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  1. Fulltext Effects of alternate nostril breathing exercise on cardiorespiratory functions in healthy young adults
    Jahan I, Begum M, Akhter S, Islam MZ, Jahan N, Samad N, et al.
    Ann Afr Med, 2021 7 3;20(2):69-77.
    PMID: 34213471 DOI: 10.4103/aam.aam_114_20
    Introduction: Alternate nostril breathing (ANB) is an effective breathing exercise with therapeutic benefits on cardiorespiratory functions for healthy and diseased individuals. This study was conducted to assess the effects of ANB exercise on cardiorespiratory tasks in healthy adults.

    Materials and Methods: This randomized experimental study was conducted in the Department of Physiology, Chittagong Medical College, Chattogram, from July 2017 to June 2018. A total of 100 1st-year students, aged between 18 and 20 years, were included by a random sampling method. Fifty participants (25 males and 25 females) were enrolled in the experimental group, while age- and body mass index-matched another 50 participants (25 males and 25 females) served as the control group. Experimental group participants performed ANB exercise for 4 weeks. Cardiorespiratory parameters (pulse rate, blood pressure, forced vital capacity, forced expiratory volume in 1st s [FEV1], and peak expiratory flow rate [PEFR] were measured. Data were taken at the start and after 4 weeks in both groups.

    Results: Independent t-test showed no significant differences in the cardiorespiratory functions between the experimental and control groups among the male and female participants, except for the females' PEFR which showed small differences. On the other hand, repeated measure ANOVA shows significant improvement in the experimental groups among males (P < 0.001-0.028) and females (P < 0.001-0.001) in all the cardiorespiratory functions measured, except for the FEV1 and PEFR among males.

    Conclusion: The results of this study suggest that cardiorespiratory functions were improved after breathing exercise, and therefore, ANB can be recommended for increasing cardiorespiratory efficiency.

    Matched MeSH terms: Blood Pressure/physiology; Heart Rate/physiology*; Nasal Cavity/physiology*; Respiratory Mechanics/physiology*; Respiratory Rate/physiology*
  2. Changes in organisation of instep kicking as a function of wearing compression and textured materials
    Hasan H, Davids K, Chow JY, Kerr G
    Eur J Sport Sci, 2017 Apr;17(3):294-302.
    PMID: 27739339 DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2016.1241829
    This study investigated effects of wearing compression garments and textured insoles on modes of movement organisation emerging during performance of lower limb interceptive actions in association football. Participants were six skilled (age = 15.67 ± 0.74 years) and six less-skilled (age = 15.17 ± 1.1 years) football players. All participants performed 20 instep kicks with maximum velocity in four randomly organised insoles and socks conditions, (a) Smooth Socks with Smooth Insoles (SSSI); (b) Smooth Socks with Textured Insoles (SSTI); (c) Compression Socks with Smooth Insoles (CSSI); and (d), Compression Socks with Textured Insoles (CSTI). Results showed that, when wearing textured and compression materials (CSSI condition), less-skilled participants displayed significantly greater hip extension and flexion towards the ball contact phase, indicating larger ranges of motion in the kicking limb than in other conditions. Less-skilled participants also demonstrated greater variability in knee-ankle intralimb (angle-angle plots) coordination modes in the CSTI condition. Findings suggested that use of textured and compression materials increased attunement to somatosensory information from lower limb movement, to regulate performance of dynamic interceptive actions like kicking, especially in less-skilled individuals.
    Matched MeSH terms: Foot/physiology*; Soccer/physiology*; Range of Motion, Articular/physiology; Athletic Performance/physiology*; Feedback, Sensory/physiology*
  3. Stimulus-response incompatibility eliminates inhibitory cueing effects with saccadic but not manual responses
    Eng V, Lim A, Kwon S, Gan SR, Jamaluddin SA, Janssen SMJ, et al.
    Atten Percept Psychophys, 2017 May;79(4):1097-1106.
    PMID: 28229429 DOI: 10.3758/s13414-017-1295-8
    There are thought to be two forms of inhibition of return (IOR) depending on whether the oculomotor system is activated or suppressed. When saccades are allowed, output-based IOR is generated, whereas input-based IOR arises when saccades are prohibited. In a series of 4 experiments, we mixed or blocked compatible and incompatible trials with saccadic or manual responses to investigate whether cueing effects would follow the same pattern as those observed with more traditional peripheral onsets and central arrows. In all experiments, an uninformative cue was displayed, followed by a cue-back stimulus that was either red or green, indicating whether a compatible or incompatible response was required. The results showed that IOR was indeed observed for compatible responses in all tasks, whereas IOR was eliminated for incompatible trials-but only with saccadic responses. These findings indicate that the dissociation between input- and output-based forms of IOR depends on more than just oculomotor activation, providing further support for the existence of an inhibitory cueing effect that is distinct to the manual response modality.
    Matched MeSH terms: Attention/physiology; Eye Movements/physiology; Psychomotor Performance/physiology; Reaction Time/physiology*; Saccades/physiology*
  4. The effect of exergaming on knee proprioception in older men: A randomized controlled trial
    Sadeghi H, Hakim MN, Hamid TA, Amri SB, Razeghi M, Farazdaghi M, et al.
    Arch Gerontol Geriatr, 2017 Mar-Apr;69:144-150.
    PMID: 27923177 DOI: 10.1016/j.archger.2016.11.009
    BACKGROUND: Proprioception is the ability to sense the body position, muscle sense, joint stability and posture. As balance decreases during the process of aging, knee proprioception has a critical role in body balance and daily activities. Exergaming has shown to be a potentially effective and more enjoyable form of exercise delivery.

    OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of an 8-week Xbox Kinect exercise program on knee proprioception in healthy older adults.

    METHODOLOGY: Thirty-two elderly men who were 65 years of age or older were randomly allocated to either a control or experimental group (allocation ratio 1:1). The experimental group received an exergame intervention that included Xbox Kinect with games focusing on movements of the knee joint for 8 weeks (three times per week and 40min per sessions). A Biodex Isokinetic Dynamometer was used to measure knee joint position sense before and after the exercise program.

    RESULTS: After eight weeks of training, knee proprioception significantly improved in the intervention group for several knee joint angles: 30° (3.5±1.1), 45° (3.1±0.9), and 60° (3.0±0.6) compared to the control group 30° (5.2±0.8), 45° (5.2±0.8), and 60° (6.2±0.9) (dominant leg F1, 28=23.469, p=0.001. ƞ2=0.456; non-dominant leg F1, 28=23.076, p=0.001. ƞ2=0.452).

    CONCLUSION: The results from this study indicate that exergame intervention can enhance knee proprioception in elderly men.
    Matched MeSH terms: Aging/physiology*; Knee Joint/physiology; Physical Fitness/physiology*; Posture/physiology*; Proprioception/physiology*
  5. Left ventricular flow propagation velocity measurement: Is it cast in stone?
    Chan BT, Yeoh HK, Liew YM, Aziz YFA, Sridhar GS, Hamilton-Craig C, et al.
    Med Biol Eng Comput, 2017 Oct;55(10):1883-1893.
    PMID: 28321684 DOI: 10.1007/s11517-017-1639-5
    This study aims to investigate the measurement of left ventricular flow propagation velocity, V p, using phase contrast magnetic resonance imaging and to assess the discrepancies resulting from inflow jet direction and individual left ventricular size. Three V p measuring techniques, namely non-adaptive (NA), adaptive positions (AP) and adaptive vectors (AV) method, were suggested and compared. We performed the comparison on nine healthy volunteers and nine post-infarct patients at four measurement positions, respectively, at one-third, one-half, two-thirds and the conventional 4 cm distances from the mitral valve leaflet into the left ventricle. We found that the V p measurement was affected by both the inflow jet direction and measurement positions. Both NA and AP methods overestimated V p, especially in dilated left ventricles, while the AV method showed the strongest correlation with the isovolumic relaxation myocardial strain rate (r = 0.53, p 
    Matched MeSH terms: Blood Flow Velocity/physiology*; Diastole/physiology; Mitral Valve/physiology; Myocardial Contraction/physiology; Ventricular Function, Left/physiology*
  6. Fulltext Divergent Solutions to Visual Problem Solving across Mammalian Species
    Mustafar F, Harvey MA, Khani A, Arató J, Rainer G
    eNeuro, 2018 07 11;5(4).
    PMID: 30073190 DOI: 10.1523/ENEURO.0167-18.2018
    Our understanding of the neurobiological underpinnings of learning and behavior relies on the use of invasive techniques, which necessitate the use of animal models. However, when different species learn the same task, to what degree are they actually producing the same behavior and engaging homologous neural circuitry? This question has received virtually no recent attention, even as the most powerful new methodologies for measuring and perturbing the nervous system have become increasingly dependent on the use of murine species. Here, we test humans, rats, monkeys, and an evolutionarily intermediate species, tree shrews, on a three alternative, forced choice, visual contrast discrimination task. As anticipated, learning rate, peak performance, and transfer across contrasts was lower in the rat compared to the other species. More interestingly, rats exhibited two major behavioral peculiarities: while monkeys and tree shrews based their choices largely on visual information, rats tended to base their choices on past reward history. Furthermore, as the task became more difficult, rats largely disengaged from the visual stimulus, reverting to innate spatial predispositions in order to collect rewards near chance probability. Our findings highlight the limitation of muridae as models for translational research, at least in the area of visually based decision making.
    Matched MeSH terms: Behavior, Animal/physiology*; Conditioning, Operant/physiology*; Problem Solving/physiology*; Transfer (Psychology)/physiology*; Visual Perception/physiology*
  7. Monospecies and polymicrobial biofilms differentially regulate the phenotype of genotype-specific oral cancer cells
    Arzmi MH, Cirillo N, Lenzo JC, Catmull DV, O'Brien-Simpson N, Reynolds EC, et al.
    Carcinogenesis, 2019 03 12;40(1):184-193.
    PMID: 30428016 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgy137
    Microbial infection has been shown to involve in oral carcinogenesis; however, the underlying mechanisms remain poorly understood. The present study aimed to characterize the growth of oral microorganisms as both monospecies and polymicrobial biofilms and determine the effects of their products on oral keratinocytes. Candida albicans (ALC3), Actinomyces naeslundii (AN) and Streptococcus mutans (SM) biofilms or a combination of these (TRI) were grown in flow-cell system for 24 h. The biofilms were subjected to fluorescent in situ hybridization using species-specific probes and analysed using confocal laser scanning microscopy. The effluent derived from each biofilm was collected and incubated with malignant (H357) and normal (OKF6) oral keratinocytes to assess extracellular matrix adhesion, epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and cytokines expression. Incubation of OKF6 with ALC3 and TRI effluent significantly decreased adhesion of the oral keratinocyte to collagen I, whereas incubation of H357 with similar effluent increased adhesion of the oral keratinocyte to laminin I, significantly when compared with incubation with artificial saliva containing serum-free medium (NE; P < 0.05). In OKF6, changes in E-cadherin and vimentin expression were not consistent with EMT although there was evidence of a mesenchymal to epithelial transition in malignant oral keratinocytes incubated with AN and SM effluent. A significant increase of pro-inflammatory cytokines expression, particularly interleukin (IL)-6 and IL-8, was observed when H357 was incubated with all biofilm effluents after 2- and 24-h incubation when compared with NE (P < 0.05). In conclusion, C.albicans, A.naeslundii and S.mutans form polymicrobial biofilms which differentially modulate malignant phenotype of oral keratinocytes.
    Matched MeSH terms: Actinomyces/physiology; Candida albicans/physiology; Extracellular Matrix/physiology; Streptococcus mutans/physiology; Keratinocytes/physiology
  8. Modeling the effects of medial olivocochlear efferent stimulation at the level of the inferior colliculus
    Kwan TJM, Zilany MSA, Davies-Venn E, Abdul Wahab AK
    Exp Brain Res, 2019 Jun;237(6):1479-1491.
    PMID: 30903206 DOI: 10.1007/s00221-019-05511-4
    Various studies on medial olivocochlear (MOC) efferents have implicated it in multiple roles in the auditory system (e.g., dynamic range adaptation, masking reduction, and selective attention). This study presents a systematic simulation of inferior colliculus (IC) responses with and without electrical stimulation of the MOC. Phenomenological models of the responses of auditory nerve (AN) fibers and IC neurons were used to this end. The simulated responses were highly consistent with physiological data (replicated 3 of the 4 known rate-level responses all MOC effects-shifts, high stimulus level reduction and enhancement). Complex MOC efferent effects which were previously thought to require integration from different characteristic frequency (CF) neurons were simulated using the same frequency inhibition excitation circuitry. MOC-induced enhancing effects were found only in neurons with a CF range from 750 Hz to 2 kHz. This limited effect is indicative of the role of MOC activation on the AN responses at the stimulus offset.
    Matched MeSH terms: Cochlea/physiology*; Cochlear Nerve/physiology*; Efferent Pathways/physiology*; Inferior Colliculi/physiology*; Superior Olivary Complex/physiology*
  9. Fulltext An update on the mosquito fauna and mosquito-borne diseases distribution in Cameroon
    Bamou R, Mayi MPA, Djiappi-Tchamen B, Nana-Ndjangwo SM, Nchoutpouen E, Cornel AJ, et al.
    Parasit Vectors, 2021 Oct 11;14(1):527.
    PMID: 34635176 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-021-04950-9
    The expansion of mosquito-borne diseases such as dengue, yellow fever, and chikungunya in the past 15 years has ignited the need for active surveillance of common and neglected mosquito-borne infectious diseases. The surveillance should be designed to detect diseases and to provide relevant field-based data for developing and implementing effective control measures to prevent outbreaks before significant public health consequences can occur. Mosquitoes are important vectors of human and animal pathogens, and knowledge on their biodiversity and distribution in the Afrotropical region is needed for the development of evidence-based vector control strategies. Following a comprehensive literature search, an inventory of the diversity and distribution of mosquitoes as well as the different mosquito-borne diseases found in Cameroon was made. A total of 290 publications/reports and the mosquito catalogue website were consulted for the review. To date, about 307 species, four subspecies and one putative new species of Culicidae, comprising 60 species and one putative new species of Anopheles, 67 species and two subspecies of Culex, 77 species and one subspecies of Aedes, 31 species and one subspecies of Eretmapodites, two Mansonia, eight Coquillettidia, and 62 species with unknown medical and veterinary importance (Toxorhynchites, Uranotaenia, Mimomyia, Malaya, Hodgesia, Ficalbia, Orthopodomyia, Aedeomyia, and Culiseta and Lutzia) have been collected in Cameroon. Multiple mosquito species implicated in the transmission of pathogens within Anopheles, Culex, Aedes, Eretmapodites, Mansonia, and Coquillettidia have been reported in Cameroon. Furthermore, the presence of 26 human and zoonotic arboviral diseases, one helminthic disease, and two protozoal diseases has been reported. Information on the bionomics, taxonomy, and distribution of mosquito species will be useful for the development of integrated vector management programmes for the surveillance and elimination of mosquito-borne diseases in Cameroon.
    Matched MeSH terms: Aedes/physiology; Anopheles/physiology; Culex/physiology; Culicidae/physiology*; Mosquito Vectors/physiology*
  10. Effects of androgenic gland ablation on male primary and secondary sexual characteristics in the Malaysian prawn, Macrobrachium rosenbergii (de Man) (Decapoda, Palaemonidae), with first evidence of induced feminization in a nonhermaphroditic decapod
    Nagamine C, Knight AW, Maggenti A, Paxman G
    Gen Comp Endocrinol, 1980 Aug;41(4):423-41.
    PMID: 7409450
    Matched MeSH terms: Androgens/physiology; Ejaculatory Ducts/physiology; Genitalia, Male/physiology*; Vas Deferens/physiology; Palaemonidae/physiology*
  11. Time course of inhibition of return in a spatial cueing paradigm with distractors
    Eng V, Lim A, Janssen SMJ, Satel J
    Acta Psychol (Amst), 2018 Feb;183:51-57.
    PMID: 29328938 DOI: 10.1016/j.actpsy.2017.12.011
    Studies of endogenous and exogenous attentional orienting in spatial cueing paradigms have been used to investigate inhibition of return, a behavioral phenomenon characterized by delayed reaction time in response to recently attended locations. When eye movements are suppressed, attention is covertly oriented to central or peripheral stimuli. Overt orienting, on the other hand, requires explicit eye movements to the stimuli. The present study examined the time course of slowed reaction times to previously attended locations when distractors are introduced into overt and covert orienting tasks. In a series of experiments, manual responses were required to targets following central and peripheral cues at three different cue-target intervals, with and without activated oculomotor systems. The results demonstrate that, when eye movements are suppressed, behavioral inhibition is reduced or delayed in magnitude by the presence of a distractor relative to conditions without distractors. However, the time course of behavioral inhibition when eye movements are required remains similar with or without distractors.
    Matched MeSH terms: Attention/physiology; Eye Movements/physiology; Perceptual Masking/physiology; Reaction Time/physiology*; Orientation, Spatial/physiology*
  12. Fulltext Differential coding of perception in the world's languages
    Majid A, Roberts SG, Cilissen L, Emmorey K, Nicodemus B, O'Grady L, et al.
    Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 2018 Nov 06;115(45):11369-11376.
    PMID: 30397135 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1720419115
    Is there a universal hierarchy of the senses, such that some senses (e.g., vision) are more accessible to consciousness and linguistic description than others (e.g., smell)? The long-standing presumption in Western thought has been that vision and audition are more objective than the other senses, serving as the basis of knowledge and understanding, whereas touch, taste, and smell are crude and of little value. This predicts that humans ought to be better at communicating about sight and hearing than the other senses, and decades of work based on English and related languages certainly suggests this is true. However, how well does this reflect the diversity of languages and communities worldwide? To test whether there is a universal hierarchy of the senses, stimuli from the five basic senses were used to elicit descriptions in 20 diverse languages, including 3 unrelated sign languages. We found that languages differ fundamentally in which sensory domains they linguistically code systematically, and how they do so. The tendency for better coding in some domains can be explained in part by cultural preoccupations. Although languages seem free to elaborate specific sensory domains, some general tendencies emerge: for example, with some exceptions, smell is poorly coded. The surprise is that, despite the gradual phylogenetic accumulation of the senses, and the imbalances in the neural tissue dedicated to them, no single hierarchy of the senses imposes itself upon language.
    Matched MeSH terms: Auditory Perception/physiology*; Visual Perception/physiology*; Olfactory Perception/physiology*; Taste Perception/physiology*; Touch Perception/physiology*
  13. Fulltext Role of Zinc (Zn) in Human Reproduction: A Journey from Initial Spermatogenesis to Childbirth
    Vickram S, Rohini K, Srinivasan S, Nancy Veenakumari D, Archana K, Anbarasu K, et al.
    Int J Mol Sci, 2021 Feb 22;22(4).
    PMID: 33671837 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22042188
    Zinc (Zn), the second-most necessary trace element, is abundant in the human body. The human body lacks the capacity to store Zn; hence, the dietary intake of Zn is essential for various functions and metabolism. The uptake of Zn during its transport through the body is important for proper development of the three major accessory sex glands: the testis, epididymis, and prostate. It plays key roles in the initial stages of germ cell development and spermatogenesis, sperm cell development and maturation, ejaculation, liquefaction, the binding of spermatozoa and prostasomes, capacitation, and fertilization. The prostate releases more Zn into the seminal plasma during ejaculation, and it plays a significant role in sperm release and motility. During the maternal, labor, perinatal, and neonatal periods, the part of Zn is vital. The average dietary intake of Zn is in the range of 8-12 mg/day in developing countries during the maternal period. Globally, the dietary intake of Zn varies for pregnant and lactating mothers, but the average Zn intake is in the range of 9.6-11.2 mg/day. The absence of Zn and the consequences of this have been discussed using critical evidence. The events and functions of Zn related to successful fertilization have been summarized in detail. Briefly, our current review emphasizes the role of Zn at each stage of human reproduction, from the spermatogenesis process to childbirth. The role of Zn and its supplementation in in vitro fertilization (IVF) opens opportunities for future studies on reproductive biology.
    Matched MeSH terms: Genitalia, Female/physiology*; Spermatogenesis/physiology*; Spermatozoa/physiology; Testis/physiology; Zinc/physiology*
  14. Fulltext Impact of community lifestyle intervention on anthropometric parameters and body composition among overweight and obese women: findings from the MyBFF@home study
    Mohd Zaki NA, Appannah G, Mohamad Nor NS, Omar A, Fazliana M, Ambak R, et al.
    BMC Womens Health, 2018 07 19;18(Suppl 1):110.
    PMID: 30066638 DOI: 10.1186/s12905-018-0595-z
    BACKGROUND: The prevalence of overweight and obesity among Malaysian women remained high over the past three decades. Collaboration with existing community at-risk may be feasible for wide-scale prevention of overweight and obesity in the country. The aims of this study were to examine the impact of community-based lifestyle intervention among overweight and obese women on their anthropometric and body composition changes as compared to the usual care group.

    METHODS: This was a quasi-experimental study conducted in low-cost flats in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. A total of 255 overweight and obesity individuals aged between 18 to 59 years old were assigned to either the lifestyle intervention group (n = 169) or the usual care group (n = 146) over a period of 6 months. Individuals in the intervention group received 6 individual lifestyle counselling comprised of physical activity, diet counselling and self-monitoring components aimed to achieve at least 5% weight loss while individuals in the usual care group obtained six sessions of health care seminars from health care providers. These individuals were then followed-up for another 6 months without any intervention as part of maintenance period.

    RESULTS: An intention-to-treat analysis of between-groups at 6-month of intervention (β, 95% CI) revealed greater changes in weight among intervention individuals' (- 1.09 kg vs. -0.99; p  0.05). Individuals in the intervention group showed a significant increase for skeletal muscle mass (0.13 kg) than those individuals in the control group (- 0.37 kg), p = 0.033, throughout the study period.

    CONCLUSION: This study provides evidence that an overweight and obesity prevention program can be implemented in a community setting, with some reduction of several anthropometric and body composition parameters.

    Matched MeSH terms: Body Composition/physiology*; Body Weight/physiology*; Weight Loss/physiology*; Exercise/physiology*; Healthy Lifestyle/physiology*
  15. Fecundity, nymphal development and longevity of field-collected tropical bedbugs, Cimex hemipterus
    How YF, Lee CY
    Med Vet Entomol, 2010 Jun;24(2):108-16.
    PMID: 20202109 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2915.2010.00852.x
    This study examined the fecundity, oviposition, nymphal development and longevity of field-collected samples of the tropical bedbug, Cimex hemipterus (Fabricius) (Hemiptera: Cimicidae). Under environmental conditions of 26+/-2 degrees C, 70 +/- 5% relative humidity and a 12-h photoperiod, with bloodmeals provided by a human host, six strains of tropical bedbug had a fecundity of up to 50 eggs per lifetime, over 11-14 oviposition cycles. Increased feeding frequency improved fecundity. After feeding and mating, adult females normally took 2-3 days to produce a first batch of eggs. The oviposition period lasted 2-7 days before cessation of the oviposition cycle. The egg incubation period usually lasted 5-7 days before the emergence of first instars. The nymphs underwent five stadia (the first four of which each took 3-4 days, whereas the last took 4-5 days) before becoming adults at a sex ratio of 1 : 1. More than five bloodmeals were required by the nymphs to ensure a successful moult. Unmated adults lived significantly longer than mated adults (P < 0.05). Unmated females lived up to almost 7 months, but the longevity of mated males and females did not differ significantly (P > 0.05).
    Matched MeSH terms: Bedbugs/physiology*; Fertility/physiology; Longevity/physiology*; Oviposition/physiology; Body Size/physiology
  16. Fulltext The impact of work rest scheduling for prolonged standing activity
    Rahman IA, Mohamad N, Rohani JM, Zein RM
    Ind Health, 2018 Nov 21;56(6):492-499.
    PMID: 30210096 DOI: 10.2486/indhealth.2018-0043
    Prolonged standing can cause discomfort on the body of the workers and can lead to injury and occupational disease. One of the ergonomic intervention is through improving the work-rest scheduling. The purpose of this study are to identify the fatigue level from the perception of the worker and to investigate the impact of the work-rest scheduling to the standing workers for 12 h working time with a different gender. This study involved two methods which are self-assessment of the worker and direct measurement by using electromyography (EMG). For self-assessment, 80 workers have been interviewed using questionnaire in order to identify the fatigue level. For direct measurement, EMG was attached to the 15 selected workers at their respective leg and lower back to analyse the muscle efforts. In terms of perception, the results show the discomfort and fatigue level at the lower body region in the following order as foot ankle, lower back and leg. There is a significant difference between gender on discomfort pain for foot ankle and leg. The results show short frequent break by 10 min can reduce the fatigue at the leg and infrequent long break is preferable in order to reduce the fatigue at the lower back. In conclusion, it was found that prolonged standing affect the muscle fatigue and discomfort especially lower extremities such as foot ankle, lower back and leg. Besides that, different type of work rest scheduling and gender have significant result towards the muscle fatigue development.
    Matched MeSH terms: Lumbosacral Region/physiology; Posture/physiology; Rest/physiology*; Muscle Fatigue/physiology*; Lower Extremity/physiology
  17. Medial olivocochlear functioning and speech perception in noise in older adults
    Mukari SZ, Mamat WH
    Audiol Neurootol, 2008;13(5):328-34.
    PMID: 18460868 DOI: 10.1159/000128978
    The purposes of this study were to: (1) compare medial olivocochlear system (MOCS) functioning and speech perception in noise in young and older adults and (2) to quantify the correlation between MOCS functioning and speech perception in noise. Measurements were taken in 20 young (mean 26.3 +/- 2.1 years) and 20 older adults (mean 55.2 +/- 2.8 years). Contralateral distortion product otoacoustic emission (DPOAE) suppression was measured to assess MOCS functioning. Speech perception in noise was evaluated using the Hearing in Noise Test in noise-ipsilateral, noise-front and noise-contralateral test conditions. The results revealed that the older group had a significantly lower high-frequency (3-8 kHz) contralateral DPOAE suppression, and performed more poorly in the noise-ipsilateral condition than the younger group. However, there was no correlation between contralateral DPOAE suppression and speech perception in noise. This study suggests that poor speech perception performance in noise experienced by older adults might be due to a decline in medial olivocochlear functioning, among other factors.
    Matched MeSH terms: Aging/physiology*; Olivary Nucleus/physiology*; Speech Perception/physiology*; Otoacoustic Emissions, Spontaneous/physiology; Cochlear Nucleus/physiology*
  18. Leisure-time physical activity and physical fitness of male adolescents in Oman
    Khoo S, Al-Shamli AK
    Asia Pac J Public Health, 2012 Jan;24(1):128-35.
    PMID: 20460285 DOI: 10.1177/1010539510366178
    This study investigated the relationship between leisure-time physical activity and physical fitness (cardiovascular fitness, body fat percentage, flexibility, muscle strength, and endurance) of 10th-grade male students in Oman. Data were collected from 330 students. All participants completed a descriptive questionnaire, a 1 mile walk/run test; a skinfold analysis of the chest, abdomen, and thigh; a sit and reach test; a hand grip test; and a 1-minute sit-up test. Students spent an average of 19.20 ± 6.77 hours on sedentary activities, 3.46 ± 2.11 hours on sports activities, and 11.22 ± 9.24 hours working per week. The students had an average body fat percentage of 6.38% ± 4.67%, muscle strength 38.04 ± 7.55 kg, flexibility 38.01 ± 7.41 cm, abdominal muscle endurance 38.85 ± 8.15 times/min, and cardiovascular endurance 8.10 ± 1.65 minutes.
    Matched MeSH terms: Physical Endurance/physiology; Physical Fitness/physiology*; Exercise/physiology*; Pliability/physiology; Muscle Strength/physiology
  19. Non-uniform decay in jumping exercise-induced bone gains following 12 and 24 weeks of cessation of exercise in rats
    Ooi FK, Singh R, Singh HJ, Umemura Y, Nagasawa S
    J Physiol Sci, 2011 Nov;61(6):487-95.
    PMID: 21870136 DOI: 10.1007/s12576-011-0169-4
    The effects of deconditioning on exercise-induced bone gains in rats were investigated in 12-week-old female WKY rats performing a standard jumping exercise regimen for either 8, 12 or 24 weeks, followed by sedentary periods of either 24, 12 or 0 weeks, respectively. Age-matched controls received no exercise over the same period. At the end of the training/sedentary period, the tibiae were harvested for analyses of bone parameters. Gains in tibial fat-free dry weight decayed within 12 weeks of deconditioning, but gains in tibial ultimate bending force (strength), maximum diameter and cortical area were still present at 12 weeks of deconditioning. With the exception of cortical area, all other exercise-induced bone gains decayed by the 24th week of deconditioning. It appears that the decay in exercise-induced bone gains in strength, physical and morphological properties is not uniform, and that gains in fat-free dry weight seem to decay earlier.
    Matched MeSH terms: Body Weight/physiology; Bone Development/physiology*; Physical Endurance/physiology*; Tibia/physiology*; Bone Density/physiology*
  20. Fulltext Comparative transcriptome analysis of leaves and roots in response to sudden increase in salinity in Brassica napus by RNA-seq
    Yong HY, Zou Z, Kok EP, Kwan BH, Chow K, Nasu S, et al.
    Biomed Res Int, 2014;2014:467395.
    PMID: 25177691 DOI: 10.1155/2014/467395
    Amphidiploid species in the Brassicaceae family, such as Brassica napus, are more tolerant to environmental stress than their diploid ancestors.A relatively salt tolerant B. napus line, N119, identified in our previous study, was used. N119 maintained lower Na(+) content, and Na(+)/K(+) and Na(+)/Ca(2+) ratios in the leaves than a susceptible line. The transcriptome profiles of both the leaves and the roots 1 h and 12 h after stress were investigated. De novo assembly of individual transcriptome followed by sequence clustering yielded 161,537 nonredundant sequences. A total of 14,719 transcripts were differentially expressed in either organs at either time points. GO and KO enrichment analyses indicated that the same 49 GO terms and seven KO terms were, respectively, overrepresented in upregulated transcripts in both organs at 1 h after stress. Certain overrepresented GO term of genes upregulated at 1 h after stress in the leaves became overrepresented in genes downregulated at 12 h. A total of 582 transcription factors and 438 transporter genes were differentially regulated in both organs in response to salt shock. The transcriptome depicting gene network in the leaves and the roots regulated by salt shock provides valuable information on salt resistance genes for future application to crop improvement.
    Matched MeSH terms: Gene Expression Regulation, Plant/physiology; Plant Leaves/physiology*; Plant Roots/physiology*; Brassica napus/physiology*; Salt-Tolerance/physiology*; Transcriptome/physiology*
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