students (mean=46.03, SD=4.22). There was no statistically significant difference in negative attitudes between the two groups. UKM students with more positive attitudes tended to be female (p<0.05). UM students with more negative attitudes perceived themselves as poor communicators (p<0.05), and UKM students with more negative attitudes tended to have poor English proficiency (p<0.05). This study found that both UM and UKM final-year dental students have positive and negative attitudes towards learning communication skills. These attitudes were significantly associated with certain background and education-related attributes. Outcomes of this study served as a valuable guide in strengthening the communication skills course for the UM's new, integrated dental curriculum.

Matched MeSH terms: Ethnic Groups
Universal Coverage of Hypertension Treatment Services in Malaysia Is Still an Elusive Goal

Ng CW, Shahari MR, Mariapun J, Hairi NNM, Rampal S, Mahal A

Health Syst Reform, 2017 Jul 03;3(3):159-170.
PMID: 31514671 DOI: 10.1080/23288604.2017.1342746

An analysis of population coverage of hypertension treatment services can be used to make inferences about the performance of primary care services within health systems. Malaysia, an upper middle-income country, has a well-established primary care system but one that favors rural populations and provision of services for maternal and child health and infectious diseases. Demographic factors including rapid aging, urbanization, as well as lifestyle changes characteristic of a modernizing society have led to an increase in noncommunicable diseases, including hypertension. In this article, we used data from a nationally representative household health survey to develop service coverage indicators for hypertension screening and treatment services. The age-standardized prevalence of hypertension was estimated to be 33.9% (95% confidence interval [CI], 33.9, 33.9). Only 39.0% (95% CI, 37.5, 40.6) of adults with hypertension had been diagnosed by a medical practitioner, 35.7% had been on treatment, and 9.6% had blood pressure controlled under treatment. The diagnosis, treatment, and controlled treatment coverage were higher for older persons compared to younger persons. There were no differences in the diagnosis and treatment coverage between urban and rural areas and between ethnic groups. However, controlled treatment coverage was higher among Chinese and those living in urban areas. Our findings suggest that primary care services in Malaysia may need to intensify health education activities to promote screening services. There is also a need to reprioritize activities to provide regular community health screening of adults and increase access to affordable primary care services, especially in the urban areas.

Matched MeSH terms: Ethnic Groups
Underwater DVI: Simple fingerprint technique for positive identification

Khoo LS, Hasmi AH, Mahmood MS, Vanezis P

Forensic Sci Int, 2016 Sep;266:e4-e9.
PMID: 27567043 DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2016.08.019

An underwater disaster can be declared when a maritime accident occurred or when an aircraft is plunged into water area, be it ocean, sea or river. Nevertheless, handling of human remains in an underwater recovery operation is often a difficult and demanding task as working conditions may be challenging with poor to no visibility, location of remains at considerable depths and associated hazards from surrounding water. A case of the recent helicopter crash, into a famous river in Sarawak, domiciled by huge crocodiles, is discussed in this paper. Search and recovery team as well as the combat divers from the Special Elite Troop Commando, known as VAT 69, were deployed to the scene to perform the underwater recovery to search for all the victims on board involving five Malaysians with a pilot of Philippines nationality. This paper highlights the limitations and challenges faced during the underwater search and recovery. All the bodies recovered were in moderate decomposition stage with crushed injuries and mutilated face and body. A simple and conventional fingerprint technique were used to record the fingerprint. The prints impressions were later photographed using a smartphone and transferred back to the RMP headquarters in Kuala Lumpur for fingerprint match by using WhatsApp Messenger, a phone application. All the first five victims were identified within an average of 10min. The last victim recovered was the pilot. For foreign nationals, the Immigration Department of Malaysia will record the prints of both index fingers only. The lifting of the fingerprint of the last victim was the most challenging in which only one index finger left that can be used for comparison. A few techniques were attempted using the black printer's ink, glass and tape techniques for the last victim. Subsequently, images of the prints impression were taken using the same smartphone with additional macro lens attached to it to enhance the resolution. The images were transferred to the RMP headquarters through WhatsApp Messenger. The prints were confirmed to be the pilot 20min later.

Matched MeSH terms: Ethnic Groups
Understanding the breast cancer experience: a qualitative study of Malaysian women

Yusuf A, Ab Hadi IS, Mahamood Z, Ahmad Z, Keng SL

Asian Pac J Cancer Prev, 2013;14(6):3689-98.
PMID: 23886167

Breast cancer is the most common and leading cause of cancer mortality among Malaysian women. Despite good survival rates, the diagnosis of cancer still invokes the feeling of stress, fear and uncertainty. Because very little is known about the experiences of Malaysian women with breast cancer, a qualitative study using semi- structured interviews to explore the lived experience of newly diagnosed breast cancer. Using a purposive sampling method, 20 Malaysian women newly diagnosed with breast cancer, including Malays (n=10) and Chinese (n=10) were recruited in two main public hospitals in Kelantan. Similarities and divergence in women's experience were identified through thematic analysis of interview transcripts. Three themes emerged from the data: uncertainty experience of the illness, transition process and fatalistic view of breast cancer. In many ways, these findings were parallel with previous studies, suggesting that the experience of breast cancer is to a certain extent similar among women newly diagnosed with breast cancer. This study adds to the sparse literature concerning the experience of illness following breast cancer diagnosis among the Malays and Chinese. More importantly, this study addressed areas that were previously lacking, specifically in depth information on breast cancer experience from a developing country with a multi-ethnic population. The results of this investigation provide preliminary information to healthcare professionals on the impact of illness and cultural influence on survivorship to plan for appropriate education and supportive programme in order to meet the needs of breast cancer women more effectively.

Matched MeSH terms: Ethnic Groups/statistics & numerical data*

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