Displaying publications 21 - 40 of 62 in total

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  1. Moey LH, Flaherty M, Zankl A
    Am J Med Genet A, 2019 09;179(9):1898-1901.
    PMID: 31228225 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.61268
    Matched MeSH terms: Optic Nerve Diseases/drug therapy*; Optic Nerve Diseases/genetics; Optic Nerve Diseases/pathology
  2. Tang IP, Prepageran N, Subrayan V, Tajunisah I
    Med J Malaysia, 2008 Oct;63(4):337-8.
    PMID: 19385499 MyJurnal
    Optic neuropathy, an uncommon manifestation occurs in 5% of patients with Graves' ophthalmopathy. Its outcome is good if early and proper treatment given. We reported a 49 years old male patient of Graves' disease with bilateral optic neuropathy. He underwent bilateral transnasal endoscopic orbital decompression with marked improvement of visual acuity bilaterally. The preoperative visual acuity was 6/36 in his right eye and 6/60 in his left eye. Two days after operation, his visual acuity was 6/12 in his right eye and 6/24 in his left eye. Transnasal endoscopic orbital decompression is a choice of treatment in optic neuropathy in thyroid ophthalmopathy after trial of corticosteroids.
    Matched MeSH terms: Optic Nerve Diseases/surgery*
  3. Patel DK, Ali NA, Iqbal T, Subrayan V
    Ann Ophthalmol (Skokie), 2008;40(3-4):177-9.
    PMID: 19230359
    Colloid cysts are rare intracranial tumors most commonly found in the third ventricle. We present a case of colloid cyst of the third ventricle that manifested as bilateral advance optic disc cupping, superior hemifield defects in the visual fields and normal intraocular pressure.
    Matched MeSH terms: Optic Nerve Diseases/diagnosis*
  4. Tan CT
    J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry, 1988 Jul;51(7):944-6.
    PMID: 3204403
    Thirty four patients with cryptococcal meningitis seen in the University of Malaya medical centre since 1980 were reviewed. Eleven patients had bilateral papilloedema and visual impairment but eventually survived. Seven patients had intensive aggressive measures, including shunting to reduce intracranial hypertension irrespective of ventricular size shown in CT scan, and showed substantial improvement in vision. It is concluded that papilloedema and visual failure in cryptococcal meningitis reflects raised intracranial pressure and that this should be treated vigorously.
    Matched MeSH terms: Optic Nerve/physiopathology
  5. Ghani Siti-Ilyana, Koh, Yi-Ni, Embong Zunaina
    MyJurnal
    Toxoplasmic optic neuropathy is rare and usually occurs monoocularly. This case report demonstrates a rare presentation of bilateral
    juxtapapillary retinochoroiditis (Jensen disease) due to toxoplasma infection in
    a young healthy patient. A 20-year-old lady presented with bilateral painless
    blurring of central vision for 5 days duration. It was preceded by fever, upper
    respiratory tract symptoms and headache. There was no history of contact or
    being scratched by a cat. Visual acuity was counting fingers for the right eye
    and 6/45 for the left eye. There was presence of relative afferent pupillary
    defect in the right eye. Optic nerve functions were impaired bilaterally which
    was severe in the right eye. Both eyes showed the presence of mild anterior
    segment inflammation and vitritis. Fundus examination revealed juxtapapillary
    retinochoroiditis bilaterally with swollen optic disc. Optical coherence
    tomography (OCT) showed presence of intra-retinal and sub-retinal fluid at
    macular area bilaterally. Serology for anti-toxoplasma Immunoglobulin G (IgG)
    was positive with titre of 1450 IU/ml. Computed tomography scan (CT scan) of
    brain and orbit was normal. A diagnosis of bilateral juxtapapillary
    retinochoroiditis or Jensen disease was made. Oral azithromycin 500 mg daily
    and guttae prednisolone 4 hourly for 6 weeks was commenced. Oral
    prednisolone 50 mg daily (1 mg/kg/day) was added after completion of 1 week
    of antibiotic and was tapered down within 5 weeks. There was improvement of
    vision as early as 3 weeks post initiation of the treatment. Upon 6 weeks
    completing the treatment, her vision has improved to 6/7.5 on both eyes with
    resolution of optic disc swelling and sub-retinal fluid. Early recognition and
    initiation of treatment in toxoplasma infection associated with juxtapapillary
    retinochoroiditis usually result in good visual prognosis.
    Matched MeSH terms: Optic Nerve; Optic Nerve Diseases
  6. Nor Arfuzir NN, Agarwal R, Iezhitsa I, Agarwal P, Sidek S, Ismail NM
    Neural Regen Res, 2018 Nov;13(11):2014-2021.
    PMID: 30233077 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.239450
    Endothelin-1 (ET-1), a potent vasoconstrictor, is involved in retinal vascular dysregulation and oxidative stress in glaucomatous eyes. Taurine (TAU), a naturally occurring free amino acid, is known for its neuroprotective and antioxidant properties. Hence, we evaluated its neuroprotective properties against ET-1 induced retinal and optic nerve damage. ET-1 was administered intravitreally to Sprague-Dawley rats and TAU was injected as pre-, co- or post-treatment. Animals were euthanized seven days post TAU injection. Retinae and optic nerve were examined for morphology, and were also processed for caspase-3 immunostaining. Retinal redox status was estimated by measuring retinal superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione, and malondialdehyde levels using enzyme-linked immuosorbent assay. Histopathological examination showed significantly improved retinal and optic nerve morphology in TAU-treated groups. Morphometric examination showed that TAU pre-treatment provided marked protection against ET-1 induced damage to retina and optic nerve. In accordance with the morphological observations, immunostaining for caspase showed a significantly lesser number of apoptotic retinal cells in the TAU pre-treatment group. The retinal oxidative stress was reduced in all TAU-treated groups, and particularly in the pre-treatment group. The findings suggest that treatment with TAU, particularly pre-treatment, prevents apoptosis of retinal cells induced by ET-1 and hence prevents the changes in the morphology of retina and optic nerve. The protective effect of TAU against ET-1 induced retinal and optic nerve damage is associated with reduced retinal oxidative stress.
    Matched MeSH terms: Optic Nerve; Optic Nerve Injuries
  7. Sidek S, Ramli N, Rahmat K, Ramli NM, Abdulrahman F, Tan LK
    Eur J Radiol, 2014 Aug;83(8):1437-41.
    PMID: 24908588 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejrad.2014.05.014
    To evaluate whether MR diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) of the optic nerve and optic radiation in glaucoma patients provides parameters to discriminate between mild and severe glaucoma and to determine whether DTI derived indices correlate with retinal nerve fibre layer (RNFL) thickness.
    Matched MeSH terms: Optic Nerve Diseases/pathology*
  8. Mohd Lazaldin MA, Iezhitsa I, Agarwal R, Bakar NS, Agarwal P, Mohd Ismail N
    Int J Neurosci, 2018 Oct;128(10):952-965.
    PMID: 29488424 DOI: 10.1080/00207454.2018.1446953
    PURPOSE: Amyloid beta (Aβ) is known to contribute to the pathophysiology of retinal neurodegenerative diseases such as glaucoma. Effects of intravitreal Aβ(1-42) on retinal and optic nerve morphology in animal models have widely been studied but not those of Aβ(1-40). Hence, we evaluated the time- and dose-related effects of intravitreal Aβ(1-40) on retinal and optic nerve morphology. Since oxidative stress and brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) are associated with Aβ-induced neuronal damage, we also studied dose and time-related effects of Aβ(1-40) on retinal oxidative stress and BDNF levels.

    MATERIALS AND METHODS: Five groups of rats were intravitreally administered with vehicle or Aβ(1-40) in doses of 1.0, 2.5, 5 and 10 nmol. Animals were sacrificed and eyes were enucleated at weeks 1, 2 and 4 post-injection. The retinae were subjected to morphometric analysis and TUNEL staining. Optic nerve sections were stained with toluidine blue and were graded for neurodegenerative effects. The estimation of BDNF and markers of oxidative stress in retina were done using ELISA technique.

    RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS: It was observed that intravitreal Aβ(1-40) causes significant retinal and optic nerve damage up to day 14 post-injection and there was increasing damage with increase in dose. However, on day 30 post-injection both the retinal and optic nerve morphology showed a trend towards normalization. The observations made for retinal cell apoptosis, retinal glutathione, superoxide dismutase activity and BDNF were in accordance with those of morphological changes with deterioration till day 14 and recovery by day 30 post-injection. The findings of this study may provide a guide for selection of appropriate experimental conditions for future studies.

    Matched MeSH terms: Optic Nerve; Optic Nerve Injuries
  9. Fadilah SA, Muhaya M, Azlin I
    Med J Malaysia, 2007 Oct;62(4):349-51.
    PMID: 18551947 MyJurnal
    Irreversible optic nerve dysfunction associated with central retinal vein occlusion (CRVO) is an unusual but important complication of Waldenstrom Macroglobulinemia (WM). Acute visual loss in CRVO is mainly due the severe macular oedema. However, ischaemic optic neuropathy needs to be considered in patients with CRVO when, (i) there is a relative afferent papillary defect and central scotoma, (ii) the visual acuity is not consistent with the retinal pathology, and (iii) the visual defects persisted despite resolution of macular oedema following treatment of the hyperviscosity state. The ischaemic type of CRVO is associated with a poor visual prognosis and the presenting visual acuity has a prognostic role. We report the first description of irreversible unilateral optic nerve damage associated with CRVO in a patient with WM.
    Matched MeSH terms: Optic Nerve/pathology*; Optic Nerve Diseases/complications*; Optic Nerve Diseases/therapy
  10. Ramli NM, Sidek S, Rahman FA, Peyman M, Zahari M, Rahmat K, et al.
    Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol, 2014 Jun;252(6):995-1000.
    PMID: 24770532 DOI: 10.1007/s00417-014-2622-6
    PURPOSE: To measure optic nerve (ON) volume using 3 T magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), to correlate ON volume with retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) thickness, and to determine the viability of MRI as an objective tool in distinguishing glaucoma severity.

    METHODS: In this cross-sectional study, 30 severe glaucoma patients, 30 mild glaucoma patients and 30 age-matched controls were recruited. All subjects underwent standard automated perimetry, RNFL analysis and 3 T MRI examinations. Glaucoma patients were classified according to the Hodapp-Anderson-Parish classification. Pearson's correlation coefficient was used to correlate ON volume with RNFL, and receiver operating curve (ROC) analysis was performed to determine the sensitivity and specificity of ON volume in detecting glaucoma severity.

    RESULTS: Optic nerve volume was significantly lower in both the left and right eyes of the severe glaucoma group (168.70 ± 46.28 mm(3); 167.40 ± 45.36 mm(3)) than in the mild glaucoma group (264.03 ± 78.53 mm(3); 264.76 ± 78.88 mm(3)) and the control group (297.80 ± 71.45 mm(3); 296.56 ± 71.02 mm(3)). Moderate correlation was observed between: RNFL thickness and ON volume (r = 0.51, p <0.001), and in mean deviation of visual field and optic nerve volume (r = 0.60, p optic nerve volume is a reliable method of assessing glaucomatous damage beyond the optic nerve head. A value of 236 mm(3) and below can be used to define severe glaucoma.

    Matched MeSH terms: Optic Nerve/pathology*; Optic Nerve Diseases/classification; Optic Nerve Diseases/diagnosis*
  11. Amerasinghe N, Wong TY, Wong WL, Mitchell P, Shen SY, Loon SC, et al.
    Arch. Ophthalmol., 2008 Aug;126(8):1101-8.
    PMID: 18695105 DOI: 10.1001/archopht.126.8.1101
    To describe the distribution and determinants of the optic cup to disc ratio (CDR) in Malay adults in Singapore.
    Matched MeSH terms: Optic Nerve Diseases/ethnology; Optic Nerve Diseases/genetics*
  12. Din NM, Talat L, Isa H, Tomkins-Netzer O, Barton K, Lightman S
    Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol, 2016 Dec;254(12):2439-2448.
    PMID: 27495303
    PURPOSE: To determine whether the second eyes (SE) of patients with bilateral uveitic glaucoma undergoing filtration surgery have more glaucomatous progression in terms of visual acuity, visual field (VF) and optic nerve changes compared to the first eyes (FE).

    METHODS: This retrospective study analysed data of 60 eyes from 30 patients with bilateral uveitic glaucoma who had undergone glaucoma surgery in both eyes on separate occasions. Humphrey VF progression was assessed using the Progressor software.

    RESULTS: The pre-operative IOP between the FE (43.1 ± 7.7 mmHg) and SE (40 ± 8.7 mmHg) was not statistically significant (p = 0.15). IOP reduction was greater in the FE (64 %) than SE (59.7 %) post-operatively, but the mean IOP at the final visit in the FE (12.3 ± 3.9 mmHg) and SE (14.5 ± 7 mmHg) was not statistically different (p = 0.2). There was no significant change in mean logMAR readings pre and post-operatively (0.45 ± 0.6 vs 0.37 ± 0.6, p = 0.4) or between the FE and SE. The number of SE with CDR > 0.7 increased by 23 % compared to the FE. From 23 available VFs, five SE (21.7 %) progressed at a median of five locations (range 1-11 points) with a mean local slope reduction of 1.74 ± 0.45 dB/year (range -2.39 to -1.26), whereas only one FE progressed. However, there was no significant difference between mean global rate of progression between the FE (-0.9 ± 1.6 dB/year) and SE (-0.76 ± 2.1 dB/year, p = 0.17) in the Humphrey VF.

    CONCLUSION: In eyes with bilateral uveitic glaucoma requiring glaucoma surgery, the SEs had more progressed points on VF and glaucomatous disc progression compared to FEs at the final visit.

    Matched MeSH terms: Optic Nerve Diseases/diagnosis; Optic Nerve Diseases/etiology
  13. Ch'ng TW, Mosavi SA, Noor Azimah AA, Azlan NZ, Azhany Y, Liza-Sharmini AT
    Med J Malaysia, 2013 Oct;68(5):410-4.
    PMID: 24632871 MyJurnal
    INTRODUCTION: Acute angle closure (AAC) without prompt treatment may lead to optic neuropathy. Environmental factor such as climate change may precipitate pupillary block, the possible mechanism of AAC.

    OBJECTIVE: To determine the association of northeast monsoon and incidence of AAC in Malaysia.

    MATERIALS AND METHODS: A retrospective study was conducted on AAC patients admitted to two main tertiary hospitals in Kelantan, Malaysia between January 2001 and December 2011. The cumulative number of rainy day, amount of rain, mean cloud cover and 24 hours mean humidity at the estimated day of attack were obtained from the Department of Meteorology, Malaysia.

    RESULTS: A total 73 cases of AAC were admitted with mean duration of 4.1SD 2.0 days. More than half have previous history of possibility of AAC. There was higher incidence of AAC during the northeast monsoon (October to March). There was also significant correlation of number of rainy day (r=0.718, p<0.001), amount of rain (r=0.587, p<0.001), cloud cover (r=0.637, p<0.001), mean daily global radiation (r=- 0.596, P<0.001), 24 hours mean temperature (r=-0.298, p=0.015) and 24 hours mean humidity (r=0.508, p<0.001) with cumulative number of admission for AAC for 12 calendar months.

    CONCLUSION: Higher incidence of AAC during northeast monsoon suggested the effect of climate as the potential risk factor. Prompt treatment to arrest pupillary block and reduction of the intraocular pressure is important to prevent potential glaucomatous damage. Public awareness of AAC and accessibility to treatment should be part of preparation to face the effect of northeast monsoon.
    Matched MeSH terms: Optic Nerve Diseases
  14. Liza-Sharmini AT, Ng GF, Nor-Sharina Y, Khairil Anuar MI, Nik Azlan Z, Azhany Y
    Med J Malaysia, 2014 Dec;69(6):245-51.
    PMID: 25934953 MyJurnal
    OBJECTIVE: To compare the clinical presentation, severity and progression of primary angle closure between Chinese and Malays residing in Malaysia.

    METHODS: A comparative retrospective record review study was conducted involving one hundred (200 eyes) Malay and fifty eight (116 eyes) Chinese patients. They were selected from medical records of Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kelantan and Hospital Pulau Pinang, Penang, Malaysia. The selected patients were re-diagnosed based on the International Society of Geographical and Epidemiological classification. The clinical data on presentation including the presence of systemic diseases were documented. Progression of the disease was based on available reliable visual fields and optic disc changes of patients who have been on follow-up for at least five years.

    RESULTS: Malay patients presented at older age (61.4 years SD 8.4) compared to Chinese (60.6 years SD 8.3). There was significant higher baseline Intraocular Pressure (IOP) among Malays (34.7 SD 18.5mmHg) compared to Chinese (30.3 SD 16.7mmHg) (p=0.032). The Chinese patients presented with significantly better visual acuity (p<0.001) and less advanced cup to disc changes (p=0.001) compared to Malays. Malay patients progressed faster than the Chinese. Majority progressed within 1 year of diagnosis. Malays without laser peripheral iridotomy (LPI) have a 4 fold (95% CI 1.4, 10.9) risk of progression. Higher baseline IOP, more advanced visual field defect and absence of LPI was identified as significant predictors associated with progression.

    CONCLUSION: The Malays presented with more advanced angle closure glaucoma as compared to the Chinese in Malaysia. Aggressive disease progression was observed in Malays with the onset of optic neuropathy. Effective public awareness and aggressive management is important to prevent blindness in the Malaysian population.
    Matched MeSH terms: Optic Nerve Diseases
  15. Lam, C.S., Umi Kalthum, M.N., Norshamsiah, M.D., Bastion, M.L.C.
    Malaysian Family Physician, 2018;13(3):32-37.
    MyJurnal
    Steroid-induced glaucoma is the most serious complication of the injudicious use of steroids,
    particularly among children affected by allergic conjunctivitis. This condition is steroid-dependent,
    and children are commonly being prescribed topical anti-inflammatories, including topical steroids,
    by general practitioners. Furthermore, topical steroids are also available over the counter, and this
    availability contributes to overuse without proper monitoring by an ophthalmologist. We present
    a series of five cases illustrating the devastating effect of unmonitored, long-term use of steroids
    among children for vernal keratoconjunctivitis. The medications were prescribed initially by general
    ophthalmologists and were continually bought over the counter by parents. At the presentation to
    our center, these patients were already compromised visually, exhibiting glaucomatous optic disc
    changes and high intraocular pressure. The series highlights the optic nerve damage resulting in
    irreversible visual compromises among children on long-term, topical steroids and the importance
    of regular monitoring with a low threshold for ophthalmologist referral.
    Matched MeSH terms: Optic Nerve Injuries
  16. Farhana, I., Nor Azita, A.T., Hamisah, I.
    Medicine & Health, 2018;13(2):158-163.
    MyJurnal
    Ocular tuberculosis is an ocular infection caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (TB). About 5-10% of ocular inflammation cases are caused by ocular TB. Spectrum of ocular TB is diverse, affecting any part of the adnexa, different layers and structures of the globe, orbital contents, optic nerve to the orbital apex posteriorly. It can be associated with or without systemic manifestation. Posterior uveitis is the most common presentation of ocular tuberculosis. Subretinal haemorrhage secondary to choroidal neovascularization (CNV) is a rare complication in ocular tuberculosis. We report a rare case of secondary choroidal neovascularization in a 9-year-old boy with bilateral eye choroidal tuberculoma with underlying miliary tuberculosis. He was treated with intravitreal ranibizumab and intravitreal recombinant-tissue plasminogen activator (r-TPA) injection. The CNV resolved, however, vision was poor due to atrophic fovea.

    Matched MeSH terms: Optic Nerve
  17. Mohd Lazaldin MA, Iezhitsa I, Agarwal R, Bakar NS, Agarwal P, Mohd Ismail N
    Eur J Neurosci, 2020 06;51(12):2394-2411.
    PMID: 31883161 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.14662
    Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) could be considered a potential neuroprotective therapy in amyloid beta (Aβ)-associated retinal and optic nerve degeneration. Hence, in this study we investigated the neuroprotective effect of BDNF against Aβ1-40-induced retinal and optic nerve injury. In this study, exposure to Aβ1-40 was associated with retinal and optic nerve injury. TUNEL staining showed significant reduction in the apoptotic cell count in the BDNF-treated group compared with Aβ1-40 group. H&E-stained retinal sections also showed a striking reduction in neuronal cells in the ganglion cell layer (GCL) of retinas fourteen days after Aβ1-40 exposure. By contrast, number of retinal cells was preserved in the retinas of BDNF-treated animals. After Aβ1-40 exposure, visible axonal swelling was observed in optic nerve sections. However, the BDNF-treated group showed fewer changes in optic nerve; axonal swelling was less frequent and less marked. In the present study, exposure to Aβ was associated with oxidative stress, whereas levels of retinal glutathione (GSH), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase were significantly increased in BDNF-treated than in Aβ1-40-treated rats. Both visual object recognition tests using an open-field arena and a Morris water maze showed that BDNF improved rats' ability to recognise visual cues (objects with different shapes) after Aβ1-40 exposure, thus demonstrating that the visual performance of rats was relatively preserved following BDNF treatment. In conclusion, intravitreal treatment with BDNF prevents Aβ1-40-induced retinal cell apoptosis and axon loss in the optic nerve of rats by reducing retinal oxidative stress and restoring retinal BDNF levels.
    Matched MeSH terms: Optic Nerve
  18. Azhany Y, Hemalatha C, Nani D, Rosediani M, Liza-Sharmini A
    Malays Fam Physician, 2013;8(1):33-7.
    PMID: 25606266 MyJurnal
    Cataract is the most common cause of blindness in the world. An attack of phacolytic and phacomorphic glaucoma as a result of neglected cataract constitutes a medical emergency that must be addressed immediately. Ocular emergencies such as these is challenging for the surgeon with guarded or poor prognosis. We describe the presentation, management and prognosis of three cases of phacomorphic and phacolytic glaucoma. All three patients underwent aggressive management of intraocular pressure. Despite successful cataract operation with implantation of intraocular lens, there was only mild improvement of the vision. Optic nerve and pupil functions were permanently affected following the insult. Phacomorphic and phacolytic glaucoma present a very challenging problem to the surgeon with poor visual outcome. Public health education and awareness are important and health workers should encourage patients with cataract to seek early treatment for better prognosis.
    Matched MeSH terms: Optic Nerve
  19. Mohamad SA, Zunaina E, Wan Hitam WH
    Cureus, 2019 Nov 08;11(11):e6101.
    PMID: 31886042 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.6101
    Optic perineuritis (OPN) is a subtype of optic neuritis (ON) in which the inflammatory process involves meningeal sheath surrounding the optic nerve. Clinically, OPN simulates ON. However, in contrast to ON, patient with OPN shows sparing of central vision, improves dramatically with high-dose corticosteroid, are more likely to experience recurrence after stopping treatment. We report a rare case of caecocentral scotoma observed in a female with typical ON symptoms. Her magnetic resonance imaging showed features in line with OPN. She was treated with intravenous methylprednisolone 1 g/day for five days followed by slow tapering dose of oral prednisolone for one month. Her vision improved dramatically with a resolution of visual field defect. No relapses seen within two years of follow-up.
    Matched MeSH terms: Optic Nerve
  20. Lambuk L, Jafri AJ, Arfuzir NN, Iezhitsa I, Agarwal R, Rozali KN, et al.
    Neurotox Res, 2017 01;31(1):31-45.
    PMID: 27568334 DOI: 10.1007/s12640-016-9658-9
    Glutamate excitotoxicity plays a major role in the loss of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) in glaucoma. The toxic effects of glutamate on RGCs are mediated by the overstimulation of N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors. Accordingly, NMDA receptor antagonists have been suggested to inhibit excitotoxicity in RGCs and delay the progression and visual loss in glaucoma patients. The purpose of the present study was to examine the potential neuroprotective effect of Mg acetyltaurate (MgAT) on RGC death induced by NMDA. MgAT was proposed mainly due to the combination of magnesium (Mg) and taurine which may provide neuroprotection by dual mechanisms of action, i.e., inhibition of NMDA receptors and antioxidant effects. Rats were divided into 5 groups and were given intravitreal injections. Group 1 (PBS group) was injected with vehicle; group 2 (NMDA group) was injected with NMDA while groups 3 (pre-), 4 (co-), and 5 (post-) treatments were injected with MgAT, 24 h before, in combination or 24 h after NMDA injection respectively. NMDA and MgAT were injected in PBS at doses 160 and 320 nmol, respectively. Seven days after intravitreal injection, the histological changes in the retina were evaluated using hematoxylin & eosin (H&E) staining. Optic nerves were dissected and stained in Toluidine blue for grading on morphological neurodegenerative changes. The extent of apoptosis in retinal tissue was assessed by TUNEL assay and caspase-3 immunohistochemistry staining. The estimation of neurotrophic factor, oxidative stress, pro/anti-apoptotic factors and caspase-3 activity in retina was done using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) technique. The retinal morphometry showed reduced thickness of ganglion cell layer (GCL) and reduction in the number of retinal cells in GCL in NMDA group compared to the MgAT-treated groups. TUNEL and caspase-3 staining showed increased number of apoptotic cells in inner retina. The results were further corroborated by the estimation of neurotrophic factor, oxidative stress, pro/anti-apoptotic factors, and caspase-3 activity in retina. In conclusion, current study revealed that intravitreal MgAT prevents retinal and optic nerve damage induced by NMDA. Overall, our data demonstrated that the pretreatment with MgAT was more effective than co- and posttreatment. This protective effect of MgAT against NMDA-induced retinal cell apoptosis could be attributed to the reduction of retinal oxidative stress and activation of BDNF-related neuroprotective mechanisms.
    Matched MeSH terms: Optic Nerve/drug effects; Optic Nerve/metabolism; Optic Nerve/pathology
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