METHODS: Articles published between 2010 and 2023 were searched from five electronic databases. 59 papers were included for analysis with regards to: i). types of motion tested (functional vs. purposeful ankle movement); ii) types of biomechanical parameters measured (kinetic vs kinematic); iii) types of sensor systems used (lab-based vs field-based); and, iv) AI techniques used.
FINDINGS: Most studies (83.1%) examined biomechanics during functional motion. Single kinematic parameter, specifically ankle range of motion, could obtain accuracy up to 100% in identifying injury status. Wearable sensor exhibited high reliability for use in both laboratory and on-field/clinical settings. AI algorithms primarily utilized electromyography and joint angle information as input data. Support vector machine was the most used supervised learning algorithm (18.64%), while artificial neural network demonstrated the highest accuracy in eight studies.
INTERPRETATIONS: The potential for remote patient monitoring is evident with the adoption of field-based devices. Nevertheless, AI-based sensors are underutilized in detecting ankle motions at risk of sprain. We identify three key challenges: sensor designs, the controllability of AI models, and the integration of AI-sensor models, providing valuable insights for future research.
Material and methods: This prospective cohort study was conducted on 68 patients who underwent surgical management for an unstable ankle injury. Demographic details, fracture type and associated medical comorbidities were recorded. Pre-operative radiographic assessment was done for all patients. At the end of one year follow-up, clinical (American Orthopaedic foot and ankle society-AOFAS and Olerud-Molander ankle - OMAS) scores and radiological parameters were assessed and analysed.
Results: Fracture dislocation (0.008), diabetes mellitus (0.017), level of alchohol consumption (0.008) and pre-operative talocrural angle (TCA) > 100° (0.03) were significant predictors of poor outcomes as per AOFAS. Fracture dislocation (0.029), diabetes mellitus (0.004), pre-operative TCA > 100° (0.009), female gender (0.001), age more than 60 years (0.002) and open injuries (0.034) had significantly poor outcome as per OMAS. Other parameters (smoking, hypertension, classification, syndesmotic injury, medial clear space and tibiofibular overlap) did not affect the outcome significantly.
Conclusion: Our study showed that poor outcome predictors in unstable ankle fractures are age >60 years, female gender, diabetes mellitus, alcohol consumption, fracture dislocation, open fractures and pre-op TCA >100°.
METHODS: Two blinded assessors examined thirty-five patients with a history of recent lateral ankle sprain. The first assessor performed physical examination on the injured ankle by using the anterior drawer test and talar tilt test, and the second assessor performed dynamic and static ultrasound assessment for anterior talofibular ligament and calcaneofibular ligament. The clinical laxity grading and sonographic extent of ligamentous injury was graded into a three-point scale.
RESULTS: There was a moderate positive correlation between clinical test and ultrasound grading of anterior talofibular ligament and calcaneofibular ligament with Spearman's correlation coefficient values of 0.58 and 0.66 respectively. Clinical grading of anterior drawer test had 59.1% sensitivity (95% CI: 0.36-0.79) while ultrasound grading had 100.0% specificity (95% CI: 0.75-1.00), with positive likelihood ratio of 0.77 and negative likelihood ratio of 0.44 in detecting a complete (grade 3) anterior talofibular ligament tear (P<0.05). Meanwhile, the clinical grading of talar tilt test had 54.5% sensitivity (95% CI: 0.23-0.83) and ultrasound grading had 100.0% specificity (95% CI: 0.85-1.00), with positive likelihood ratio of 1.0 and negative likelihood ratio of 0.45 in detecting a complete grade 3 calcaneofibular ligament tear (P<0.05).
CONCLUSIONS: The dynamic ultrasound is recommended to determine the actual degree of disruption of the ligament especially when clinical grading under-grades the degree of tear. Grade 2 tears can vary from 10% tear to 90% tear causing the clinical correlation to become less strong. We recommend a new classification for ultrasound grading of grade 2 tears, which could result in a stronger correlation between clinical and ultrasound grading.
METHODS: This was a cross-sectional study involving 42 male competitive basketball players. Subjects were divided into the injured and uninjured groups based on self-reported questionnaires. Ankle range of motion (ROM) was measured using a goniometer, ankle isokinetic strength testing performed using Biodex System 4 PRO, and single-leg stability tests performed using Biodex Balance System SD.
RESULTS: Between the injured and uninjured ankles, there was a decrease in plantarflexion ROM (44.89±6.85 vs. 50.75±9.31, P<0.05) and an increase in eversion ROM (14.50±5.63 vs. 11.74±4.53, P<0.05). There was a reduction in inversion and plantarflexion strength at 30°/s peak torque and 120 °/s peak torque (P<0.05). However, no significant difference observed in the postural stability indexes between the two groups.
CONCLUSIONS: This study proves that there are residual ROM and strength deficits after an ankle sprain, however, these deficits do not affect their balance ability.
CONCLUSIONS: Open MM fracture with bone and soft tissue loss is rare. It is feasible to treat this injury with a novel surgical reconstruction technique involving autogenous bicortical iliac bone graft and radial forearm free flap.