Displaying publications 21 - 40 of 41 in total

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  1. Kounis syndrome following solenopsis (fire ant) bite
    Ng BH, Tan HX, Vijayasingham S
    Med J Malaysia, 2019 08;74(4):344-346.
    PMID: 31424048
    Anaphylaxis is rarely associated with the vasospastic acute coronary syndrome with or without the presence of underlying coronary artery disease. We report here a case of Kounis syndrome in a man with no known cardiovascular risk developed acute ST-elevation myocardial infarction complicated with complete heart block following Solenopsis (fire ant) bite.
    Matched MeSH terms: Insect Bites and Stings/complications*
  2. Effectiveness of soap formulations containing deet and permethrin as personal protection against outdoor mosquitoes in Malaysia
    Yap HH
    J Am Mosq Control Assoc, 1986 Mar;2(1):63-7.
    PMID: 2906963
    Two soap formulations, both containing 20% deet and one each containing permethrin at 0.5 and 1.0%, respectively, were applied to exposed arms and legs of volunteers as personal protection against outdoor human biting mosquitoes in six locations on Penang Island, Malaysia. The predominant mosquito species collected from these locations were Aedes albopictus, Mansonia uniformis, Culex gelidus, Anopheles lesteri and Armigeres subalbatus. Efficacy and residual effects up to 4 hours indicated good protection against these species. Reduction in mosquito landing-biting rates in treated groups ranged from 83.8 to 100.0%. At high densities, small percentages of Ma. uniformis and An. lesteri landed or bit on treated skin. Use of the soap formulations in terms of cost-effectiveness, safety and overall vector control strategy for some tropical diseases is discussed.
    Matched MeSH terms: Insect Bites and Stings/prevention & control
  3. Status of Onchocerca volvulus infection and transmission by blackflies after 15 years of ivermectin distribution at Adani, Nigeria
    Onah IE, Ubachukwu PO, Eyo JE
    Trop Biomed, 2020 Mar 01;37(1):174-185.
    PMID: 33612728
    The nuisance bites of blackflies and transmission of Onchocerca volvulus, which causes onchocerciasis, constitutes a threat to public health and an impediment to food production in rural and riverine communities in Nigeria. The entomological profile of onchocerciasis at Adani, Nigeria, was investigated from August 2010 to January 2011 to determine the transmission of O. volvulus after 15 years of ivermectin distribution in the area. A total of 548 adult female blackflies of the Simulium damnosum complex were caught using human baits and dissected. Of this number, 248 flies were caught in the wet season (August to October), while 300 flies were caught in the dry season (November to January). The relative abundance of flies at Adani varied from 21 in December to 243 in January. The monthly catches between September and October and between December and January were significantly different. The monthly population density of the flies ranged from 0.5Flies/Man/Hour (FMH) in December to 5.5FMH in January. The diurnal biting pattern of the S. damnosum complex at the site showed a bimodal peak of activity with the evening peak being higher than the morning peak except in October when the morning peak was higher than the evening peak. The morning peaks were observed between 7.00 am and 10.00 am, whereas the evening peaks occurred between 4.00 pm and 6.00 pm. The morning and evening biting peaks in all the months were not significantly different. Nulliparous flies accounted for 75.7% of the total catch, whereas 24.3% of the flies caught were parous. The infection, infective bites and transmission of O. volvulus during the study period were zero. This study suggests that transmission of O. volvulus has been halted and the flies are presently more nuisance biters than disease vectors since no stage of O. volvulus was found in the flies dissected.
    Matched MeSH terms: Insect Bites and Stings/epidemiology
  4. Field efficacy of a new repellent, KBR 3023, against Aedes albopictus (SKUSE) and Culex quinquefasciatus (SAY) in a tropical environment
    Yap HH, Jahangir K, Chong AS, Adanan CR, Chong NL, Malik YA, et al.
    J Vector Ecol, 1998 Jun;23(1):62-8.
    PMID: 9673931
    Two new repellent formulations, KBR 3023 10% and 20% from Bayer AG, Germany, were evaluated together with DEET 10% and 20% as standard repellent formulations. Evaluation was based on two separate field studies: a daytime study (0900-1700 hr) in a forested orchard on Penang Island and a nighttime study (2100-0100 hr) in a squatter residential area on the adjacent mainland of peninsular Malaysia. Both studies were carried out by exposing humans with bare arms and legs to mosquitoes landing/biting for an eight hour period. Right arms and legs of the human baits were treated with different repellent formulations (KBR 3023 10%, 20% and DEET 10%, 20%) and the left limbs were left untreated to act as controls. The daytime study indicated that all four formulations were equally effective (P < 0.05) as repellents against the predominant Aedes albopictus with greater than 88.5% reduction in landing/biting in the first four hours and not less than 65.0% in the next four hours of the assessment period. In the night study, all four formulations were also found to be equally effective (P < 0.05) in repelling Culex quinquefasciatus, the predominant species. All four formulations provided complete protection against Cx. quinquefasciatus in the first two hours of exposure. The percentage reduction values were maintained above 90.0% for the next six hours of the assessment period. In conclusion, both the KBR 3023 and DEET formulations were found to be equally effective (P < 0.05) in providing a long-lasting reduction in human-mosquito contact in both the day and night field studies.
    Matched MeSH terms: Insect Bites and Stings/prevention & control*
  5. New Candidates for Plant-Based Repellents Against Aedes aegypti
    Misni N, Nor ZM, Ahmad R
    J Am Mosq Control Assoc, 2016 Jun;32(2):117-23.
    PMID: 27280349 DOI: 10.2987/moco-32-02-117-123.1
    Based on an ethnobotanical study on use for plant species against mosquito bites in the Kota Tinggi District, Johor State, Malaysia, 3 plants selected for study, Citrus aurantifolia (leaves), Citrus grandis (fruit peel), and Alpinia galanga (rhizome), were extracted using hydrodistillation to produce essential oils. These essential oils were then formulated as a lotion using a microencapsulation process and then tested for their repellent effect against Aedes aegypti. N,N-diethyl-m-toluamide (deet) was also prepared in the same formulation and tested for repellency as controls. Four commercial plant-based repellent (KAPS(®), MozAway(®), BioZ Natural(®), and Mosiquard(®)) also were incorporated in the bioassay for comparison purposes. Bioassays revealed that at 20% concentration all repellent formulations demonstrated complete protection for 2 h and >90% for 4 h post-application. The A. galanga-based formulation provided the greatest level of protection (98.91%), which extended for 4 h post-application and was not significantly different from deet at similar concentration. When compared with commercial plant-based repellents (KAPS(®), MozAway(®), and BioZ Natural(®)), the 3 lotion formulations showed significantly better protection against Ae. aegypti bites, providing >90% protection for 4 h. In conclusion, our 3 plant-based lotion formulations provided acceptable levels of protection against host-seeking Ae. aegypti and should be developed.
    Matched MeSH terms: Insect Bites and Stings
  6. Simulium (Gomphostilbia) aziruni: First record of a black fly (Diptera: Simuliidae) attracted to a human in Malaysia
    Izwan-Anas N, Ya'cob Z, Low VL, Lourdes EY, Ramli R, Bolongan G, et al.
    Acta Trop, 2021 Jun;218:105904.
    PMID: 33775626 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2021.105904
    Most female black flies in the genus Simulium are blood-sucking flies and they can cause various parasitic diseases in human and animal. A total of 94 species of black flies have been reported in Malaysia, however, their biting behavior and role as vector of infectious agents remain understudied. To fill in this knowledge gap, we attempted to survey adult black flies from field populations in Peninsular Malaysia. In a survey carried out in 2017 at Tasik Kenyir, Terengganu, three females were caught while attracted and landed on human skin. Further morphological and molecular analyses showed that the specimens were identical to Simulium (Gomphostilbia) aziruni Takaoka, Hashim & Chen of the Simulium gombakense species-group. This is the first report on a black fly species attracted to human in Malaysia which serves as a steppingstone towards in-depth studies for black flies in this region.
    Matched MeSH terms: Insect Bites and Stings
  7. Fulltext Notes on some ectoparasites received by the Medical Entomology Unit, Institute for Medical Research
    Lee HL, Krishnasamy M, Jeffery J, Paramasvaran S
    Trop Biomed, 2006 Jun;23(1):131-2.
    PMID: 17041562 MyJurnal
    There were a spate of recent complaints of insect bites and the entomological specimens received from various sources were identified to be those of cat flea (Ctenocephalides felis) and rat flea (Xenopsylla cheopis), the tropical bed-bug (Cimex hemipterus) and the dog louse (Heterodoxus spiniger). Only the fleas and the bed-bug are known to attack humans.
    Matched MeSH terms: Insect Bites and Stings
  8. The prevalence of Anopheles (Diptera: Culicidae) mosquitoes in Sekong Province, Lao PDR in relation to malaria transmission
    Vythilingam I, Phetsouvanh R, Keokenchanh K, Yengmala V, Vanisaveth V, Phompida S, et al.
    Trop Med Int Health, 2003 Jun;8(6):525-35.
    PMID: 12791058
    A longitudinal study was conducted on the prevalence of Anopheles in three malaria endemic villages in Sekong province, in the southern region of Lao PDR, from August 2000 to October 2001. All night, human landing collections took place in August and October 2000 and April and October 2001, and blood smears were taken for malaria parasites during the same period. Mosquitoes were tested for sporozoite antigen using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. In August 2000 (wet season) and April 2001 (dry season) the ovaries of the mosquitoes were examined for parity. A total of 16 species of Anopheles were caught in the study sites of which An. dirus A, An. maculatus sl and An. jeyporiensis were positive for sporozoites. The entomological inoculation rate (EIR) ranged from 0.06 to 0.25. There was a good correlation between EIR and vectorial capacity in the wet season, especially in Pai Mai where the prevalence of malaria was also high during the wet seasons (11.8 and 10.53). An. dirus A showed ambivalence in their choice of feeding as approximately 50% attacked man indoors and an equal proportion outdoors. An dirus A was the main vector in Pai Mai. The parous rate did not significantly differ between the wet and dry season, although it was higher in the dry season. In Takaio the parasite prevalence ranged from 8.7% (dry season) to 37.1% (wet season) and An. jeyporiensis was the vector, and the risk of infection was 0.85 in the dry season while 0.99 in the wet season. In Toumgno An. maculatus sl was the vector and infection was found only in August and October 2000. However, malaria prevalence ranged from 9.69 to 20.4% and was equally high in the dry season. Cattle were also present close to the houses in all the villages and this might be a contributory factor in the prevalence of malaria.
    Matched MeSH terms: Insect Bites and Stings/epidemiology
  9. Fulltext Local human movement patterns and land use impact exposure to zoonotic malaria in Malaysian Borneo
    Fornace KM, Alexander N, Abidin TR, Brock PM, Chua TH, Vythilingam I, et al.
    Elife, 2019 10 22;8.
    PMID: 31638575 DOI: 10.7554/eLife.47602
    Human movement into insect vector and wildlife reservoir habitats determines zoonotic disease risks; however, few data are available to quantify the impact of land use on pathogen transmission. Here, we utilise GPS tracking devices and novel applications of ecological methods to develop fine-scale models of human space use relative to land cover to assess exposure to the zoonotic malaria Plasmodium knowlesi in Malaysian Borneo. Combining data with spatially explicit models of mosquito biting rates, we demonstrate the role of individual heterogeneities in local space use in disease exposure. At a community level, our data indicate that areas close to both secondary forest and houses have the highest probability of human P. knowlesi exposure, providing quantitative evidence for the importance of ecotones. Despite higher biting rates in forests, incorporating human movement and space use into exposure estimates illustrates the importance of intensified interactions between pathogens, insect vectors and people around habitat edges.
    Matched MeSH terms: Insect Bites and Stings/epidemiology*
  10. A comparative longitudinal study of bovine trypanosomiasis in tsetse-free and tsetse-infested zones of the Amhara Region, northwest Ethiopia
    Cherenet T, Sani RA, Speybroeck N, Panandam JM, Nadzr S, Van den Bossche P
    Vet Parasitol, 2006 Sep 10;140(3-4):251-8.
    PMID: 16675127
    A study was conducted to determine the incidence of trypanosome infections in cattle in tsetse-free and tsetse-infested zones of the Amhara Region of northwest Ethiopia. A total of six sentinel herds were established and the cattle observed during a period of 8 consecutive months. The prevalence of seropositive cattle was high in both the tsetse-free and tsetse-infested zones. The average monthly incidence of trypanosome infection, determined using molecular diagnostic tools, was 20.9% and 25.7% in the tsetse-free and the tsetse-infested zones, respectively. In the tsetse-free, Trypanosoma vivax was responsible for 90.9% of the cattle trypanosome infections. In the tsetse-infested zone, Trypanosoma congolense and T. vivax contributed almost equally to the trypanosome infections in cattle. Trypanosome infection, regardless of species, resulted in anaemia as evidenced by a significant decrease in the packed cell volume of the infected animal. The outcome of this longitudinal study suggests that control of trypanosomiasis in the Amhara Region cannot be achieved by tsetse control alone. Supplemental measures to include drug therapy and biting fly control are discussed.
    Matched MeSH terms: Insect Bites and Stings/prevention & control; Insect Bites and Stings/veterinary
  11. Acute renal failure following multiple wasp stings
    Thiruventhiran T, Goh BL, Leong CL, Cheah PL, Looi LM, Tan SY
    Nephrol Dial Transplant, 1999 Jan;14(1):214-7.
    PMID: 10052513
    Matched MeSH terms: Insect Bites and Stings/complications*
  12. Repellent effect of microencapsulated essential oil in lotion formulation against mosquito bites
    Misni N, Nor ZM, Ahmad R
    J Vector Borne Dis, 2017 Jan-Mar;54(1):44-53.
    PMID: 28352045
    BACKGROUND & OBJECTIVES: Many essential oils have been reported as natural sources of insect repellents; however, due to high volatility, they present low repellent effect. Formulation technique by using microencapsulation enables to control the volatility of essential oil and thereby extends the duration of repellency. In this study, the effectiveness of microencapsulated essential oils of Alpinia galanga, Citrus grandis and C. aurantifolia in the lotion formulations were evaluated against mosquito bites.

    METHODS: Essential oils and N,N-Diethyl-3-methylbenzamide (DEET) were encapsulated by using interfacial pre- cipitation techniques before incorporation into lotion base to form microencapsulated (ME) formulation. The pure essential oil and DEET were also prepared into lotion base to produce non-encapsulated (NE) formulation. All the prepared formulations were assessed for their repellent activity against Culex quinquefasciatus under laboratory condition. Field evaluations also were conducted in three different study sites in Peninsular Malaysia. In addi- tion, Citriodiol® (Mosiquard®) and citronella-based repellents (KAPS®, MozAway® and BioZ Natural®) were also included for comparison.

    RESULTS: In laboratory conditions, the ME formulations of the essential oils showed no significant difference with regard to the duration of repellent effect compared to the microencapsulated DEET used at the highest con- centration (20%). It exhibited >98% repellent effect for duration of 4 h (p = 0.06). In the field conditions, these formulations demonstrated comparable repellent effect (100% for a duration of 3 h) to Citriodiol® based repellent (Mosiguard®) (p = 0.07). In both test conditions, the ME formulations of the essential oils presented longer duration of 100% repellent effect (between 1 and 2 h) compared to NE formulations.

    INTERPRETATION & CONCLUSION: The findings of the study demonstrate that the application of the microencapsulation technique during the preparation of the formulations significantly increases the duration of the repellent effect of the essential oils, suggesting that the ME formulation of essential oils have potential to be commercialized as an alternative plant-based repellent in the market against the mosquitoes.
    Matched MeSH terms: Insect Bites and Stings/prevention & control*
  13. Fulltext Plasmodium knowlesi and Wuchereria bancrofti: Their Vectors and Challenges for the Future
    Vythilingam I
    Front Physiol, 2012;3:115.
    PMID: 22557977 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2012.00115
    Malaria and filariasis still continue to pose public health problems in developing countries of the tropics. Although plans are in progress for the elimination of both these parasitic vector borne diseases, we are now faced with a daunting challenge as we have a fifth species, Plasmodium knowlesi a simian malaria parasite affecting humans. Similarly in peninsular Malaysia, filariasis was mainly due to Brugia malayi. However, we now see cases of Wuchereria bancrofti in immigrant workers coming into the country. In order to successfully eliminate both these diseases we need to know the vectors involved and introduce appropriate control measures to prevent the diseases occurring in the future. As for knowlesi malaria it is still uncertain if human to human transmission through mosquito bites is occurring. However, P. knowlesi in human is not a rare occurrence anymore and has all the characteristics of a pathogen spreading due to changes in the ecosystem, international travel, and cross border migration. This has created a more complex situation. In order to overcome these challenges we need to revamp our control measures. This paper reviews the vectors of malaria and filariasis in Southeast Asia with special emphasis on P. knowlesi and W. bancrofti in Malaysia and their control strategies.
    Matched MeSH terms: Insect Bites and Stings
  14. Fulltext Contact dermatitis presenting as non-healing wound: case report
    Leelavathi M, Le Y, Tohid H, Hasliza A
    Asia Pac Fam Med, 2011 May 15;10(1):6.
    PMID: 21575147 DOI: 10.1186/1447-056X-10-6
    Topical antiseptics are commonly used in the management of minor wounds, burns, and infected skin. These agents are widely used by health professionals and are often self-prescribed by patients as they are easily available over-the-counter. This case illustrates a 73 year old man who presented with a non-healing wound on his right forearm for 4 weeks. The wound started from an insect bite and progressively enlarged with increasing pruritus and burning sensation. Clinically an ill-defined ulcer with surrounding erythema and erosion was noted. There was a yellow crust overlying the center of the ulcer and the periphery was scaly. Further inquiry revealed history of self treatment with a yellow solution to clean his wound for 3 weeks. Patient was provisionally diagnosed to have allergic contact dermatitis secondary to acriflavine. Topical acriflavine was stopped and the ulcer resolved after treatment with non-occlusive saline dressing. Skin patch test which is the gold standard for detection and confirmation of contact dermatitis showed a positive reaction (2+) to acriflavine. Acriflavine is widely used as a topical antiseptic agent in this part of the world. Hence, primary care physicians managing a large variety of poorly healing wounds should consider the possibility of contact allergy in recalcitrant cases, not responding to conventional treatment. Patient education is an important aspect of management as this would help curb the incidence of future contact allergies.
    Matched MeSH terms: Insect Bites and Stings
  15. Knowledge, attitudes, and practices related to control of Dengue haemorrhagic fever in an urban Malay kampung
    Dobbins JG, Else JG
    Southeast Asian J. Trop. Med. Public Health, 1975 Mar;6(1):120-6.
    PMID: 1170643
    Matched MeSH terms: Insect Bites and Stings
  16. Fulltext Dengue prevention practices and their associated factors among wet market in Hilir Perak District, Malaysia
    Nur Intan Kartiniewatie Kamaruddin, Salmiah Md Said, Hayati Kadir @ Shahar, Lim Poh Ying
    Malaysian Journal of Medicine and Health Sciences, 2019;15(104):46-46.
    MyJurnal
    Introduction: Wet markets are predisposed to Aedes breeding due to nature of daily activities that involve frequent water storage and usage of water collecting containers. Large numbers of visitors patronising wet markets could cause rapid spread of dengue infection. This study aimed to determine the level of dengue prevention practices among wet market traders in Hilir Perak District and their associated socioecological factors. Methods: A cross sectional study using stratified sampling method was conducted where 246 wet market traders were interviewed to collect data on dengue prevention practices (prevention of Aedes mosquitoes breeding and prevention of mosquito bites), and so-cioecological factors. Chi square test and logistic regression modelling were performed to identify socioecological factors associated with dengue prevention practices. Results: Response rate for this study was 88.9%. Majority of the respondents were male, above 40 years old, had secondary education and above, had monthly income of above MYR2000, were owner of the shop lots, was or had ever married and sold fish, vegetable or groceries products. Most of the respondents had high level of dengue prevention practices (78%). Those who were owner of shop lots, had high perceived susceptibility, high family support, and high perceived dengue prevention and control laws and reg-ulations were predicted to have high level of dengue prevention practices. Conclusion: Level of dengue prevention practices is determined not only by individual factors, but also other factors from relationship to societal level which must also be considered in planning or evaluating current dengue control programmes.
    Matched MeSH terms: Insect Bites and Stings
  17. Fulltext Retrospective analysis of older travellers attending a specialist travel health clinic
    Darrat M, Flaherty GT
    Trop Dis Travel Med Vaccines, 2019;5:17.
    PMID: 31548898 DOI: 10.1186/s40794-019-0094-8
    Background: Older people represent a significant proportion of overseas travellers. The epidemiology of older international travellers is not well described in the literature. This study aims to identify demographics, travel characteristics and the medical profile of older travellers seeking pre-travel health advice in a specialist travel medicine clinic.

    Methods: Records of travellers aged 60 years and older attending the Tropical Medical Bureau clinic in Galway, Ireland between 2014 and 2018 were examined. Descriptive and inferential.analysis of data was performed.

    Results: A total of 337 older travellers sought pre-travel health advice during the study period. The mean age of the cohort was 65.42 (±10) years. Most of the travellers (n = 267, 80%) had at least one travelling companion. Nearly half of older travellers (n = 155, 46.8%) were travelling with a single companion. Tourism was the main reason for travel for the majority (n = 260, 77.6%), followed by visiting friends and relatives (VFR) (n = 23, 6.9%) travellers. The mean interval remaining before the planned trip was 4.36 (±2) weeks, and the mean duration of travel was 3.16 (±1) weeks. The most popular single country of destination was India with 33 (9.8%) visitors, and South East Asia was the most popular region with 132 (39.2%) older travellers. The majority of travellers (n = 267, 79.2%) had a documented pre-existing medical condition. The most commonly reported medical conditions were hypertension (n = 26, 7.7%), dyslipidaemia (n = 18, 5.3%), diabetes mellitus (n = 12, 3.5%), insect bite sensitivity (n = 11, 3.3%), and hypothyroidism (n = 9, 2.6%). Antihypertensive agents (n = 32, 9.4%) and statins (n = 24, 7.1%) were the most frequently used medications. Typhoid (n = 112, 33.2%) and hepatitis A (n = 84, 24.9%) were the most common vaccinations administered to older travellers at the clinic.

    Conclusions: This study provides an insight into the demographics, travel characteristics, and medical profile of elderly travellers seeking advice at a large travel clinic in Ireland. A wide range of travel destinations, diseases and medication use was reported among this group of travellers, which may enable travel medicine physicians to provide more tailored advice and to more appropriately counsel older travellers.

    Matched MeSH terms: Insect Bites and Stings
  18. Travellers with type 1 diabetes: questionnaire development and descriptive analysis of knowledge and practices
    Flaherty GT, Leong SW, Finn Y, Sulaiman LH, Noone C
    J Travel Med, 2020 Sep 26;27(6).
    PMID: 32634210 DOI: 10.1093/jtm/taaa110
    BACKGROUND: Little is known about the awareness of travellers with diabetes about the health effects of international travel. This study aimed to design and validate a questionnaire to examine the travel health knowledge, attitudes and practices of people living with type 1 diabetes.

    METHODS: A set of 74 items based on a conceptual framework analysis underwent revision and its content validity was established. Items were grouped into three domains. A development study was conducted to establish evidence regarding their factorial structure. A construct validation study was then conducted in which the retained items were tested in an independent sample using confirmatory factor analysis (CFA).

    RESULTS: Four factors emerged from our development study and were labelled as pre-travel preparation-insect bites, pre-travel preparation-consultation, insulin and glycaemic control and travel risk behaviour. A CFA confirmed the factorial structure identified in the development study in an independent sample. Each factor loading had a significant (P 

    Matched MeSH terms: Insect Bites and Stings
  19. Fulltext A Comprehensive Review on Phytochemistry and Pharmacological Activities of Clinacanthus nutans (Burm.f.) Lindau
    Khoo LW, Audrey Kow S, Lee MT, Tan CP, Shaari K, Tham CL, et al.
    Evid Based Complement Alternat Med, 2018;2018:9276260.
    PMID: 30105077 DOI: 10.1155/2018/9276260
    Clinacanthus nutans (Burm.f.) Lindau (Acanthaceae), commonly known as Sabah snake grass, is a vegetable and a well-known herb that is considered an alternative medicine for insect bites, skin rashes, herpes infection, inflammation, and cancer and for health benefits. Current review aims to provide a well-tabulated repository of the phytochemical screening, identification and quantification, and the pharmacological information of C. nutans according to the experimental design and the plant preparation methods which make it outstanding compared to existing reviews. This review has documented valuable data obtained from all accessible library databases and electronic searches. For the first time we analyzed the presence of flavonoids, triterpenoids, steroids, phytosterols, and glycosides in C. nutans based on the results from phytochemical screening which are then further confirmed by conventional phytochemical isolation methods and advanced spectroscopic techniques. Phytochemical quantification further illustrated that C. nutans is a good source of phenolics and flavonoids. Pharmacological studies on C. nutans revealed that its polar extract could be a promising anti-inflammation, antiviral, anticancer, immune and neuromodulating, and plasmid DNA protective agent; that its semipolar extract could be a promising antiviral, anticancer, and wound healing agent; and that its nonpolar extract could be an excellent anticancer agent.
    Matched MeSH terms: Insect Bites and Stings
  20. Efficacy of diethylcarbamazine and pirimiphos-methyl residual spraying in controlling brugian filariasis
    Chang MS, Ho BC, Chan KL
    Trop. Med. Parasitol., 1991 Jun;42(2):95-102.
    PMID: 1680246
    A control programme against subperiodic brugian filariasis was implemented in three villages, (Kg. Ampungan, Kg. Sebangkoi and Kg. Sebamban) in Sarawak, Malaysia. In Kampong Ampungan, the mass administration of diethylcarbamazine (DEC-citrate) combined with residual house spraying of pirimiphos-methyl reduced microfilarial rate to 8% of the pre-treatment level and microfilarial density (MfD50) to 44% of the pre-treatment level over a period of four years. In Kampong Sebangkoi and Kampong Sebamban, where only mass DEC therapy was applied, the microfilarial rate and MfD50 declined distinctly in the second blood survey but increased gradually in two subsequent follow-up blood surveys. In Kg, Ampungan, we observed a significant reduction of infective biting rate (88.3%), infection rate (62.5%) and transmission potential (88.1%) of Mansonia bonneae at the fourth spray round. The corresponding reduction rates in Kg. Sebangkoi and Kg. Sebamban were 35.3%, 26.7%, 42.2% and 24%, 30.8% and 15.4% respectively. The biting density of the vector was reduced by 79.8% indoors and 31.8% outdoors at the sprayed village, while only a slight decrease in densities (17.9% indoors and 12.4% outdoors) was observed at the unsprayed village. Bioassay tests revealed that pirimiphos-methyl had a substantial fumigant effect on the vector. The integrated control measure in controlling subperiodic brugian filariasis is discussed.
    Matched MeSH terms: Insect Bites and Stings/prevention & control
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