Displaying publications 41 - 56 of 56 in total

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  1. Fulltext Omics-Based Analytical Approaches for Assessing Chicken Species and Breeds in Food Authentication
    Dirong G, Nematbakhsh S, Selamat J, Chong PP, Idris LH, Nordin N, et al.
    Molecules, 2021 Oct 28;26(21).
    PMID: 34770913 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26216502
    Chicken is known to be the most common meat type involved in food mislabeling and adulteration. Establishing a method to authenticate chicken content precisely and identifying chicken breeds as declared in processed food is crucial for protecting consumers' rights. Categorizing the authentication method into their respective omics disciplines, such as genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, lipidomics, metabolomics, and glycomics, and the implementation of bioinformatics or chemometrics in data analysis can assist the researcher in improving the currently available techniques. Designing a vast range of instruments and analytical methods at the molecular level is vital for overcoming the technical drawback in discriminating chicken from other species and even within its breed. This review aims to provide insight and highlight previous and current approaches suitable for countering different circumstances in chicken authentication.
  2. Fulltext Bioaccessibility of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) in Grilled Meat: The Effects of Meat Doneness and Fat Content
    Hamidi EN, Hajeb P, Selamat J, Lee SY, Abdull Razis AF
    Int J Environ Res Public Health, 2022 Jan 10;19(2).
    PMID: 35055557 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19020736
    Exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) through diet is gaining concern due to the risk it poses to human health. This study evaluated the bioaccessibility of PAHs contained in charcoal-grilled beef and chicken in different segments of the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) with regard to the degree of doneness and fat content of the meats. The levels of 15 PAHs in the grilled meat samples and bioaccessible fractions were determined using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) equipped with PAH column, and UV and fluorescence detectors. Total PAHs were found in beef (30.73 ng/g) and chicken (70.93 ng/g) before its digestion, and different PAHs' bioaccessibility were observed in the different segments of GIT, with the highest in the stomach followed by the small intestine, despite the relatively higher bioaccessibility of individual PAHs in grilled beef as compared to those in grilled chicken. Additionally, the PAHs' bioaccessibility increased with the increase in the degree of doneness. Positive linear correlation was observed for the PAHs' bioaccessibility and the fat contents of grilled meat. Overall, this study highlights the influence of meat doneness (cooking time) and fat contents on the bioaccessibility and bioaccumulation of PAHs.
  3. Fulltext Quantitative Analysis and Human Health Risk Assessment of Heavy Metals in Paddy Plants Collected from Perak, Malaysia
    Sibuar AA, Zulkafflee NS, Selamat J, Ismail MR, Lee SY, Abdull Razis AF
    Int J Environ Res Public Health, 2022 Jan 10;19(2).
    PMID: 35055550 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19020731
    Rice is one of the major crops as well as the staple food in Malaysia. However, historical mining activity has raised a concern regarding heavy metal contamination in paddy plants, especially in Perak, a state with major tin mining during the late nineteenth century. Therefore, the objective of this study is to investigate the heavy metals (As, Cd, Pb, Cu, Cr) contamination in paddy soils and paddy plants in three districts in Perak. The content of heavy metals was determined using ICP-MS, while the absorption and transferability of heavy metals in the paddy plants were investigated through enrichment (EF) and translocation (TF) factors. Principal component analysis (PCA) was employed to recognize the pattern of heavy metal contaminations in different sampling areas. Health risk assessment was performed through calculation of various indices. The quantification results showed that root contained highest concentration of the studied heavy metals, with As exhibiting the highest concentration. The EF results revealed the accumulation of As, Cu, and Cr in the rice grains while PCA showed the different compositional pattern in the different sampling areas. The health risk assessment disclosed both noncarcinogenic and carcinogenic risks in the local adults and children. Overall, findings from this study show that heavy metal contamination poses potential health risks to the residents and control measure is required.
  4. Fulltext Optimization of supercritical CO(2) extraction of fish oil from viscera of African Catfish (Clarias gariepinus)
    Sarker MZ, Selamat J, Habib AS, Ferdosh S, Akanda MJ, Jaffri JM
    Int J Mol Sci, 2012;13(9):11312-22.
    PMID: 23109854 DOI: 10.3390/ijms130911312
    Fish oil was extracted from the viscera of African Catfish using supercritical carbon dioxide (SC-CO(2)). A Central Composite Design of Response Surface methodology (RSM) was employed to optimize the SC-CO(2) extraction parameters. The oil yield (Y) as response variable was executed against the four independent variables, namely pressure, temperature, flow rate and soaking time. The oil yield varied with the linear, quadratic and interaction of pressure, temperature, flow rate and soaking time. Optimum points were observed within the variables of temperature from 35 °C to 80 °C, pressure from 10 MPa to 40 MPa, flow rate from 1 mL/min to 3 mL/min and soaking time from 1 h to 4 h. However, the extraction parameters were found to be optimized at temperature 57.5 °C, pressure 40 MPa, flow rate 2.0 mL/min and soaking time 2.5 h. At this optimized condition, the highest oil yields were found to be 67.0% (g oil/100 g sample on dry basis) in the viscera of catfish which was reasonable to the yields of 78.0% extracted using the Soxhlet method.
  5. Meat species identification and Halal authentication analysis using mitochondrial DNA
    Murugaiah C, Noor ZM, Mastakim M, Bilung LM, Selamat J, Radu S
    Meat Sci, 2009 Sep;83(1):57-61.
    PMID: 20416658 DOI: 10.1016/j.meatsci.2009.03.015
    A method utilizing PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) in the mitochondrial genes was developed for beef (Bos taurus), pork (Sus scrofa), buffalo (Bubalus bubali), quail (Coturnix coturnix), chicken (Gallus gallus), goat (Capra hircus), rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus) species identification and Halal authentication. PCR products of 359-bp were successfully obtained from the cyt b gene of these six meats. AluI, BsaJI, RsaI, MseI, and BstUI enzymes were identified as potential restriction endonucleases to differentiate the meats. The genetic differences within the cyt b gene among the meat were successfully confirmed by PCR-RFLP. A reliable typing scheme of species which revealed the genetic differences among the species was developed.
  6. Fulltext Generation of High Affinity Anti-Peptide Polyclonal Antibodies Recognizing Goat αs1-Casein
    Mohsin AZ, Sukor R, Selamat J, Meor Hussin AS, Ismail IH, Jambari NN, et al.
    Molecules, 2020 Jun 05;25(11).
    PMID: 32516919 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25112622
    The chemical, technological and allergy properties of goat's milk are significantly affected by the level of αs1-casein. Detection and quantification of αs1-casein requires high-specificity methods to overcome high-sequence similarity between this protein and others in the casein family. Unavailability of antibodies with high affinity and specificity towards goat αs1-casein hinders the development of immuno-based analytical methods such as enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and biosensors. Here, we report the generation of polyclonal antibodies (or immunoglobulins, IgGs) raised towards goat αs1-casein N- (Nter) and C-terminal (Cter) peptide sequences. The Nter and Cter peptides of goat αs1-casein were immunized in rabbits for the generation of antisera, which were purified using protein G affinity chromatography. The binding affinity of the antisera and purified IgGs were tested and compared using indirect ELISA, where peptide-BSA conjugates and goat αs1-casein were used as the coating antigens. The Nter antiserum displayed higher titer than Cter antiserum, at 1/64,000 and 1/32,000 dilutions, respectively. The purification step further yielded 0.5 mg/mL of purified IgGs from 3 mL of antisera. The purified Nter IgG showed a significantly (p < 0.05) higher binding affinity towards peptide-BSA and goat αs1-casein, with lower Kd value at 5.063 × 10-3 μM compared to 9.046 × 10-3 μM for the Cter IgG. A cross-reactivity test showed that there was no binding in neither Nter nor Cter IgGs towards protein extracts from the milk of cow, buffalo, horse and camel. High-quality antibodies generated will allow further development of immuno-based analytical methods and future in vitro studies to be conducted on goat αs1-casein.
  7. Application, challenges and future prospects of recent nondestructive techniques based on the electromagnetic spectrum in food quality and safety
    Fakhlaei R, Babadi AA, Sun C, Ariffin NM, Khatib A, Selamat J, et al.
    Food Chem, 2024 May 30;441:138402.
    PMID: 38218155 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2024.138402
    Safety and quality aspects of food products have always been critical issues for the food production and processing industries. Since conventional quality measurements are laborious, time-consuming, and expensive, it is vital to develop new, fast, non-invasive, cost-effective, and direct techniques to eliminate those challenges. Recently, non-destructive techniques have been applied in the food sector to improve the quality and safety of foodstuffs. The aim of this review is an effort to list non-destructive techniques (X-ray, computer tomography, ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy, hyperspectral imaging, infrared, Raman, terahertz, nuclear magnetic resonance, magnetic resonance imaging, and ultrasound imaging) based on the electromagnetic spectrum and discuss their principle and application in the food sector. This review provides an in-depth assessment of the different non-destructive techniques used for the quality and safety analysis of foodstuffs. We also discussed comprehensively about advantages, disadvantages, challenges, and opportunities for the application of each technique and recommended some solutions and developments for future trends.
  8. Fulltext Effect of supercritical fluid extraction on the reduction of toxic elements in fish oil compared with other extraction methods
    Hajeb P, Selamat J, Afsah-Hejri L, Mahyudin NA, Shakibazadeh S, Sarker MZ
    J Food Prot, 2015 Jan;78(1):172-9.
    PMID: 25581193 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028X.JFP-14-248
    High-quality fish oil for human consumption requires low levels of toxic elements. The aim of this study was to compare different oil extraction methods to identify the most efficient method for extracting fish oil of high quality with the least contamination. The methods used in this study were Soxhlet extraction, enzymatic extraction, wet reduction, and supercritical fluid extraction. The results showed that toxic elements in fish oil could be reduced using supercritical CO2 at a modest temperature (60°C) and pressure (35 MPa) with little reduction in the oil yield. There were significant reductions in mercury (85 to 100%), cadmium (97 to 100%), and lead (100%) content of the fish oil extracted using the supercritical fluid extraction method. The fish oil extracted using conventional methods contained toxic elements at levels much higher than the accepted limits of 0.1 μg/g.
  9. Fulltext Antagonism of nonaflatoxigenic Aspergillus flavus isolated from peanuts against aflatoxigenic A. flavus growth and aflatoxin B1 production in vitro
    Rahman MAH, Selamat J, Samsudin NIP, Shaari K, Mahror N, John JM
    Food Sci Nutr, 2022 Nov;10(11):3993-4002.
    PMID: 36348788 DOI: 10.1002/fsn3.2995
    Aspergillus section Flavi constitutes several species of opportunistic fungi, notable among them are A. flavus and A. parasiticus, capable of surviving harsh conditions and colonizing a wide range of agricultural products pre- and postharvest. Physical and chemical control methods are widely applied in order to mitigate the invasion of A. flavus in crops. However, physical control is not suitable for large scale and chemical control often leads to environmental pollution, whereas biological control offers a safer, environmentally friendly, and economical alternative. The present study aimed to investigate the antagonism of several non-aflatoxigenic A. flavus strains against the aflatoxigenic ones in vitro (semisynthetic peanut growth medium; MPA) in terms of colony growth rate and AFB1 inhibition. Different peanut concentrations were used to obtain the optimum peanut concentration in the formulated growth medium. A dual culture assay was performed to assess the antagonism of nonaflatoxigenic strains against the aflatoxigenic ones. Results revealed that 9% MPA exhibited the highest growth and AFB1 inhibition by nonaflatoxigenic strains. It was also found that different nonaflatoxigenic strains exhibited different antagonism against the aflatoxigenic ones which ranged from 11.09 ± 0.65% to 14.06 ± 0.14% for growth inhibition, and 53.97 ± 2.46% to 72.64 ± 4.54% for AFB1 inhibition. This variability could be due to the difference in antagonistic metabolites produced by different nonaflatoxigenic strains assessed in the present study. Metabolomics study to ascertain the specific metabolites that conferred the growth and aflatoxin inhibition is ongoing.
  10. Development of a zebrafish model for toxicity evaluation of adulterated Apis mellifera honey
    Fakhlaei R, Selamat J, Abdull Razis AF, Sukor R, Ahmad S, Khatib A, et al.
    Chemosphere, 2024 May;356:141736.
    PMID: 38554873 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.141736
    Since ancient times, honey has been used for medical purposes and the treatment of various disorders. As a high-quality food product, the honey industry is prone to fraud and adulteration. Moreover, limited experimental studies have investigated the impact of adulterated honey consumption using zebrafish as the animal model. The aims of this study were: (1) to calculate the lethal concentration (LC50) of acid-adulterated Apis mellifera honey on embryos, (2) to investigate the effect of pure and acid-adulterated A. mellifera honey on hatching rate (%) and heart rate of zebrafish (embryos and larvae), (3) to elucidate toxicology of selected adulterated honey based on lethal dose (LD50) using adult zebrafish and (4) to screen the metabolites profile of adulterated honey from blood serum of adult zebrafish. The result indicated the LC50 of 31.10 ± 1.63 (mg/ml) for pure A. mellifera honey, while acetic acid demonstrates the lowest LC50 (4.98 ± 0.06 mg/ml) among acid adulterants with the highest mortality rate at 96 hpf. The treatment of zebrafish embryos with adulterated A. mellifera honey significantly (p ≤ 0.05) increased the hatching rate (%) and decreased the heartbeat rate. Acute, prolong-acute, and sub-acute toxicology tests on adult zebrafish were conducted at a concentration of 7% w/w of acid adulterants. Furthermore, the blood serum metabolite profile of adulterated-honey-treated zebrafish was screened by LC-MS/MS analysis and three endogenous metabolites have been revealed: (1) Xanthotoxol or 8-Hydroxypsoralen, (2) 16-Oxoandrostenediol, and (3) 3,5-Dicaffeoyl-4-succinoylquinic acid. These results prove that employed honey adulterants cause mortality that contributes to higher toxicity. Moreover, this study introduces the zebrafish toxicity test as a new promising standard technique for the potential toxicity assessment of acid-adulterated honey in this study and hazardous food adulterants for future studies.
  11. Identification and validation of novel breed-specific biomarker for the purpose of village chicken authentication using genomics approaches
    Nematbakhsh S, Pei CP, Nordin N, Selamat J, Idris LH, Razis AFA
    Poult Sci, 2024 Jul 31;103(11):104128.
    PMID: 39180779 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2024.104128
    Local village chicken, or "Ayam kampung" as it's known in Malaysia, is considered a premium chicken breed with a higher price than other chicken breeds. As a result of their comparable appearances and sizes, colored broiler chickens are often sold as village chickens, which is a form of food fraud that can result in a 3- to 4-fold rise in profit. Therefore, developing a breed-specific authentication method is crucial for preventing food fraud in the poultry industry. This study aims to investigate the genetic diversity of village chickens from other commercial chicken breed populations available in the market (broiler [Cobb], colored broiler [Hubbard], and layer [DeKalb]) to identify breed-specific DNA fragments as biomarkers for village chicken authentication. The Whole-genome sequencing and mutation calling of 12 chickens (3 chickens/breed) led to the identification of a total of 73,454,654 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) and 8,762,338 insertion and deletions (InDel) variants, with more variants detected in the village chicken population (6,346,704 SNPs; 752,408 InDels) compared to commercial breeds. Therefore, this study revealed that village chickens were more genetically variable compared to other breeds in Malaysia. Furthermore, the breed-specific genomic region located on chromosome 1 (1:84,405,652) harboring SNP (C-T) with high discrimination power was discovered and validated which can be considered as a novel breed-specific biomarker to develop a method for accurate authentication of village chickens in Malaysia. This authentication method offers potentialw applications in the chicken industry and food safety.
  12. Efficacy of fungal antagonists against aflatoxins, ochratoxin A, and fumonisins at different pathogen:antagonist inoculum ratios on grain corn agar and grain corn kernel
    Yazid SNE, Selamat J, Ismail SI, Sanny M, Samsudin NIP
    J Appl Microbiol, 2025 Mar 03;136(3).
    PMID: 40042983 DOI: 10.1093/jambio/lxaf049
    AIM: The present work investigated the efficacy of native biocontrol candidates (antagonists) against aflatoxins, ochratoxin A (OTA), and fumonisins produced by native mycotoxigenic fungi isolated from Malaysia at different pathogen: antagonist inoculum ratios on grain corn agar and grain corn kernels.

    METHODS AND RESULTS: Five pathogen: antagonist inoculum ratios (100:0, 75:25, 50:50, 25:75, and 0:100) were employed. Non-aflatoxigenic Aspergillus flavus Af1KD and Af5TD, and Penicillium janthinellum were used against aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) and aflatoxin B2 (AFB2) by A. flavus. Against OTA by A. niger, and fumonisin B1 (FB1) and fumonisin B2 (FB2) by Fusarium verticillioides and F. proliferatum, respectively, the antagonists Trichoderma asperelloides, T. asperellum, and T. harzianum were used. Non-aflatoxigenic A. flavus Af1KD was the most effective against AFB1 and AFB2 at all tested ratios and substrates. All Trichoderma spp. were effective against OTA by A. niger on grain corn agar at all tested ratios. Trichoderma asperelloides and T. asperellum were effective against FB1 and FB2 produced by F. verticillioides at all tested ratios and substrates. Trichoderma asperelloides was effective against FB1 and FB2 by F. proliferatum at all tested ratios and substrates.

    CONCLUSION: The native biocontrol candidates were effective against mycotoxigenic fungi and mycotoxin production on grain corn agar and grain corn kernels, and could be developed into biocontrol agents.

  13. Fulltext Heavy Metal in Paddy Soil and its Bioavailability in Rice Using In Vitro Digestion Model for Health Risk Assessment
    Zulkafflee NS, Mohd Redzuan NA, Hanafi Z, Selamat J, Ismail MR, Praveena SM, et al.
    Int J Environ Res Public Health, 2019 11 28;16(23).
    PMID: 31795132 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16234769
    Rice ingestion is one of the major pathways for heavy metal bioaccumulation in human. This study aimed to measure the heavy metal content of paddy soils and its bioavailability in paddy grain in order to assess the health risk. In total, 10 rice samples (50 g each) of paddy plants were harvested from the Selangor and Terengganu areas of Malaysia to assess the bioavailability of heavy metal (As, Cd, Cu, Cr, and Pb) using the in vitro digestion model of Rijksinstituut voor Volksgezondheid en Milieu. The bioavailability of heavy metal concentrations in rice samples were analyzed using Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS). The findings showed the bioavailability of heavy metal concentrations was decreased in the order Cr > Cu > Pb > As > Cd. Chromium was found to be the most abundant bioavailable heavy metal in cooked rice, which was the result of its high content in paddy soil. Hazard Quotient values for the bioavailability of the heavy metal studied were less than one indicating no non-carcinogenic health risks for adults and children. Meanwhile, the total Lifetime Cancer Risk exceeded the acceptable value showing a potential of carcinogenic health risk for both adults and children. The application of in vitro digestion model in assessing bioavailability of heavy metal produces a more realistic estimation of human health risks exposure. However, a regular monitoring of pollution in Selangor and Terengganu areas is crucial since the exposure of heavy metals through rice consumption poses the potential non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic health risk to the local residents.
  14. Fulltext Understanding Potential Heavy Metal Contamination, Absorption, Translocation and Accumulation in Rice and Human Health Risks
    Zakaria Z, Zulkafflee NS, Mohd Redzuan NA, Selamat J, Ismail MR, Praveena SM, et al.
    Plants (Basel), 2021 May 26;10(6).
    PMID: 34073642 DOI: 10.3390/plants10061070
    Rice is a worldwide staple food and heavy metal contamination is often reported in rice production. Heavy metal can originate from natural sources or be present through anthropogenic contamination. Therefore, this review summarizes the current status of heavy metal contamination in paddy soil and plants, highlighting the mechanism of uptake, bioaccumulation, and health risk assessment. A scoping search employing Google Scholar, Science Direct, Research Gate, Scopus, and Wiley Online was carried out to build up the review using the following keywords: heavy metals, absorption, translocation, accumulation, uptake, biotransformation, rice, and human risk with no restrictions being placed on the year of study. Cadmium (Cd), arsenic (As), and lead (Pb) have been identified as the most prevalent metals in rice cultivation. Mining and irrigation activities are primary sources, but chemical fertilizer and pesticide usage also contribute to heavy metal contamination of paddy soil worldwide. Further to their adverse effect on the paddy ecosystem by reducing the soil fertility and grain yield, heavy metal contamination represents a risk to human health. An in-depth discussion is further offered on health risk assessments by quantitative measurement to identify potential risk towards heavy metal exposure via rice consumption, which consisted of in vitro digestion models through a vital ingestion portion of rice.
  15. Fulltext Mycotoxigenic fungal growth inhibition and multi-mycotoxin reduction of potential biological control agents indigenous to grain maize
    Yazid SNE, Tajudin NI, Razman NAA, Selamat J, Ismail SI, Sanny M, et al.
    Mycotoxin Res, 2023 Aug;39(3):177-192.
    PMID: 37219742 DOI: 10.1007/s12550-023-00484-4
    The present work investigated the potential of fungal species from grain maize farms in Malaysia as antagonists against the indigenous mycotoxigenic fungal species and their subsequent mycotoxin production. Dual-culture assay was conducted on grain maize agar (GMA) with 12 strains of potential fungal antagonists namely Bjerkandra adusta, Penicillium janthinellum, Schizophyllum commune, Trametes cubensis, Trichoderma asperelloides, Trichoderma asperellum, Trichoderma harzianum, and Trichoderma yunnanense against seven mycotoxigenic strains namely Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus niger, Fusarium verticillioides, and Fusarium proliferatum producing aflatoxins, ochratoxin A, and fumonisins, respectively. Based on fungal growth inhibition, Trichoderma spp. showed the highest inhibitory activity (73-100% PIRG, Percentage Inhibition of Radial Growth; 28/0 ID, Index of Dominance) against the tested mycotoxigenic strains. Besides, B. adusta and Tra. cubensis showed inhibitory activity against some of the tested mycotoxigenic strains. All fungal antagonists showed varying degrees of mycotoxin reduction. Aflatoxin B1 produced by A. flavus was mainly reduced by P. janthinellum, Tra. cubensis, and B. adusta to 0 ng/g. Ochratoxin A produced by A. niger was mainly reduced by Tri. harzianum and Tri. asperellum to 0 ng/g. Fumonisin B1 and FB2 produced by F. verticillioides was mainly reduced by Tri. harzianum, Tri. asperelloides, and Tri. asperellum to 59.4 and 0 µg/g, respectively. Fumonisin B1 and FB2 produced by F. proliferatum were mainly reduced by Tri. asperelloides and Tri. harzianum to 244.2 and 0 µg/g, respectively. This is the first study that reports on the efficacy of Tri. asperelloides against FB1, FB2, and OTA, P. janthinellum against AFB1, and Tra. cubensis against AFB1.
  16. Cross-reactivity analysis of milk proteins from different goat breeds with cow's milk allergens using a proteomic approach
    Mansor M, Al-Obaidi JR, Ismail IH, Abidin MAZ, Zakaria AF, Lau BYC, et al.
    Mol Immunol, 2023 Mar;155:44-57.
    PMID: 36696839 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2022.12.016
    INTRODUCTION: Goat's milk thought to be a good substitute for cow's milk protein allergic (CMPA) individuals. However, there is growing evidence that their proteins have cross-reactivities with cow's milk allergens. This study aimed to profile and compare milk proteins from different goat breeds that have cross-reactivity to cow's milk allergens.

    METHODOLOGY: Proteomics was used to compare protein extracts of skim milk from Saanen, Jamnapari, and Toggenburg. Cow's milk was used as a control. IgE-immunoblotting and mass spectrometry were used to compare and identify proteins that cross-reacted with serum IgE from CMPA patients (n = 10).

    RESULTS: The analysis of IgE-reactive proteins revealed that the protein spots identified with high confidence were proteins homologous to common cow's milk allergens such as α-S1-casein (αS1-CN), β-casein (β-CN), κ-casein (κ-CN), and beta-lactoglobulin (β-LG). Jamnapari's milk proteins were found to cross-react with four major milk allergens: α-S1-CN, β-CN, κ-CN, and β-LG. Saanen goat's milk proteins, on the other hand, cross-reacted with two major milk allergens, α-S1-CN and β-LG, whereas Toggenburg goat's milk proteins only react with one of the major milk allergens, κ-CN.

    CONCLUSION: These findings may help in the development of hypoallergenic goat milk through cross-breeding strategies of goat breeds with lower allergenic milk protein contents.

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