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Inhibitory effect of allicin and garlic extracts on growth of cultured hyphae

Aala F, Yusuf UK, Nulit R, Rezaie S

Iran J Basic Med Sci, 2014 Mar;17(3):150-4.
PMID: 24847416

Trichophyton rubrum (T. rubrum) is one of the most common dermatophytes worldwide. This fungus invaded skin appendages of humans and animals. Recently, resistance to antifungal drugs as well as appearance of side effects due to indication of these kinds of antibiotics has been reported. Besides, using some plant extracts have been indicated in herbal medicine as an alternative treatment of these fungal infections. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of Garlic (Allium sativum) and pure allicin on the growth of hypha in T. rubrum using Electron miscroscopy.

Matched MeSH terms: Hyphae
Transcriptome profiling of endothelial cells during infections with high and low densities of C. albicans cells

Lim CS, Rosli R, Seow HF, Chong PP

Int J Med Microbiol, 2011 Aug;301(6):536-46.
PMID: 21371935 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmm.2010.12.002

Systemic infections of Candida albicans, the most prevalent fungal pathogen in humans, are on the rise in recent years. However, the exact mode of pathogenesis of this fungus is still not well elucidated. Previous studies using C. albicans mutants locked into the yeast form via gene deletion found that this form was avirulent and did not induce significant differential expression of host genes in vitro. In this study, a high density of C. albicans was used to infect human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC), resulting in yeast-form infections, whilst a low density of C. albicans resulted in hyphae infections. Transcriptional profiling of HUVEC response to these infections showed that high densities of C. albicans induced a stronger, broader transcriptional response from HUVEC than low densities of C. albicans infection. Many of the genes that were significantly differentially expressed were involved in apoptosis and cell death. In addition, conditioned media from the high-density infections caused a significant reduction in HUVEC viability, suggesting that certain molecules released during C. albicans and HUVEC interactions were capable of causing cell death. This study has shown that C. albicans yeast-forms, at high densities, cannot be dismissed as avirulent, but instead could possibly contribute to C. albicans pathogenesis.

Matched MeSH terms: Hyphae/cytology; Hyphae/growth & development
Fulltext Ultra-morphological changes of Trichophyton rubrum treated with hydroxychavicol

Ridzuan, P.M., Nasir Mohamad, Salwani Ismail, Nor Iza A. Rahman, Sanusi, N.A., Rabiatul Adawiyah Umar, et al.

International Medical Journal Malaysia, 2017;16(2):65-71.
MyJurnal

Trichophyton rubrum is a common pathogenic fungal species that is responsible for causing infection on
human skin, hair and nail. The antifungal-resistant strains complicate the treatment regime.
Hydroxychavicol (HC) is one of the main compounds from Piper betel leaf that have antifungal potential and
its mechanism of action has not been studied yet. The objective of this preliminary study to determine the
antifungal properties of HC against T. rubrum using transmission electron microscope (TEM) on gross and
ultrastructure of T. rubrum hypha. T. rubrum was treated with HC and miconazole (MI) at concentrations of
1.25, 2.5, 5 and 10 mg/mL for 1, 3, 5 and 7 days continuously. Generally, fungi structures became more
severely damaged at increasing treatment duration. Microscopically, the fungi’s cell wall treated with HC
showed a rough surface, shrinkage and demolition similar to the MI treated group. The fungi organelles were
also demolished and disorganized. This study revealed that HC has the ability to inhibit T. rubrum growth
and has potential to be an antifungal agent for skin infections.

Matched MeSH terms: Hyphae
Nicotine enhances the thickness of biofilm and adherence of Candida albicans ATCC 14053 and Candida parapsilosis ATCC 22019

Gunasegar S, Himratul-Aznita WH

FEMS Yeast Res., 2019 Mar 01;19(2).
PMID: 30476044 DOI: 10.1093/femsyr/foy123

Candida albicans ATCC 14053 and Candida parapsilosis ATCC 22019 hyphal-wall protein 1 (HWP1) are involved in hyphae formation and pathogenesis. The transcriptional agglutinin-like sequence 3 (ALS3) genes in both species are responsible for the development of biofilm and colonization on tooth surfaces. Therefore, we investigated the expression of HWP1 and ALS3 quantitatively in C. albicans and C. parapsilosis and examined the biofilm structure upon exposure to various nicotine concentrations. In vitro, biofilms of Candida species were developed directly on slides using the Lab-Tek Chamber Slide System and visualized by confocal laser scanning microscopy. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction was used to measure HWP1 and ALS3 expression in C. albicans ATCC 14053 and C. parapsilosis ATCC 22019. The results indicated that nicotine multiplied the number of yeast cells and increased the extracellular polysaccharides of Candida species. We also found that 1-2 mg/mL nicotine could enhance the formation of biofilm. The findings also revealed that the expression of HWP1 and ALS3 in Candida species were increased as the nicotine concentration increased. Therefore, nicotine influences the biofilm development of oral-associated C. albicans ATCC 14053 and C. parapsilosis ATCC 22019.

Matched MeSH terms: Hyphae
Bioactive endophytic streptomycetes from the Malay Peninsula

Zin NM, Sarmin NI, Ghadin N, Basri DF, Sidik NM, Hess WM, et al.

FEMS Microbiol Lett, 2007 Sep;274(1):83-8.
PMID: 17608698

Three novel endophytic streptomycetes have been isolated and characterized from plants with ethnobotanical uses on the Malay Peninsula including: Thottea grandiflora (family -Aristolochiaceae), Polyalthia spp. (family -Annonaceae), and Mapania sp. (family -Cyperaceae). Each isolate, as studied by scanning electron microscopy, has small hyphae, and produces typical barrel-shaped spores arising by hyphal fragmentation. Interestingly, although none has any detectable antibacterial killing properties, each has demonstrable killing activity against one or more pathogenic fungi including organisms such as Phytophthora erythroseptica, Pythium ultimum, Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, Mycosphaerella fijiensis and Rhizoctonia solani. Molecular biological studies on the rRNA gene sequence of each isolate revealed that it is distinct from all other genetic accessions of streptomyectes in GenBank, and each bears some genetic similarity to other streptomycetes. The bioactivity of each microbe was extractable in various organic solvents.

Matched MeSH terms: Hyphae/ultrastructure
Cgl-SLT2 is required for appressorium formation, sporulation and pathogenicity in Colletotrichum gloeosporioides

Yong HY, Bakar FD, Illias RM, Mahadi NM, Murad AM

Braz J Microbiol, 2013 Dec;44(4):1241-50.
PMID: 24688518

The mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase pathways has been implicated in the pathogenicity of various pathogenic fungi and plays important roles in regulating pathogenicity-related morphogenesis. This work describes the isolation and characterization of MAP kinase gene, Cgl-SLT2, from Colletotrichum gloeosporioides. A DNA sequence, including 1,633 bp of Cgl-SLT2 open-reading frame and its promoter and terminator regions, was isolated via DNA walking and cloned. To analyze gene function, a gene disruption cassette containing hygromycin-resistant gene was constructed, and Cgl-SLT2 was inactivated via gene deletion. Analysis on Cgl-slt2 mutant revealed a defect in vegetative growth and sporulation as compared to the wild-type strain. When grown under nutrient-limiting conditions, hyperbranched hyphal morphology was observed in the mutant. Conidia induction for germination on rubber wax-coated hard surfaces revealed no differences in the percentage of conidial germination between the wild-type and Cgl-slt2 mutant. However, the percentage of appressorium formation in the mutant was greatly reduced. Bipolar germination in the mutant was higher than in the wild-type at 8-h post-induction. A pathogenicity assay revealed that the mutant was unable to infect either wounded or unwounded mangoes. These results suggest that the Cgl-SLT2 MAP kinase is required for C. gloeosporioides conidiation, polarized growth, appressorium formation and pathogenicity.

Matched MeSH terms: Hyphae/growth & development
Fulltext Interaction between Metarhizium anisopliae and Its Host, the Subterranean Termite Coptotermes curvignathus during the Infection Process

Syazwan SA, Lee SY, Sajap AS, Lau WH, Omar D, Mohamed R

Biology (Basel), 2021 Mar 25;10(4).
PMID: 33806225 DOI: 10.3390/biology10040263

Metarhizium anisopliae (Metchnikoff) Sorokin, a pathogenic fungus to insects, infects the subterranean termite, Coptotermes curvignathus Holmgren, a devastating pest of plantation trees in the tropics. Electron microscopy and proteomics were used to investigate the infection and developmental process of M. anisopliae in C. curvignathus. Fungal infection was initiated by germ tube penetration through the host's cuticle as observed at 6 h post-inoculation (PI), after which it elongated into the host's integumental tissue. The colonization process continued as seen from dissemination of blastospores in the hemocoel at 96 h PI. At this time point, the emergent mycelia had mummified the host and forty-eight hours later, new conidia were dispersed on the termites' body surface. Meanwhile, hyphal bodies were observed in abundance in the intercellular space in the host's body. The proteomes of the pathogen and host were isolated separately using inoculated termite samples withdrawn at each PI-time point and analyzed in two-dimensional electrophoresis (2-DE) gels. Proteins expressed in termites showed evidence of being related to cell regulation and the immune response, while those expressed in M. anisopliae, to transportation and fungal virulence. This study provides new information on the interaction between termites and its entomopathogen, with potential utilization for developing future biopesticide to control the termite population.

Matched MeSH terms: Hyphae
In vitro polymicrobial inter-kingdom three-species biofilm model: influence of hyphae on biofilm formation and bacterial physiology

Ruiz-Sorribas A, Poilvache H, Kamarudin NHN, Braem A, Van Bambeke F

Biofouling, 2021 05;37(5):481-493.
PMID: 34225500 DOI: 10.1080/08927014.2021.1919301

Biofilms are an important medical burden, notably for patients with orthopaedic device-related infections. When polymicrobial, these infections are more lethal and recalcitrant. Inter-kingdom biofilm infections are poorly understood and challenging to treat. Here, an in vitro three-species model including Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli and Candida albicans was developed, to represent part of the diversity observed in orthopaedic infections or other clinical contexts. The importance of fungal hyphae for biofilm formation and virulence factor expression was explored. Two protocols were set up, allowing, or not, for hyphal formation. Culturable cells and biomass were characterised in both models, and biofilms were imaged in bright-field, confocal and electron microscopes. The expression of genes related to virulence, adhesion, exopolysaccharide synthesis and stress response was analysed in early-stage and mature biofilms. It was found that biofilms enriched in hyphae had larger biomass and showed higher expression levels of genes related to bacterial virulence or exopolysaccharides synthesis.

Matched MeSH terms: Hyphae*
Fulltext Hyphae in external auditory canal

Saniasiaya J, Narayanan P

BMJ Case Rep, 2021 Jul 26;14(7).
PMID: 34312145 DOI: 10.1136/bcr-2021-245388
Matched MeSH terms: Hyphae*
Fulltext Transciptome profiling at early infection of Elaeis guineensis by Ganoderma boninense provides novel insights on fungal transition from biotrophic to necrotrophic phase

Bahari MNA, Sakeh NM, Abdullah SNA, Ramli RR, Kadkhodaei S

BMC Plant Biol, 2018 Dec 29;18(1):377.
PMID: 30594134 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-018-1594-9

BACKGROUND: Basal stem rot (BSR) caused by hemibiotroph Ganoderma boninense is a devastating disease resulting in a major loss to the oil palm industry. Since there is no physical symptom in oil palm at the early stage of G. boninense infection, characterisation of molecular defense responses in oil palm during early interaction with the fungus is of the utmost importance. Oil palm (Elaeis guineensis) seedlings were artificially infected with G. boninense inoculums and root samples were obtained following a time-course of 0, 3, 7, and 11 days-post-inoculation (d.p.i) for RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) and identification of differentially expressed genes (DEGs).
RESULTS: The host counter-attack was evidenced based on fungal hyphae and Ganoderma DNA observed at 3 d.p.i which became significantly reduced at 7 and 11 d.p.i. DEGs revealed upregulation of multifaceted defense related genes such as PR-protein (EgPR-1), protease inhibitor (EgBGIA), PRR protein (EgLYK3) chitinase (EgCht) and expansin (EgEXPB18) at 3 d.p.i and 7 d.p.i which dropped at 11 d.p.i. Later stage involved highly expressed transcription factors EgERF113 and EgMYC2 as potential regulators of necrotrophic defense at 11 d.p.i. The reactive oxygen species (ROS) elicitor: peroxidase (EgPER) and NADPH oxidase (EgRBOH) were upregulated and maintained throughout the treatment period. Growth and nutrient distribution were probably compromised through suppression of auxin signalling and iron uptake genes.
CONCLUSIONS: Based on the analysis of oil palm gene expression, it was deduced that the biotrophic phase of Ganoderma had possibly occurred at the early phase (3 until 7 d.p.i) before being challenged by the fungus via switching its lifestyle into the necrotrophic phase at later stage (11 d.p.i) and finally succumbed the host. Together, the findings suggest the dynamic defense process in oil palm and potential candidates that can serve as phase-specific biomarkers at the early stages of oil palm-G. boninense interaction.

Matched MeSH terms: Hyphae
Amycolatopsis vastitatis sp. nov., an isolate from a high altitude subsurface soil on Cerro Chajnantor, northern Chile

Idris H, Nouioui I, Pathom-Aree W, Castro JF, Bull AT, Andrews BA, et al.

Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek, 2018 Sep;111(9):1523-1533.
PMID: 29428970 DOI: 10.1007/s10482-018-1039-3

The taxonomic position of a novel Amycolatopsis strain isolated from a high altitude Atacama Desert subsurface soil was established using a polyphasic approach. The strain, isolate H5T, was shown to have chemical properties typical of members of the genus Amycolatopsis such as meso-diaminopimelic acid as the diamino acid in the cell wall peptidoglycan, arabinose and galactose as diagnostic sugars and MK-9(H4) as the predominant isoprenologue. It also has cultural and morphological properties consistent with its classification in the genus, notably the formation of branching substrate hyphae which fragment into rod-like elements. 16S rRNA gene sequence analyses showed that the strain is closely related to the type strain of Amycolatopsis mediterranei but could be distinguished from this and other related Amycolatopsis strains using a broad range of phenotypic properties. It was separated readily from the type strain of Amycolatopsis balhymycina, its near phylogenetic neighbour, based on multi-locus sequence data, by low average nucleotide identity (92.9%) and in silico DNA/DNA relatedness values (51.3%) calculated from draft genome assemblies. Consequently, the strain is considered to represent a novel species of Amycolatopsis for which the name Amycolatopsis vastitatis sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is H5T (= NCIMB 14970T = NRRL B-65279T).

Matched MeSH terms: Hyphae/ultrastructure