MyMedR

Displaying publications 41 - 60 of 179 in total

Abstract:

Sort:

Phyllodes tumours of the breast: retrospective analysis of a University Hospital's experience

Toh YF, Cheah PL, Looi LM, Teoh KH, Tan PH

Malays J Pathol, 2016 Apr;38(1):19-24.
PMID: 27126660

Taking cognizance of the purported variation of phyllodes tumours in Asians compared with Western populations, this study looked at phyllodes tumours of the breast diagnosed at the Department of Pathology, University of Malaya Medical Centre over an 8-year period with regards to patient profiles, tumour parameters, treatment offered and outcome. Sixty-four new cases of phyllodes tumour were diagnosed during the period, however only 30 (21 benign, 4 borderline and 5 malignant) finally qualified for entry into the study. These were followed-up for 4-102 months (average = 41.7 months). Thirteen cases (8 benign, 3 borderline, 2 malignant) were Chinese, 9 (all benign) Malay, 7 (4 benign, 1 borderline, 2 malignant) Indian and 1 (malignant) Indonesian. Prevalence of benign versus combined borderline and malignant phyllodes showed a marginally significant difference (p=0.049) between the Malays and Chinese. Patients' ages ranged from 21-70 years with a mean of 44.9 years with no significant difference in age between benign, borderline or malignant phyllodes tumours. Except for benign phyllodes tumours (mean size = 5.8 cm) being significantly smaller at presentation compared with borderline (mean size = 12.5 cm) and malignant (mean size = 15.8 cm) (p<0.05) tumours, history of previous pregnancy, breast feeding, hormonal contraception and tumour laterality did not differ between the three categories. Family history of breast cancer was noted in 2 cases of benign phyllodes. Local excision was performed in 17 benign, 2 borderline and 3 malignant tumours and mastectomy in 4 benign, 2 borderline and 2 malignant tumours. Surgical clearance was not properly recorded in 10 benign phyllodes tumours. Six benign and all 4 borderline and 5 malignant tumours had clearances of <10 mm. Two benign tumours recurred locally at 15 and 49 months after local excision, however information regarding surgical clearance was not available in both cases. One patient with a malignant tumour developed a radiologically-diagnosed lung nodule 26 months after mastectomy, was given a course of radiotherapy and remained well 8-months following identification of the lung nodule.
Fulltext Correlation of p16INK4a immunoexpression and human papillomavirus (HPV) detected by in-situ hybridization in cervical squamous neoplasia

Cheah PL, Koh CC, Nazarina AR, Teoh KH, Looi LM

Malays J Pathol, 2016 Apr;38(1):33-8.
PMID: 27126662 MyJurnal

Persistence and eventual integration of high-risk HPV (hrHPV) into the cervical cell is crucial to the progression of cervical neoplasia and it would be beneficial to morphologically identify this transformation in routine surgical pathology practice. Increased p16(INK4a) (p16) expression is a downstream event following HPV E7 binding to pRB. A study was conducted to assess the correlation between hrHPV detection using a commercial in-situ hybridization assay (Ventana INFORM HPV ISH) and p16 immunoexpression (CINtec Histology Kit) in cervical squamous intraepithelial lesions and squamous carcinoma. 27 formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded cervical low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions (LSIL), 21 high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions (HSIL) and 51 squamous carcinoma (SCC) were interrogated. hrHPV was significantly more frequent in HSIL (76.2%) and SCC (88.2%) compared to LSIL(37.0%). p16 expression was similarly more frequent in HSIL (95.2%) and SCC (90.2%) compared to LSIL(3.7%). That the rates of hrHPV when compared with p16 expression were almost equivalent in HSIL and SCC while p16 was expressed in only 1 of the 10 LSIL with hrHPV, are expected considering the likelihood that transformation has occurred in HSIL and SCC but does not occur in majority of LSIL.
Fulltext Metastatic Adenocarcinoma Presenting as Extensive Cavoatrial Tumor Thrombus

Johari B, Abdul Aziz YF, Krishnasamy S, Looi LM, Hashim SA, Raja Mokhtar RA

Iran J Radiol, 2015 Apr;12(2):e11197.
PMID: 26060549 DOI: 10.5812/iranjradiol.11197

The presence of tumor thrombus in the right atrium is frequently the result of direct intraluminal extension of infra-diaphragmatic malignancy into the inferior vena cava (IVC) or supradiaphragmatic carcinoma into the superior vena cava (SVC). Right atrial tumor thrombus with extension into both SVC and IVC has not been reported in the literature. We present a patient who presented with symptoms of right atrial and SVC obstruction. Imaging revealed presence of a thrombus in the right atrium, extending to the SVC and IVC, with the additional findings of a left adrenal mass and multiple liver lesions. The histopathological examination of the right atrial mass revealed metastatic adenocarcinoma cells. The patient was given a presumptive diagnosis of metastatic adenocarcinoma, most likely adrenal in origin, with multiple hepatic lesions suspicious for metastasis. The clinical outcome of the patient was not favorable; the patient succumbed before the adrenal mass could be confirmed to be the primary tumor. This case highlights that in patients manifesting with extensive cavoatrial thrombus as, the existence of primary carcinoma should be considered especially in the adrenal cortex or in the lung.
Fulltext E-cadherin downregulation at the infiltrating tumour front is associated with histological grade and stage in colorectal carcinoma of Malaysians

Dass SD, Cheah PL, Ong DB, Teoh KH, Looi LM

Malays J Pathol, 2015 Apr;37(1):19-24.
PMID: 25890609 MyJurnal

Loss of E-cadherin, a 120 kDA transmembrane glycoprotein responsible for cell-cell adhesion, is one of the hallmarks of epithelial-mesenchymal-transition (EMT). E-cadherin expression was immunohistochemically studied in 94 histopathologically re-confirmed colorectal carcinomas (CRC) using a monoclonal antibody to E-cadherin (Dako: Clone NCH-38) on a Ventana Benchmark XT automated system. Each case was assessed for E-cadherin immunopositivity at two separate locations viz the tumour centre (TC) as well as the infiltrating front (IF). Expression was semiquantitated for proportion of immunopositive malignant cells as 0 (negative), 1 (1-25% staining), 2 (26-50% staining), 3 (51-75% staining) and 4 (>75% staining) and staining intensity: 0 (negative), 1 (weak), 2 (moderate) and 3 (strong). The final histoscore of E-cadherin immunopositivity was arbitrarily computed as proportion of immunopositivity multiplied by staining intensity of the malignant cells. E-cadherin histoscores were significantly lower at the IF (4.5 ± 2.5) compared with TC (10.7 ± 2.4). Furthermore, the histoscores were significantly reduced at the IF of 49 TNM III+IV tumours (3.6 ± 2.5) compared with 45 II+III CRC (5.4 ± 2.2). Reduction of E-cadherin expression was also noted in the 23 high grade (TC=8.6 ± 3.2; IF=2.6 ± 2.3) compared with 71 low grade tumours (TC = 11.4 ± 1.5; IF = 5.1 ± 2.3). E-cadherin is downregulated at the infiltrating front of CRC, possibly marking for EMT at this location. The downregulation is further enhanced amongst late stage and high grade tumours compared with earlier stage and low grade tumours; findings which are similar to that noted in CRC of other populations.
Fulltext Tuberculosis or systemic lupus erythematosus? A diagnostic and therapeutic dilemma

Mohd A, Goh EM, Chow SK, Looi LM, Yeap SS

Southeast Asian J. Trop. Med. Public Health, 2003 Jun;34(2):361-4.
PMID: 12971563

The diagnosis of patients with fever of unknown origin (FUO) is often problematic because the range of possible differential diagnoses is broad. We report on a case in which a patient presented with FUO and was subsequently found to have both a collagen vascular disease and an intercurrent infection. Treatment for the collagen vascular disease with corticosteroids exacerbated the intercurrent infection. The problems in the diagnosis and management of such cases are discussed.
HTLV-I antibody study in normal individuals and unselected hospital patients in Malaysia

Yap SF, Peh SC, Chan L, Wong HC, How VJ, Looi LM

Southeast Asian J. Trop. Med. Public Health, 1992 Mar;23(1):26-9.
PMID: 1355930

A serological investigation for human T cell leukemia virus I (HTLV-I) infection was carried out at the University Hospital, Kuala Lumpur. A total of 626 sera from a non-patient population and 1,038 sera from unselected in-patients were screened for HTLV-I antibodies using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). 27/1664 (1.6%) were found to be reactive. However, on Western blotting, only 2 sera were confirmed positive, both showing reactions for the major core (p19 and p24) and the envelope (gp46) proteins. Both of the serum samples were from unselected hospital patients. Most of the remaining sera which were reactive on screening showed indeterminate results on Western blotting. These were further tested by radioimmunoprecipitation assay (RIPA) and none of these sera gave a positive reaction. Therefore, only 2/1038 (0.19%) unselected patients could be confirmed to have antibodies to HTLV-I. None of the normal individuals screened showed a positive Western blot result. Our data indicate that HTLV-I infection is present in our population, but at a low prevalence rate.
Acute renal failure following multiple wasp stings

Thiruventhiran T, Goh BL, Leong CL, Cheah PL, Looi LM, Tan SY

Nephrol Dial Transplant, 1999 Jan;14(1):214-7.
PMID: 10052513
Differentiation of elemental composition of normal and malignant breast tissue by instrumental neutron activation analysis

Ng KH, Bradley DA, Looi LM, Mahmood CS, Wood AK

Appl Radiat Isot, 1993 Mar;44(3):511-6.
PMID: 8472024

Multi-elemental quantitative analyses of 15 paired samples of normal and malignant human breast tissue by instrumental neutron activation analysis are reported. The elements, Al, Br, Ca, Cl, Co, Cs, Fe, K, Na, Rb, Zn were detected. Significantly elevated concentration levels were found for Al, Br, Ca, Cl, Cs, K, Na, Zn in malignant compared to normal tissue. Although the role of elemental composition in breast cancer is unclear, this finding may be of importance as another parameter for differentiating normal from malignant tissue.
Fulltext The histopathological pattern of primary IgA nephropathy in a Malaysian patient population

Peh SC, Looi LM, Wang F, Chua CT, Tan HW, Lam KL

Malays J Pathol, 1990 Jun;12(1):21-6.
PMID: 2090886

In the 10-year period from October 1977 to July 1987, 149 cases of primary IgA nephropathy were histologically confirmed through renal biopsies in the Department of Pathology, University Hospital, Kuala Lumpur. The ages of these patients ranged from 5 to 72 years, with the majority in the 20-30 year age group. There was no sex preponderance. The ethnic distribution showed a significant predominance of Chinese with 107 (71.8%) Chinese, 24 (16.1%) Malays, 15 (10.1%) Indians and 3 others. A wide range of renal glomerular pathology was seen, the commonest being diffuse mesangioproliferative glomerulonephritis (59.1%). Focal proliferative glomerulonephritis (14.1%) followed by minimal change glomerulonephritis (10.7%) were next in order of frequency. Immunofluorescence studies consistently demonstrated heavy and predominant IgA deposition in the mesangium. Weak deposition of C3, IgG and IgM were also observed in various combinations.
Aberrant expression of acute-phase reactant proteins in sera and breast lesions of patients with malignant and benign breast tumors

Doustjalali SR, Yusof R, Yip CH, Looi LM, Pillay B, Hashim OH

Electrophoresis, 2004 Jul;25(14):2392-401.
PMID: 15274022

We have analyzed unfractionated sera of newly diagnosed patients (n=10) with breast carcinoma (BC), prior to treatment, and patients (n=5) with fibrocystic disease of the breast (FDB) by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2-DE) and silver staining. The patients' 2-DE serum protein profiles obtained were then subjected to image analysis and compared to similar data generated from sera of normal healthy female controls (n=10) of the same range of age. The relative expression of alpha1-antichymotrypsin (ACT), clusterin, and complement factor B was significantly higher in all BC patients as compared to normal controls. However, the expression of alpha1-antitrypsin (AAT) in BC patients was apparently lower than that of the controls. Similar differential expression of ACT was detected in the FDB patients. The aberrant expression of the serum acute-phase proteins of patients with BC and FDB was confirmed by competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Similar altered proteins expression was also observed from immunohistochemical studies of malignant (n=5) and benign (n=5) breast lesions of the respective patients performed using antisera to the aberrantly expressed proteins. However, the malignant breast lesions were instead positively stained for AAT. The differential expression of the serum proteins was apparently abrogated when a six-month follow-up study was performed on nine of the BC patients subsequent to treatment.
Effect of soy protein on the small bowel mucosa of young infants recovering from acute gastroenteritis

Iyngkaran N, Yadav M, Looi LM, Boey CG, Lam KL, Balabaskaran S, et al.

J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr, 1988 Jan-Feb;7(1):68-75.
PMID: 3335989

The effect of soy protein on the small bowel mucosa of 18 infants with acute gastroenteritis was studied. The infants were maintained on a protein hydrolysate formula for 6-8 weeks, following which they were readmitted for soy protein challenge studies. Jejunal biopsy was performed before and 24 h after challenge. On the basis of the clinical and histological reaction to soy protein challenge, three groups were identified. Group 1 consisted of three infants who had clinical and histological reaction. There was associated depletion of mucosal enzymes, lactase, sucrase, malatase, alkaline phosphatase, and blood xylose levels. Group 2 consisted of seven infants who had histological reaction but no clinical symptoms. Two of these seven infants, however, developed clinical reaction when rechallenged with soy protein 2 and 90 days later. Following challenge, mucosal enzymes and blood xylose levels were depressed in five of the seven infants tested. Group 3 consisted of eight infants who did not have either a clinical or a histological reaction. The mucosal enzymes and blood xylose levels were not depressed in four infants tested. The present study shows that the small bowel mucosa of some young infants recovering from acute gastroenteritis remains sensitive to soy protein for a variable period of time. The feeding of soy protein to these infants may result in the persistence of mucosal damage and perpetuation of diarrhea.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Breast cancer hormone receptor testing in Asia: is it time to think again on expected positivity rates and methods of scoring?

Rhodes A, Teoh KH, See MH, Ganesan K, Looi LM

Pathology, 2020 Apr;52(3):385-387.
PMID: 32107079 DOI: 10.1016/j.pathol.2019.12.006
The Top 25 Laboratory Tests by Volume and Revenue in Five Different Countries

Horton S, Fleming KA, Kuti M, Looi LM, Pai SA, Sayed S, et al.

Am J Clin Pathol, 2019 04 02;151(5):446-451.
PMID: 30535132 DOI: 10.1093/ajcp/aqy165

OBJECTIVES: To compare the most common diagnostic/laboratory tests across five different referral hospitals by volume and revenue.
METHODS: The authors obtained data on volumes and reimbursement rates for the most common 25 tests at the five hospitals with which they are affiliated and organized them to be as comparable as possible. Simple descriptive statistics were used to make cross-country comparisons.
RESULTS: There are strong similarities across all five hospitals in the top five tests by both volume and revenue. However, the top five by volume differ from the top five by revenue. Reimbursement rates also follow common patterns, being lowest for the most common biochemical test; intermediate for the most common hematology and microbiology tests, respectively; and highest for the most common pathology test.
CONCLUSIONS: Most of the most common tests also appear in the new Essential Diagnostics List. This may inform plans for universal health coverage.
Fulltext DNA mismatch repair and CD133-marked cancer stem cells in colorectal carcinoma

Cheah PL, Li J, Looi LM, Teoh KH, Ong DB, Arends MJ

PeerJ, 2018;6:e5530.
PMID: 30221090 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.5530

Background: Except for a few studies with contradictory observations, information is lacking on the possibility of association between DNA mismatch repair (MMR) status and the presence of cancer stem cells in colorectal carcinoma (CRC), two important aspects in colorectal carcinogenesis.
Methods: Eighty (40 right-sided and 40 left-sided) formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded primary CRC were immunohistochemically studied for CD133, a putative CRC stem cell marker, and MMR proteins MLH1, MSH2, MSH6 and PMS2. CD133 expression was semi-quantitated for proportion of tumor immunopositivity on a scale of 0-5 and staining intensity on a scale of 0-3 with a final score (units) being the product of proportion and intensity of tumor staining. The tumor was considered immunopositive only when the tumor demonstrated moderate to strong intensity of CD133 staining (a decision made after analysis of CD133 expression in normal colon). Deficient MMR (dMMR) was interpreted as unequivocal loss of tumor nuclear staining for any MMR protein despite immunoreactivity in the internal positive controls.
Results: CD133 was expressed in 36 (90.0%) left-sided and 28 (70.0%) right-sided tumors (p 0.05).
Conclusion: Proficient MMR correlated with high levels of CD133-marked putative cancer stem cells in both right- and left-sided tumors, whereas significantly lower levels of CD133-marked putative cancer stem cells were associated with deficient MMR status in colorectal carcinomas found on the right.
A review on omics-based biomarkers discovery for Alzheimer's disease from the bioinformatics perspectives: Statistical approach vs machine learning approach

Tan MS, Cheah PL, Chin AV, Looi LM, Chang SW

Comput Biol Med, 2021 12;139:104947.
PMID: 34678481 DOI: 10.1016/j.compbiomed.2021.104947

Alzheimer's Disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disease that affects cognition and is the most common cause of dementia in the elderly. As the number of elderly individuals increases globally, the incidence and prevalence of AD are expected to increase. At present, AD is diagnosed clinically, according to accepted criteria. The essential elements in the diagnosis of AD include a patients history, a physical examination and neuropsychological testing, in addition to appropriate investigations such as neuroimaging. The omics-based approach is an emerging field of study that may not only aid in the diagnosis of AD but also facilitate the exploration of factors that influence the development of the disease. Omics techniques, including genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics and metabolomics, may reveal the pathways that lead to neuronal death and identify biomolecular markers associated with AD. This will further facilitate an understanding of AD neuropathology. In this review, omics-based approaches that were implemented in studies on AD were assessed from a bioinformatics perspective. Current state-of-the-art statistical and machine learning approaches used in the single omics analysis of AD were compared based on correlations of variants, differential expression, functional analysis and network analysis. This was followed by a review of the approaches used in the integration and analysis of multi-omics of AD. The strengths and limitations of multi-omics analysis methods were explored and the issues and challenges associated with omics studies of AD were highlighted. Lastly, future studies in this area of research were justified.
ERRATUM: Phyllodes tumours of the breast: retrospective analysis of a University Hospital's experience

Toh YF, Cheah PL, Looi LM, Teoh KH, Tan PH

Malays J Pathol, 2016 08;38(2):175.
PMID: 27568677

No abstract available.
Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX2) expression in adenocarcinoma surpasses that of squamous cell carcinoma in the uterine cervix

Marutha Muthu AK, Cheah PL, Koh CC, Chew MF, Toh YF, Looi LM

Malays J Pathol, 2017 Dec;39(3):251-255.
PMID: 29279587 MyJurnal

Over the years, adenocarcinoma (ADC), which has a worse prognosis than squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) of the cervix, has shown an increasing trend. Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX2) expression which has been associated with worse prognosis in several solid cancers was studied for its association with SCC and ADC of the cervix. 35 histologically re-confirmed SCC and 35 ADC were immunohistochemically stained for COX2 using a mouse monoclonal antibody to COX2 (1:100; Dako: Clone CX-294) on a Ventana Benchmark XT. The histoscore was computed as intensity of staining, semi-quantitated on a scale of 0-3 with 0 = negative, 1 = weak, 2 = moderate and 3 = strong staining intensity; multiplied by percentage of immunopositivity on a scale of 0-4 with 0 = <1%, 1 = 1-25%, 2 = 26-50%, 3 = 51-75% and 4 = ≥75% of immunopositive tumour cells. Histoscore 1-3/12 was considered as low and ≥4/12 as high COX2 expression. SCC affected Chinese more than Malays, while Malays had more ADC (p = 0.032). Mean age at presentation of SCC (57.5 years) was about a decade later than ADC at 47.9 years (p = 0.002). 30/35 (85.7%) of SCC and 34/35 (97.1%) of ADC expressed COX2. Histoscores of ADC (median = 4.0, IQR = 3.0-6.0) was significantly higher (p = 0.014) than those of SCC (median = 3.0, IQR = 2.0-3.0). High histoscores (≥4/12) were more frequent in ADC (55.9%) compared with SCC (26.7%) (p = 0.018), implicating COX2, either directly or indirectly, as a possible player in influencing the poorer outcome of ADC compared with SCC.
Delivering modern, high-quality, affordable pathology and laboratory medicine to low-income and middle-income countries: a call to action

Horton S, Sullivan R, Flanigan J, Fleming KA, Kuti MA, Looi LM, et al.

Lancet, 2018 05 12;391(10133):1953-1964.
PMID: 29550030 DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(18)30460-4

Modern, affordable pathology and laboratory medicine (PALM) systems are essential to achieve the 2030 Sustainable Development Goals for health in low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs). In this last in a Series of three papers about PALM in LMICs, we discuss the policy environment and emphasise three crucial high-level actions that are needed to deliver universal health coverage. First, nations need national strategic laboratory plans; second, these plans require adequate financing for implementation; and last, pathologists themselves need to take on leadership roles to advocate for the centrality of PALM to achieve the Sustainable Development Goals for health. The national strategic laboratory plan should deliver a tiered, networked laboratory system as a central element. Appropriate financing should be provided, at a level of at least 4% of health expenditure. Financing of new technologies such as molecular diagnostics is challenging for LMICs, even though many of these tests are cost-effective. Point-of-care testing can substantially reduce test-reporting time, but this benefit must be balanced with higher costs. Our research analysis highlights a considerable deficiency in advocacy for PALM; pathologists have been invisible in national and international health discourse and leadership. Embedding PALM in LMICs can only be achieved if pathologists advocate for these services, and undertake leadership roles, both nationally and internationally. We articulate eight key recommendations to address the current barriers identified in this Series and issue a call to action for all stakeholders to come together in a global alliance to ensure the effective provision of PALM services in resource-limited settings.
Access to pathology and laboratory medicine services: a crucial gap

Wilson ML, Fleming KA, Kuti MA, Looi LM, Lago N, Ru K

Lancet, 2018 05 12;391(10133):1927-1938.
PMID: 29550029 DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(18)30458-6

As global efforts accelerate to implement the Sustainable Development Goals and, in particular, universal health coverage, access to high-quality and timely pathology and laboratory medicine (PALM) services will be needed to support health-care systems that are tasked with achieving these goals. This access will be most challenging to achieve in low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs), which have a disproportionately large share of the global burden of disease but a disproportionately low share of global health-care resources, particularly PALM services. In this first in a Series of three papers on PALM in LMICs, we describe the crucial and central roles of PALM services in the accurate diagnosis and detection of disease, informing prognosis and guiding treatment, contributing to disease screening, public health surveillance and disease registries, and supporting medical-legal systems. We also describe how, even though data are sparse, these services are of both insufficient scope and inadequate quality to play their key role in health-care systems in LMICs. Lastly, we identify four key barriers to the provision of optimal PALM services in resource-limited settings: insufficient human resources or workforce capacity, inadequate education and training, inadequate infrastructure, and insufficient quality, standards, and accreditation.
Fulltext Indication of high lipid content in epithelial-mesenchymal transitions of breast tissues

Sabtu SN, Sani SFA, Looi LM, Chiew SF, Pathmanathan D, Bradley DA, et al.

Sci Rep, 2021 Feb 05;11(1):3250.
PMID: 33547362 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-81426-x

The epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a crucial process in cancer progression and metastasis. Study of metabolic changes during the EMT process is important in seeking to understand the biochemical changes associated with cancer progression, not least in scoping for therapeutic strategies aimed at targeting EMT. Due to the potential for high sensitivity and specificity, Raman spectroscopy was used here to study the metabolic changes associated with EMT in human breast cancer tissue. For Raman spectroscopy measurements, tissue from 23 patients were collected, comprising non-lesional, EMT and non-EMT formalin-fixed and paraffin embedded breast cancer samples. Analysis was made in the fingerprint Raman spectra region (600-1800 cm-1) best associated with cancer progression biochemical changes in lipid, protein and nucleic acids. The ANOVA test followed by the Tukey's multiple comparisons test were conducted to see if there existed differences between non-lesional, EMT and non-EMT breast tissue for Raman spectroscopy measurements. Results revealed that significant differences were evident in terms of intensity between the non-lesional and EMT samples, as well as the EMT and non-EMT samples. Multivariate analysis involving independent component analysis, Principal component analysis and non-negative least square were used to analyse the Raman spectra data. The results show significant differences between EMT and non-EMT cancers in lipid, protein, and nucleic acids. This study demonstrated the capability of Raman spectroscopy supported by multivariate analysis in analysing metabolic changes in EMT breast cancer tissue.

Filters

Please provide feedback to Administrator (afdal@afpm.org.my)

External Links