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Validation study of the Mini-Mental State Examination in a Malay-speaking elderly population in Malaysia

Ibrahim NM, Shohaimi S, Chong HT, Rahman AH, Razali R, Esther E, et al.

Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord, 2009;27(3):247-53.
PMID: 19246909 DOI: 10.1159/000203888

BACKGROUND/AIMS: In view of the differing sensitivity and specificity of the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) in the non-English-speaking populations, we conducted the first validation study of the Malay version (M-MMSE) in Malaysia among 300 subjects (from the community and outpatient clinics).
METHODS: Three versions were used: M-MMSE-7 (serial 7), M-MMSE-3 (serial 3) and M-MMSE-S (spell 'dunia' backwards). Dementia was assessed using the criteria of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders IV. The optimal cutoff scores were obtained from the receiver operating characteristics curves.
RESULTS: Seventy-three patients (24.3%) had dementia and 227 (75.7%) were controls. Three hundred patients completed the M-MMSE-7, 160 the M-MMSE-3 and 145 the M-MMSE-S. All 3 versions were valid and reliable in the diagnosis of dementia. The optimal cutoff scores varied with each version and gender. In the control group, significant gender differences were observed in the patients with the lowest educational status. Increasing educational levels significantly improved the M-MMSE performance in both genders.
CONCLUSION: All 3 versions of the M-MMSE are valid and reliable as a screening tool for dementia in the Malaysian population, but at different cutoff scores. In those with the lowest educational background, gender-adjusted cutoff scores should be applied.
Study site: Community, neurology and dementia outpatient clinics, Perubatan Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (PPUKM), University Malaya Medical Centre (UMMC)

Matched MeSH terms: Sex Factors
Male fetuses are associated with increased risk for cesarean delivery in Malaysian nulliparae

Viegas OA, Lee PS, Lim KJ, Ravichandran J

Medscape J Med, 2008;10(12):276.
PMID: 19242582

The association between fetal sex and outcome of pregnancy and labor has been well documented in western populations. However, no studies in Malaysia or other developing countries have examined the effect of fetal sex on such outcomes.The main objective of this study was to determine the influence of fetal sex on the outcome of labor at term in a cohort of Malaysian nulliparae.A retrospective observational study was designed using data from 4644 Malaysian nulliparae who gave birth consecutively to singleton male babies at Hospital Sultanah Aminah, Johor Bahru, after normal full-term pregnancies.The results of this study indicate that mothers giving birth to male infants have a greater risk of requiring cesarean delivery because male babies are heavier and have statistically significantly greater head circumference (P < .001). These findings concur with those obtained in western populations and suggest that the differences in outcome observed are biological, not dictated by race, ethnicity, or environmental conditions. Such information could help in the antenatal assessment of Malaysian patients and stimulate more comprehensive studies of the mechanisms involved in this sex-based difference in outcomes. Reasons for such differences are proposed.

Matched MeSH terms: Sex Factors
Decomposing self-estimates of intelligence: structure and sex differences across 12 nations

von Stumm S, Chamorro-Premuzic T, Furnham A

Br J Psychol, 2009 May;100(Pt 2):429-42.
PMID: 18851768 DOI: 10.1348/000712608X357876

This study examines the structure of self-estimates of intelligence (SEI) across 12 nations (Australia, Austria, Brazil, France, Iran, Israel, Malaysia, South Africa, Spain, Turkey, UK and US). Participants rated themselves on general and specific abilities from three popular models of intelligence: Gardner's multiple intelligences, Sternberg's triarchic theory of intelligence, and Goleman's emotional intelligence. The results showed that (a) laypeople across nations have similar and invariant concepts of intelligence, (b) concepts of intelligence are cross-culturally closely related to academic notions of intellectual ability and (c) sex differences in general and specific SEI favouring men are consistent across countries. Male hubris and female humility in SEI seem independent of sex differences in actual cognitive ability and national levels of masculinity-femininity. Furthermore, international mean differences in general SEI could not be attributed to discrepancies in national intelligence quotient (IQ) levels or to cultural variations.

Matched MeSH terms: Sex Distribution
Fulltext Gender and ethnic differences in cardiovascular risks in Songkhla province, Thailand: the interASIA-south

Chongsuvivatwong V, YipIntsoi T, Apakupakul N

J Med Assoc Thai, 2008 Apr;91(4):464-70.
PMID: 18556853

The subset of data on southern Thai InterAsia study conducted in 2000 was revisited in order to document gender and ethnic breakdown of prevalence of risk factors for cardiovascular diseases (CVD). Three hundred and seventy-five men and 630 women with overall mean +/- SD age of 53.2 +/- 11.7 years were recruited. Combined gender prevalences were: 21.1% for smoking, 15.5% for drinking, 21.8% for hypertension (systemic blood pressure > or = 140/90 mmHg), 49.8% for impaired fasting plasma glucose (FPG 110-125 mg/dl), 9.9% for diabetes mellitus (FPG > or = 126 mg/dl), 10% for body mass index > or = 30 kg/m2, 43.5% for large waist circumference (WC > or = 90 cm in men and > or = 80 in women), 62.8% for total serum cholesterol (TC), > 200 mg/dl, 38.5% for TC divided by high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) > or = 5 and 61.6% for low-density-lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), > or = 130 mg/dl. After using logistic regression, adjusting the effects of age and community of residence, women were less likely than men to be smokers, drinkers, or showed impaired FPG but significantly more likely to have large WC, TC > or = 200 mg/dl and LDL-C > or = 130 mg/dl. Muslims showed significantly lower risk for drinking and large WC but higher risk for low HDL-C. The differences require further research. In conclusion, gender and age have stronger association with various risk factors than ethnicity in this selected population.

Matched MeSH terms: Sex Factors
Fulltext Patterns of smoking among adolescents in Malaysia and Thailand: findings from the International Tobacco Control Southeast Asia survey

Hammond D, Kin F, Prohmmo A, Kungskulniti N, Lian TY, Sharma SK, et al.

Asia Pac J Public Health, 2008;20(3):193-203.
PMID: 19124313 DOI: 10.1177/1010539508317572

At present, 70% of the world's 1.1 billion smokers are in developing countries, with over 50% in Asia alone. The current study examined patterns of youth smoking in Thailand and Malaysia. Respondents were 2002 youths between the ages of 13 and 17 from Thailand (n = 1000) and Malaysia (n = 1002). Respondents were selected using a multistage cluster sampling design and surveyed between January 2005 and March 2005. Approximately 3% of youth between the ages of 13 and 17 were current smokers, with an additional 10% to 12% reporting experimental smoking. Males were between 7 and 15 times more likely to report smoking behavior than females. Less than 1% of females respondents in either country met the criteria for current smoking, and less than 5% met the criteria for experimental smoking. In contrast, more than 50% Thai males and approximately one-third of Malaysian males aged 17 met the criteria for either experimental or current smoking.

Matched MeSH terms: Sex Distribution
Comparison of two methods of dental age estimation in 7-15-year-old Malays

Mani SA, Naing L, John J, Samsudin AR

Int J Paediatr Dent, 2008 Sep;18(5):380-8.
PMID: 18284472 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-263X.2007.00890.x

BACKGROUND: Numerous methods of age estimation have been proposed. The Demirjian method is the most frequently used, which was first applied in a French Canadian population in 1973. The Willems method is a modification of the above and was applied in a Belgian population in 2002.
OBJECTIVES: The objectives of this study were to test the applicability of the two methods, namely Demirjian and Willems, for age estimation in a Malay population, and to find the correlation between body mass index and the difference between the dental age and the chronological age.
MATERIALS AND METHODS: A cross-sectional study involving 214 boys and 214 girls, selected by a simple stratified random sampling method was carried out. The orthopantomograph was used to score the seven left mandibular teeth, and the calculated maturity score was used to obtain the Demirjian dental age. Willems dental age was estimated using the tables proposed in the Willems method. Results. The Demirjian method overestimated the age by 0.75 and 0.61 years, while the Willems method overestimated the age by 0.55 and 0.41 years among boys and girls, respectively. In boys, the body mass index was significantly correlated to the difference in age using the Willems method.
CONCLUSION: Further modification of either method is indicated for dental age estimation among the Malay population.

Matched MeSH terms: Sex Factors
Effect of maternal age, birth weight and infant sex on total nucleated cell (TNC) count and volume of umbilical cord blood (UCB) collected

Choong SN, Ng YK, Kamalan A, Saraswathy S, Goh EH, Lee MJ, et al.

Med J Malaysia, 2008 Jul;63 Suppl A:55-6.
PMID: 19024981

This study evaluates the effect of maternal age, birth weight and infant sex on two main UCB parameters for use and long-term cryopreservation: TNC and volume. Data from 1000 UCB units were collected and analyzed in this study. The results indicate that TNC is correlated to infant birth weight and sex but not maternal age at delivery. Volume is only correlated to birth weight but not maternal age and infant sex.

Matched MeSH terms: Sex Factors
Perceived vaccination status in ecotourists and risks of anthropozoonoses

Muehlenbein MP, Martinez LA, Lemke AA, Ambu L, Nathan S, Alsisto S, et al.

Ecohealth, 2008 Sep;5(3):371-8.
PMID: 18810550 DOI: 10.1007/s10393-008-0192-y

Anthropozoonotic (human to nonhuman animal) transmission of infectious disease poses a significant threat to wildlife. A large proportion of travelers to tropical regions are not protected against vaccine-preventable illnesses, and a majority of these travelers demonstrate poor recall of actual vaccination status. Here we characterize self-perceived vaccination status among a large sample of ecotourists at the Sepilok Orangutan Rehabilitation Centre, Sabah, Malaysia. Despite their recognized travel itinerary to view endangered animals, tourists at wildlife sanctuaries are not adequately protected against vaccine-preventable illnesses. Of 633 surveys, over half reported being currently vaccinated against tuberculosis, hepatitis A, hepatitis B, polio, and measles. Fewer participants reported current vaccination status for influenza, rabies, and chickenpox. Despite the fact that the majority of visitors to Sepilok are from temperate regions where influenza is relatively more prevalent, 67.1% of those surveyed with medical-related occupations reported not being currently vaccinated for influenza. Ecotourists concerned about environmental protection are themselves largely unaware of their potential contribution to the spread of diseases to animals. The risks of negatively affecting animal populations must be communicated to all concerned parties, and this may begin by urging travelers to examine their actual vaccination status, particularly as the ecotourism industry continues its rapid expansion, and is seen increasingly as a possible tool to save great ape populations from extinction.

Matched MeSH terms: Sex Factors
Oral cancer presentation among Malay patients in hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kelantan

Razak AA, Saddki N, Naing NN, Abdullah N

Asian Pac J Cancer Prev, 2009;10(6):1131-6.
PMID: 20192598

OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to identify the characteristics of oral cancer among Malay patients in Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia (HUSM), Kelantan.
METHODS: A retrospective record review was conducted from August to December 2006 in HUSM. Of 133 patients with oral cancer diagnosed from 1986 to 2005, 118 were Malay. Data on socio-demographic background, high-risk habits practiced, clinical and histological characteristics, and treatment profile of the patients were obtained.
RESULTS: Malay patients with oral cancer were predominantly elderly, aged 60 years old and above (51.7%) at the time of diagnosis, with a mean age of 58.1 years (SD 16.81). Most patients were males (64.4%) and the majority of them were married (83.9%). More than half (58.5%) had been smokers, and of those who smoked, 89.9% were males. Some had a betel quid chewing habit (22.9%) but none ever consumed alcohol. The majority of the patients (77.1%) were diagnosed at stage IV. The tongue was the most usual site involved (37.3%) and squamous cell carcinoma was the most common histological type seen (75.4%).
CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of oral cancer among Malay patients in HUSM is high (88.7%). It is predominantly found in elderly males and the majority of cases present at advanced stage.

Matched MeSH terms: Sex Factors
Fulltext Identification of Neisseria gonorrhoeae as the causative agent in a case of culture-negative dermatitis-arthritis syndrome using real-time PCR

Kimmitt PT, Kirby A, Perera N, Nicholson KG, Schober PC, Rajakumar K, et al.

J Travel Med, 2008;15(5):369-71.
PMID: 19006515 DOI: 10.1111/j.1708-8305.2008.00240.x

Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) are an increasingly common and important cause of a fever in a returning traveler. Systemic complications of STIs, human immunodeficiency virus seroconversion illness, and secondary syphilis are diagnoses that can easily be missed. We present a case of culture-negative disseminated gonococcal infection presenting with fever, malaise, polyarthralgia, arthritis, and a rash that developed following orogenital contact and was diagnosed using real-time polymerase chain reaction. This technology has major potential to improve the speed and sensitivity of diagnosis and consequent management of patients with this syndrome.
Study site: United Kingdom (patient had recent travel to Thailand and Malaysia)

Matched MeSH terms: Unsafe Sex
Method optimization on the use of postocclusive hyperemia model to assess microvascular function

Yvonne-Tee GB, Rasool AH, Halim AS, Wong AR, Rahman AR

Clin. Hemorheol. Microcirc., 2008;38(2):119-33.
PMID: 18198413

Recent development had allowed non-invasive assessment of microvascular function in vivo; however, the method has not been fully optimized and standardized. In this study, we aimed to characterize the "effective" occlusion duration needed to elicit sufficient postocclusive hyperemia (PORH) responses in forearm skin using laser Doppler fluximetry (LDF), in subjects with differing age, gender and menstrual phases.

Matched MeSH terms: Sex Factors
Culture, gender, and the self: variations and impact of social comparison processes

Guimond S, Branscombe NR, Brunot S, Buunk AP, Chatard A, Désert M, et al.

J Pers Soc Psychol, 2007 Jun;92(6):1118-34.
PMID: 17547492

Psychological differences between women and men, far from being invariant as a biological explanation would suggest, fluctuate in magnitude across cultures. Moreover, contrary to the implications of some theoretical perspectives, gender differences in personality, values, and emotions are not smaller, but larger, in American and European cultures, in which greater progress has been made toward gender equality. This research on gender differences in self-construals involving 950 participants from 5 nations/cultures (France, Belgium, the Netherlands, the United States, and Malaysia) illustrates how variations in social comparison processes across cultures can explain why gender differences are stronger in Western cultures. Gender differences in the self are a product of self-stereotyping, which occurs when between-gender social comparisons are made. These social comparisons are more likely, and exert a greater impact, in Western nations. Both correlational and experimental evidence supports this explanation.

Matched MeSH terms: Sex Factors
Factors influencing parental decision to consult for children with upper respiratory tract infection

Ng CJ, Chia YC, Teng CL, Hanafi NS

J Paediatr Child Health, 2008 Apr;44(4):208-13.
PMID: 17999669 DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1754.2007.01249.x

AIM: This study aimed to determine which factors could influence (i) parents' decision to seek medical consultatin and (ii) their preference for either public or private medical service in children with upper respiratory tract infection.
METHODS: This cross-sectional study was conducted at the Gombak district, which is an urban area in Malaysia. We randomly selected parents of kindergarten children aged 4-5 years to participate in this questionnaire survey. The main outcome measures were predictors of early medical consultation and type of service utilisation (public versus private).
RESULTS: We achieved a response rate of 84.5% (n = 1033/1223). 64.1% sought early medical consultation and 70.9% preferred to consult a private doctor. Early consultation was predicated by the parent gender being male (OR 1.50; 95% CI 1.09, 2.05), non-Chinese (OR 1.75%; 95% CI 1.10, 2.79), and those who preferred child specialists (OR 2.02; 95% CI 1.27, 3.23). Lower income group (OR 4.28; 95% CI 2.30, 7.95) and not having a regular doctor (OR 4.99%; 95% CI 3.19, 7.80) were predictors of using the public health services.
CONCLUSIONS: Parent's gender, ethnicity and income influenced their decision to seek early medical consultation for their children's respiratory illness while income and having a regular doctor could predict their choice of healthcare services.

Matched MeSH terms: Sex Factors
Fulltext Clinicopathological study of dentigerous cysts in Singapore and Malaysia

Yeo JF, Rosnah BZ, Ti LS, Zhao YY, Ngeow WC

Malays J Pathol, 2007 Jun;29(1):41-7.
PMID: 19105328 MyJurnal

This was a retrospective study of dentigerous cysts in people from the Singapore-Malaysian region. The purpose of this study was to present the clinicopathologic features of dentigerous cysts in the Oriental population and to compare these data with those from other reported studies. Biopsy records from 1981 to 1993 of 119 cases of dentigerous cysts from patients in Malaysia and Singapore showed that 36.1% of patients were female and 63.9% patients were male. Among patients with cysts, 70.5% were Chinese, 23.2% were Malays, 2.7% were Indian and 3.6% were other ethnic groups. The mean age of these patients was 30.2 +/- 17.3 years with a peak incidence occurring in the second and third decades. The location of the lesions was almost equal to the maxilla (50.9%) and the mandible (49.1%). There was a marked predilection for the posterior mandible (42.7%) followed by the anterior maxilla (38.2%). Histologically, 90.8% of the cysts were lined by a non-keratinised stratified squamous epithelium. The cyst linings were mainly thin (90.0%) with 38.7% of cases having a mixed thick and thin lining. Mucous metaplasia was observed in 9 (7.6%) cases. Rushton bodies were seen in 3.4% of cases. Cholesterol clefts in the epithelial lining and lumen were found in 16.8% cases while 12.6% of cases exhibited cholesterol clefts in the cyst wall. Other cellular structures within the cyst wall were lymphocytes (66.4%), plasma cells (52.1%), Russell bodies (16.0%) and histiocytes (4.2%). Odontogenic keratocysts were observed in 5.0% of cases. One case of adenomatoid odontogenic tumour was also observed. Epithelial atypia was seen in 9.2% of cases, islands of stratified squamous epithelial cells in 8.4% of cases while one case showed a combination of these two features. In conclusion, some clinical features seen in this study are similar to that for the Caucasian population such as prevalence in male, peak incidence in the second and third decades and the predilection for the posterior mandible and anterior maxilla. Histopathologically, odontogenic keratocyst and adenomatoid odontogenic tumour were observed in dentigerous cysts.

Matched MeSH terms: Sex Factors
Fulltext Seroprevalence of cysticercosis in a rural village of Ranau, Sabah, Malaysia

Noor Azian MY, Hakim SL, Sumiati A, Norhafizah M

Southeast Asian J. Trop. Med. Public Health, 2006 Jan;37(1):58-61.
PMID: 16771213

The objective of this study was to determine exposure to cysticercosis among a rural population in a selected village in Ranau, Sabah, Malaysia. A total of 135 serum samples were analyzed. The result showed that the seroprevalence of cysticercosis antibodies was 2.2%. There was no significant difference in the seroprevalence among age groups (p=0.307). Even though there was a slightly higher antibody titer in males compared to females, the difference was not significant (p=0.400). The results indicate evidence of exposure to cysticercosis in this rural population.

Matched MeSH terms: Sex Distribution
Fulltext Estimates and distribution of body mass index in a sample of Malaysian adolescents

Zalilah MS, Mirnalini K, Khor GL, Merlin A, Bahaman AS, Norimah K

Med J Malaysia, 2006 Mar;61(1):48-58.
PMID: 16708734 MyJurnal

The purpose of this study was to report on the estimates and distribution of body mass index in a sample of Malaysian adolescents. The study utilized a cross-sectional design and multi-stage random sampling of secondary schools to select 5 urban and 9 rural schools in Kedah and Penang. A total of 6555 male and female adolescents (11-15 years old) of Malay, Chinese and Indian ethnic groups were measured for weights and heights for body mass index calculation. Information on household demographic and socioeconomic were obtained from parents through self-administered questionnaires. Analyses of body mass index distribution by location, ethnicity, gender and age were conducted using Chi-square test of SPSS 11.5. More of the rural (12.1%) and urban (19.4%) adolescents were underweight and overweight, respectively. While in all ethnic, gender and age groups, rural adolescents were more likely to be underweight, more of the urban adolescents were overweight. The prevalence of underweight was highest among the Indians (19.2%) and lowest in Chinese (7.2%). The prevalence of overweight in the three ethnic groups was in the range of 18-19%. More male than female adolescents were underweight (15% vs 7.8%) and overweight (19.5% vs 16.7%). Consistent patterns were also observed across location, ethnic and age groups. As age increased, the prevalence of overweight decreased across the ethnic and gender groups. The reported findings can serve as current reference on body mass index distribution of Malaysian adolescents and a basis for future efforts in health and nutrition interventions for Malaysian children and adolescents.

Matched MeSH terms: Sex Distribution
Fulltext The epidemiology of shoulder dislocation in a state-hospital: a review of 106 cases

Hazmy CHW, Parwathi A

Med J Malaysia, 2005 Jul;60 Suppl C:17-21.
PMID: 16381277

This retrospective study was conducted in a state hospital set-up and aimed at identifying the magnitude of shoulder dislocations and their demographic data, characteristics of the injury, mechanism and predisposing factors, and the instituted treatment. Patients with radiographic evidence of shoulder dislocation admitted to the hospital from January 1999 to December 2002 were included. Data were recorded from the case notes. There were 105 shoulder dislocations with male predomination in 77% cases and age ranged between 11 and 90 years (average 30.9 years). The right shoulder was affected in 68% of the cases. The contributing events were fall in 37% of cases, road traffic accident 23%, sports 17% and pathological conditions 13%. Anterior dislocation occurred in 96.2% of the cases. Posterior and inferior dislocations encountered in two patients for each type. Twelve dislocations were associated fracture of the greater tuberosity, two each with humeral neck fracture and cerebral injuries. First time dislocation occurred in 73.6% of the cases. The recurrences ranged between 2 to 6 times (average 3.4 times). Closed manipulative reduction and strapping was the definitive treatment in 92.4% of the cases and the remaining needed surgical reconstruction. Four patients had open reduction and internal fixation of the associated fractures while another four had arthroscopic Bankart's repair. In conclusion, shoulder dislocation represents the most common shoulder problems. It afflicted young adults of reproductive age (21-40 years) and participation in sports was a risk factor in men. Women over 40 years and fall were at risk to develop shoulder dislocation.

Matched MeSH terms: Sex Distribution
Computed tomographic morphometry of thoracic pedicles: safety margin of transpedicular screw fixation in malaysian malay population

Liau KM, Yusof MI, Abdullah MS, Abdullah S, Yusof AH

Spine (Phila Pa 1976), 2006 Jul 15;31(16):E545-50.
PMID: 16845341

A cross-sectional study of thoracic pedicle morphometry (T1-T12) of 180 Malaysian Malay patients obtained from computed tomographic scan.

Matched MeSH terms: Sex Characteristics
Mode choice model for vulnerable motorcyclists in Malaysia

Ibrahim Sheikh AK, Radin Umar RS, Habshah M, Kassim H, Stevenson M, Ahmed H

Traffic Inj Prev, 2006 Jun;7(2):150-4.
PMID: 16854709

In developing countries, motorcycle use has grown in popularity in the past decades. Commensurate with this growth is the increase in death and casualties among motorcyclists in these countries. One of the strategic programs to minimize this problem is to reduce motorcyclists exposure by shifting them into safer modes of transport. This study aims to explore the differences in the characteristics of bus and motorcycle users. It identifies the factors contributing to their choice of transport mode and estimates the probability that motorcyclists might change their travel mode to a safer alternative; namely, bus travel.

Matched MeSH terms: Sex Factors
Fulltext Concha bullosa in chronic sinusitis

Subramanian S, Lekhraj Rampal GR, Wong EFM, Mastura S, Razi A

Med J Malaysia, 2005 Dec;60(5):535-9.
PMID: 16515102

Sinusitis is an important cause of morbidity and one of the major sources of income loss. Anatomical variations of the nose have been reported to predispose to sinusitis. These variations include concha bullosa, nasal septal deviation and oversized bulla. The aim of this study was to determine the proportion and the distribution of concha bullosa in patients with chronic sinusitis and to determine the relationship between concha bullosa and age, sex, ethnicity. A cross-sectional study was conducted at the Department of Ear, Nose and Throat in Kuala Lumpur Hospital (HKL). Data was collected retrospectively using a pretested proforma. All patients who underwent Sino nasal surgery between January 1999 and December 2000 and whose preoperative CT scans were available were included in the study. The CT scans were reviewed. Analysis was carried out using Statistical Package for Social Sciences. Out of 146 patients who underwent sinonasal surgery between January 1999 and December 2000, 101 (69.2% preoperative CT scans of these patients were available and these were reviewed. The proportion of patients with concha bullosa was 49.5%. The results showed that there was significant relationship between presence of concha bullosa and age and sex. The overall mean age of patient with concha bullosa was 35.7 years (95% CI 12.1-39.3) and ranged from 11-years to 56-years. The mean age of respondents with concha bullosa was significantly lower than patients without concha bullosa 41.98 (95% CI 37.6-46.3; t-test = 2.221; df=99; p < 0.05). Concha bullosa was significantly more in females (66.0%) compared to males (chi2 = 4.465, df=1, p < 0.05). There was no significant relationship between presence of concha bullosa and ethnicity.

Matched MeSH terms: Sex Factors

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