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Sexual Fluidity in a Malaysian Sample: A Case for the Presence of Facilitative Environments within a Restrictive Sociocultural and Political Landscape

Pinto J, Lai SY, Low WY

J Homosex, 2023 Dec 06;70(14):3399-3420.
PMID: 35771718 DOI: 10.1080/00918369.2022.2094745

This study investigated sexual fluidity in attractions and subsequent fluidity in sexual identities, its associations with sexual orientation identity labels, and self-reported likelihood of future change in sexual identity labels in a sample of same-sex attracted Malaysian women and men. Participants completed an online questionnaire measuring sexual fluidity in attractions and sexual identity, sexual orientation identity labels and likelihood of future change in identity labels. Sexual fluidity in attractions was reported by 72% of women and 64% of men, with 44% of women and 38% of men reporting subsequent fluidity in sexual orientation identities. There were no significant gender differences observed in the frequency of sexual fluidity in attractions and change in sexual identity labels. There were also no significant gender differences in the self-reported likelihood of future change in sexual identity labels. Sexual fluidity was found to be associated with sexual identity labels representing non-exclusive sexual attractions for both men and women. Findings provide preliminary support for the presence of facilitative environments within a largely conservative and restrictive sociocultural and political landscape.

Matched MeSH terms: Gender Identity
When Health Intersects with Gender and Sexual Diversity: Medical Students' Attitudes Towards LGBTQ Patients

Fazli Khalaf Z, Liow JW, Nalliah S, Foong ALS

J Homosex, 2023 Jul 29;70(9):1763-1786.
PMID: 35285780 DOI: 10.1080/00918369.2022.2042662

A central tenet of the health professions is that of equitable access to health care. However, disparities in equitable healthcare provision continues to be a challenge in many societies due to prejudices against the LGBTQ community. This study was aimed at exploring the attitudes of medical students toward LGBTQ patients in Malaysia. A qualitative approach was adopted to seek depth of understanding of clinical year medical students' perceptions and attitudes toward LGBTQ patients. Data were collected in 2018 through individual interviews and focus group discussions with a total of 29 participants, using a semi-structured question guideline. Purposive sampling comprised representation from the three major ethnic groups in Malaysia. Thematic analysis using NVivo highlighted three main themes i.e., neutrality, in compliance with the Professional Code of Conduct; implicit biases and tolerance of an Odd Identity; explicit biases with prejudices and stereotyping. The lack of knowledge and understanding of the nature and issues of sexuality is problematic as found in this study. They are primarily biases and prejudices projected onto marginalized LGBTQ patients who must contend with multiple jeopardies in conservative societies such as in Malaysia. With some state policies framed around Islam the concern is with the belief among Malay/Islamic students for LGBTQ individuals to go through conversion 'therapies' to become cisgender and heterosexual.

Matched MeSH terms: Gender Identity
How the social media impact women's psychological well-being in the patriarchal structure? The moderating effect of social capital

He L, Firdaus A, Gong J, Dharejo N, Aksar IA

BMC Public Health, 2024 Feb 23;24(1):581.
PMID: 38395820 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-024-18013-y

BACKGROUND: Despite technological, political and economic progress, Pakistan is still a traditionally patriarchal society, and cultural norms curb women's freedom of socialization, which contributes to poor mental health. The digital technology spaces are rampant with male dominance, and offline cultural behaviours are replicated. Therefore, the current research in Pakistan intends to focus solely on women, their social media uses and the consequent impact on their psychological well-being. Furthermore, the mediation role of social capital is explored, which is linked to women's socialization. In virtual communication, women can expand their connection or remain limited to known people.
METHODS: An online survey collected 240 responses from women social media users. The questionnaire was divided into demographics, social media use patterns like access, online time, frequency of use, social media uses, online social capital and psychological well-being. The obtained responses were statistically analyzed using Smart PLS.
RESULTS: Pakistani women use social media extensively; however, their uses are culturally influenced. The women use social media and socialize online but do not openly disclose their personalities and emotions to extend the connection. They seek information only from acquaintances and do not trust newly developed online contacts. Therefore, the mediation role of bonding social capital is significant, referring to the importance of close ties and trust in psychological well-being. Though virtual spaces provide an opportunity for bridging social capital, women use social media for socialization; however, it doesn't contribute to women's psychological well-being.
CONCLUSION: Despite the higher penetration of digital technologies, cultural power still rules in developing countries like Pakistan. Social media uses are gender- and culturally specific, contributing to psychological well-being and developing social capital. The results from Pakistani society recommend ensuring a secure digital experience for women to get maximum benefits from social media and enhance their psychological well-being.

Matched MeSH terms: Gender Identity
Judging the differences between women's attractiveness and health: is there really a difference between judgments made by men and women?

Stephen ID, Perera AT

Body Image, 2014 Mar;11(2):183-6.
PMID: 24405818 DOI: 10.1016/j.bodyim.2013.11.007

Perceived weight in the face and body size have been shown to be significant predictors of both attractiveness and health. Studies looking at the relationship between attractiveness, perceived health, and perceived weight in faces have found that individuals prefer a lower weight for attractiveness than for apparent health. Here, a group of twenty-four Asian participants were allowed to manipulate the apparent body mass indices (BMIs) of full-length photographs of young Malaysian Chinese women to enhance their perceived healthiness and attractiveness. Results showed that both men and women differentiated between attractiveness and health by preferring a lower BMI for attractiveness than health, suggesting a consistency in the preferred ideal BMI for attractiveness and healthy appearance across both sexes. Results also suggested that BMI provides important cues to judgments of attractive and healthy appearance.

Matched MeSH terms: Gender Identity*
Sex differences in educational encouragement and academic achievement

Khan A

Psychol Rep, 2012 Aug;111(1):149-55.
PMID: 23045856

Sex differences in educational encouragement and their predictiveness of academic achievement were examined among 442 secondary school students (M age = 13.2 yr., SD = 1.9). Education-related encouragement received from mothers, fathers, friends, and teachers was assessed. Academic achievement was based on student self-reports and grades. Female adolescents reported receiving statistically significantly more educational encouragement from their mothers, fathers, friends, and teachers than did male adolescents. In regression, sex and educational encouragement from parents, friends, and teachers were found to be significant predictors of academic achievement.

Matched MeSH terms: Gender Identity*
Addressing men and gender diversity in education: a promising solution to the HIV/AIDS epidemic

Ghajarieh AB, Kow KY

Health Care Women Int, 2011 Apr;32(4):314-27.
PMID: 21409664 DOI: 10.1080/07399332.2010.532577

To date, researchers investigating gender in relation to social issues underscore women and appear to sideline men. Focusing on women in studies concerning sociogender issues may exclude not only men from mainstream research, but also those who do not fit into the binary gender system, including gay, lesbian, bisexual, and transgender (GLBT) people. One area closely related to gender issues is the HIV epidemic. Mainstream discussions of men and other versions of masculinity and femininity including GLBT people in the gender-related studies of the HIV epidemic can decrease the vulnerability of individuals against HIV infections regardless of their biological sex.

Matched MeSH terms: Gender Identity*
Husbands' versus wives' fertility goals and use of contraception: the influence of gender context in five Asian countries

Mason KO, Smith HL

Demography, 2000 Aug;37(3):299-311.
PMID: 10953805 DOI: 10.2307/2648043

Using data from Pakistan, India, Malaysia, Thailand, and the Philippines, we explore how gender context influences (1) husband-wife concordance in the demand for children and (2) the impact of each spouse's fertility preferences on contraceptive use. We also explore whether the husband's pronatalism can explain the wife's unmet need for contraception. The results suggest that gender context has little net effect on couples' concordance, but influences the relative weight of husbands' and wives' preferences in determining contraceptive use. Analysis of women's unmet need for contraception suggests that the husbands' pronatalism contributes to wives' unmet need, but only to a relatively small degree, especially in settings where unmet need is high. This is the case because the proportion of couples with differing fertility goals is small in most communities.

Matched MeSH terms: Gender Identity*
Bisexual feelings and opposite-sex behavior in male Malaysian medical students

Buhrich N, Armstrong MS, McConaghy N

Arch Sex Behav, 1982 Oct;11(5):387-93.
PMID: 7181646

The sexual identity of 65 Malaysian male medical students was investigated by anonymous questionnaire. Of these students, 40% were aware of homosexual feelings prior to age 15 years, and 16% were so aware currently. There were correlations between current homosexual feelings and feminine sex dimorphic behavior during childhood and between current homosexual feelings and feminine gender identity. The results are discussed in light of results of a similar questionnaire completed by 138 male medical students in Sydney, Australia.
Study site: National University of Malaysia (Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia), Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia

Matched MeSH terms: Gender Identity*
Fulltext Work-family conflict, work- and family-role salience, and women's well-being

Noor NM

J Soc Psychol, 2004 Aug;144(4):389-405.
PMID: 15279329 DOI: 10.3200/SOCP.144.4.389-406

The author considered both the direct effect and the moderator effect of role salience in the stress-strain relationship. In contrast to previous studies that have examined the effects of salience on well-being within specific social roles, the present study focused on the work-family interface. From a sample of 147 employed English women with children, the present results of the regression analyses showed that both effects are possible, depending on the outcome measures used. The author observed a direct effect of role salience in the prediction of job satisfaction; work salience was positively related to job satisfaction, over and above the main-effect terms of work-interfering-with-family (WIF) conflict and family-interfering-with-work (FIW) conflict. In contrast, the author found a moderator effect of role salience and conflict for symptoms of psychological distress. However, contrary to predictions, the author found that work salience exacerbated the negative impact of WIF conflict, rather than FIW conflict, on well-being. The author discussed these results in relation to the literature on work-family conflict, role salience, and the issue of stress-strain specificity.

Matched MeSH terms: Gender Identity*
Photographing human subjects in biomedical disciplines: an Islamic perspective

Saidun S

J Med Ethics, 2013 Feb;39(2):84-8.
PMID: 23038799 DOI: 10.1136/medethics-2012-100794

Visual recording of human subjects is commonly used in biomedical disciplines for clinical, research, legal, academic and even personal purposes. Guidelines on practice standards of biomedical recording have been issued by certain health authorities, associations and journals, but none of the literature discusses this from an Islamic perspective. This article begins with a discussion on the general rules associated with visual recording in Islam, followed by modesty issues in biomedical recording and issues of informed consent and confidentiality. In order to be deemed ethical from the Islamic perspective, all the aforementioned criteria must conform to, or not contradict, Islamic teaching.

Matched MeSH terms: Gender Identity*
Fulltext The development of friendship instrument in chemistry and engagement of school of quantitative sciences in Universiti Utara Malaysia (UUM) students

Nurul Izzati Binti Hasnun, Nurul Aziera Binti Zainol Abidin, Nurhana Binti Roslan, Mohamad Shukri Bin Abdul Hamid

Malaysian Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities, 2019;4(8):85-112.
MyJurnal

Friendship is a topic that should be emphasized and studied, and it can be positive or negative. There are many forms of friendship that can be termed, but it may also differ from one's perspective and certain characteristics of a person. The value of friendship is very important to study in order to know the level of our friendships. In college student development, peer influence can also influence student engagement in engaging in their college activities. It can be seen in terms of involvement in sports activities, curriculum activities and more. The main purpose of this study was to develop of Friendship instrument in chemistry and engagement of SQS UUM students and find the relationships between genders with chemistry and engagement. Using Factor Analysis in order to develop valid and reliable of the friendship Instrument based on chemistry and engagement. In order to study the validity of the data, face validity was used before the instrument was distributed in which the pilot study was conducted. To determine which factor is best, the analysis uses varimax rotation and selects which component is best and meets the criteria. Normality test was used to find the data was normal or nonnormal. Spearman Correlation and Chi Square Test method used in the non-normal data to find the relationship of selected variables.

Matched MeSH terms: Gender Identity
Fulltext Methamphetamine abuse in sexual minorities: a case report

Lai, M.H., Norliza, C.M., Marhani, M.

Malaysian Journal of Psychiatry, 2012;21(2):57-60.
MyJurnal

Methamphetamine production and abuse increased significantly in Malaysia. Lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender (LGBT) populations have higher prevalence of substance abuse compared to general population. Their unmet needs pose greater challenges in managing their substance related disorders. This paper described the agony of a Malaysian lesbian with gender identity disorder who abused substances and developed amphetamine-induced psychosis. Her sexual identity issue was explored in managing her substance related disorders to improve her outcome.

Matched MeSH terms: Gender Identity
Biological and psychological influences of cross sex hormone in transgender

Ling LS, Sidi H, Lope RAR, Das S, Baharudin A

Curr Drug Targets, 2018 May 11.
PMID: 29749310 DOI: 10.2174/1389450119666180511161420

Transgender is a complex state of bio-psycho-social dimension of human sexuality. It encompasses cognitive-emotional-behavior component that makes the person unique in his or her sexual expression. Transgender tend to use cross sex hormone in order to eradicate their secondary sexual characteristics and to facilitate the shift to their experienced gender. The common masculinising sex hormone use, i.e. Female to Male Treatment Options (FMTO) is testosterone and for feminising hormone i.e. Male to Female Treatment Options (MFTO) is a combination of estrogen with anti-androgen, respectively. Cross sex hormone, i.e. FMTO, or MFTO has biological and psychological influences on the transgender individuals. Nevertheless, cross sex hormone may also poses a range of side effect profiles, varies from the biological to psychosocial impact. The psychological impact can be paramount until it causes severe mental-health problems and even suicide. Numerous ranges of bio-psycho-social influence of cross-sex hormone were highlighted in this review as fundamental core knowledge in the art to know practice when dealing with the treatment options. In psychiatry, the change in the biological appearance may have great influence in the transgender individual, especially in the context of psychosocial and cultural perspective.

Matched MeSH terms: Gender Identity
A novel role for estrogen-induced signaling in the colorectal cancer gender bias

Haziman AA, Ravinderan S, Thangavelu T, Thomas W

Ir J Med Sci, 2019 May;188(2):389-395.
PMID: 30014247 DOI: 10.1007/s11845-018-1867-1

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a malignancy whose incidence is increasing globally, and there is a gender difference in the increasing risk. Evidence from hormone replacement therapy studies points to a role for circulating estrogens in suppressing the development of CRC. Estrogen receptor-β has been identified as a tumor suppressor, but other actions of estrogen may also contribute to the difference in CRC incidence between men and women. The KCNQ1/KCNE3 potassium channel is regulated by estrogen in order to modulate chloride secretion during the menstrual cycle; the effect of estrogen on the colon is to promote fluid conservation during the implantation window. KCNQ1 is also a tumor suppressor in CRC, and its sustained expression has been linked to suppression of the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway that contributes to CRC tumor progression. KCNQ1 regulation may represent a link between the normal physiological actions of estrogen in the colon and the hormone's apparent tumor-suppressive effects in CRC development.

Matched MeSH terms: Gender Identity
Fulltext Gender difference in understanding ageing and retirement

Nik Osman, N.N.A., Awang, H.

JUMMEC, 2019;22(1):27-32.
MyJurnal

The age-old wisdom is that “women live longer than men”. Gender difference in life expectancy is becoming a
worldwide phenomenon both in developed and developing countries. The process of ageing may be viewed
from the perspectives of physical, psychological, and social-economic wellbeing. We investigated gender
difference in understanding ageing in relation to life expectancy, fears relating to diseases and deteriorating
economic status, and perceived old age comfort and their preparedness. Data were obtained from an online
survey and in-person interview of 518 respondents aged 40 years and older residing in Malaysia, which was
based on a convenience sample collected from May 2015 to January 2016. Data were analysed using chisquared
tests and multinomial logistic regression. There were varying views between men and women when
it came to understanding ageing in relation to life expectancy, fears of ageing, deteriorating economic status
and their perception of old age comfort. Women were more optimistic about living longer compared to men
but feared more the consequences of old age diseases. In spite of displaying less concern about financial
preparedness, women were, however, willing to cut down expenses, while men would prefer longer working
hours to ensure a comfortable retirement.

Matched MeSH terms: Gender Identity
The eleven-item Alcohol, Smoking and Substance Involvement Screening Test (ASSIST-11): Cross-cultural psychometric evaluation across 42 countries

Lee CT, Lin CY, Koós M, Nagy L, Kraus SW, Demetrovics Z, et al.

J Psychiatr Res, 2023 Sep;165:16-27.
PMID: 37453212 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2023.06.033

The Alcohol, Smoking and Substance Involvement Screening Test (ASSIST) is an instrument to screen substance-use-related health risks. However, little is known whether the ASSIST could be further shortened while remaining psychometrically sound across different countries, languages, gender identities, and sexual-orientation-based groups. The study aimed to validate a shortened 11-item ASSIST (ASSIST-11). Using the International Sex Survey data, 82,243 participants (M age = 32.39 years) across 42 countries and 26 languages completed questions from the ASSIST-11 regarding gender identity, sexual orientation, and other information. Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) and multigroup CFA (MGCFA) evaluated the ASSIST-11's structure and tested measurement invariance across groups. Cronbach's α and McDonald's ω were used to examine the internal consistency. Cohen's d and independent t-tests were used to examine known-group validity. The ASSIST-11 was unidimensional across countries, languages, age groups, gender identities (i.e., men, women, and gender-diverse individuals), and sexual orientations (i.e., heterosexual and sexual minority individuals). Cronbach's α was 0.63 and McDonald's ω was 0.68 for the ASSIST-11. Known-group validity was supported by Cohen's d (range between 0.23 and 0.40) with significant differences (p-values<0.001). The ASSIST-11 is a modified instrument with a unidimensional factor structure across different languages, age groups, countries, gender identities, and sexual orientations. The low internal consistency of the ASSIST-11 might be acceptable as it assesses a broad concept (i.e., use of several different substances). Healthcare providers and researchers may use the ASSIST-11 to quickly assess substance-use information from general populations and evaluate the need to follow up with more detailed questions about substance use.

Matched MeSH terms: Gender Identity
Greek adaptation of the Teruel Orthorexia Scale (TOS) in adults from the Republic of Cyprus: A bidimensional model may not be universal

Argyrides M, Anastasiades E, Maïano C, Swami V

Appetite, 2024 Mar 01;194:107180.
PMID: 38145878 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2023.107180

The Teruel Orthorexia Scale (TOS) is a 17-item instrument designed to assess distinct facets of Orthorexia Nervosa (ON) and Healthy Orthorexia (HO). While a bidimensional model of TOS scores has been supported in diverse national and linguistic groups, the psychometric properties of the TOS have not been previously assessed in Greek-speaking populations. To rectify this, we assessed the psychometric properties of a novel Greek translation of the TOS in a sample of adults from Cyprus. A total of 1248 respondents (710 women, 538 men) completed the Greek TOS, as well as previously validated measures of perfectionism, obsessive-compulsive symptomatology, eating restriction, negative affect, and appearance evaluation. Our results showed that a bidimensional model of the TOS had less-than-adequate fit when modelled using both confirmatory factor analysis and exploratory structural equation modeling (ESEM). Conversely, both exploratory factor analysis and ESEM supported extraction of a 3-factor model consisting of a HO facet and separate components of emotional orthorexia and cognitive-social orthorexia. This 3-factor model showed a lack of measurement bias (measurement invariance across gender identity and lack of differential item functioning as function of age and body mass index), but there were differences in latent factor means as function of respondent age and body mass index. The 3-factor model showed adequate evidence of construct validity, with the latent emotional orthorexia and cognitive-social orthorexia facets showing significant and moderate associations with the additional constructs measured in the survey. Broadly speaking, these findings support the psychometric properties of a 3-factor model of the Greek TOS, but also suggest that the bidimensional model of the TOS may not have universal applicability. We encourage further assessments of factorial validity in other national and linguistic contexts.

Matched MeSH terms: Gender Identity
Fulltext Case Report of an Adult Female with Neglected Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia (CAH)

Krishnan GD, Yahaya N

J ASEAN Fed Endocr Soc, 2018;33(2):199-201.
PMID: 33442128 DOI: 10.15605/jafes.033.02.14

An apparently well 27-year-old phenotypically male adult was seen at the endocrine clinic for gender assignment. Patient had been raised as a male and identifies as such. Abdominal CT scan showed a unilateral left adrenal mass and karyotyping revealed 46 XX female karyotype. She was diagnosed to have simple virilizing CAH and needed thorough counselling with subsequent management by a multidisciplinary team.

Matched MeSH terms: Gender Identity
The impact of urbanization on family structure: the experience of Sarawak, Malaysia

Sim HC

Sojourn, 2003;18(1):89-109.
PMID: 21853623

This paper argues that women and men encounter the processes of migration and urbanization in very gendered ways. It examines state development policies and their role in accelerating the pace of urbanization, Using material from a recently concluded study on single mothers in the lower socio-economic strata, this paper explores the impact of these wider processes on the structure of the family and women from this strata specifically.

Matched MeSH terms: Gender Identity*
Migration of women to cities: the Asian situation in comparative perspective

Khoo SE, Smith PC, Fawcett JT

Int Migr Rev, 1984;18(4 Special Issue):1247-63.
PMID: 12340237
Matched MeSH terms: Gender Identity*

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