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Fulltext Uniaxial Cyclic Tensile Stretching at 8% Strain Exclusively Promotes Tenogenic Differentiation of Human Bone Marrow-Derived Mesenchymal Stromal Cells

Nam HY, Pingguan-Murphy B, Abbas AA, Merican AM, Kamarul T

Stem Cells Int, 2019;2019:9723025.
PMID: 30918524 DOI: 10.1155/2019/9723025

The present study was conducted to establish the amount of mechanical strain (uniaxial cyclic stretching) required to provide optimal tenogenic differentiation expression in human mesenchymal stromal cells (hMSCs) in vitro, in view of its potential application for tendon maintenance and regeneration. Methods. In the present study, hMSCs were subjected to 1 Hz uniaxial cyclic stretching for 6, 24, 48, and 72 hours; and were compared to unstretched cells. Changes in cell morphology were observed under light and atomic force microscopy. The tenogenic, osteogenic, adipogenic, and chondrogenic differentiation potential of hMSCs were evaluated using biochemical assays, extracellular matrix expressions, and selected mesenchyme gene expression markers; and were compared to primary tenocytes. Results. Cells subjected to loading displayed cytoskeletal coarsening, longer actin stress fiber, and higher cell stiffness as early as 6 hours. At 8% and 12% strains, an increase in collagen I, collagen III, fibronectin, and N-cadherin production was observed. Tenogenic gene expressions were highly expressed (p < 0.05) at 8% (highest) and 12%, both comparable to tenocytes. In contrast, the osteoblastic, chondrogenic, and adipogenic marker genes appeared to be downregulated. Conclusion. Our study suggests that mechanical loading at 8% strain and 1 Hz provides exclusive tenogenic differentiation; and produced comparable protein and gene expression to primary tenocytes.

Matched MeSH terms: Collagen
Fulltext Effect of Collagen and GelMA on Preservation of the Costal Chondrocytes' Phenotype in a Scaffold in vivo

Isaeva EV, Kisel AA, Beketov EE, Demyashkin GA, Yakovleva ND, Lagoda TS, et al.

Sovrem Tekhnologii Med, 2023;15(2):5-16.
PMID: 37389022 DOI: 10.17691/stm2023.15.2.01

The aim of the study was to compare type I collagen-based and methacryloyl gelatin-based (GelMA) hydrogels by their ability to form hyaline cartilage in animals after subcutaneous implantation of scaffolds.
MATERIALS AND METHODS: Chondrocytes were isolated from the costal cartilage of newborn rats using 0.15% collagenase solution in DMEM. The cells was characterized by glycosaminoglycan staining with alcian blue. Chondrocyte scaffolds were obtained from 4% type I porcine atelocollagen and 10% GelMA by micromolding and then implanted subcutaneously into the withers of two groups of Wistar rats. Histological and immunohistochemical studies were performed on days 12 and 26 after implantation. Tissue samples were stained with hematoxylin and eosin, alcian blue; type I and type II collagens were identified by the corresponding antibodies.
RESULTS: The implanted scaffolds induced a moderate inflammatory response in both groups when implanted in animals. By day 26 after implantation, both collagen and GelMA had almost completely resorbed. Cartilage tissue formation was observed in both animal groups. The newly formed tissue was stained intensively with alcian blue, and the cells were positive for both types of collagen. Cartilage tissue was formed among muscle fibers.
CONCLUSION: The ability of collagen type I and GelMA hydrogels to form hyaline cartilage in animals after subcutaneous implantation of scaffolds was studied. Both collagen and GelMA contributed to formation of hyaline-like cartilage tissue type in animals, but the chondrocyte phenotype is characterized as mixed. Additional detailed studies of possible mechanisms of chondrogenesis under the influence of each of the hydrogels are needed.

Matched MeSH terms: Collagen Type I
Characteristics and Young's Modulus of Collagen Fibrils from Expanded Skin Using Anisotropic Controlled Rate Self-Inflating Tissue Expander

Manssor NA, Radzi Z, Yahya NA, Mohamad Yusof L, Hariri F, Khairuddin NH, et al.

Skin Pharmacol Physiol, 2016;29(2):55-62.
PMID: 26836267 DOI: 10.1159/000431328

Mechanical properties of expanded skin tissue are different from normal skin, which is dependent mainly on the structural and functional integrity of dermal collagen fibrils. In the present study, mechanical properties and surface topography of both expanded and nonexpanded skin collagen fibrils were evaluated. Anisotropic controlled rate self-inflating tissue expanders were placed beneath the skin of sheep's forelimbs. The tissue expanders gradually increased in height and reached equilibrium in 2 weeks. They were left in situ for another 2 weeks before explantation. Expanded and normal skin samples were surgically harvested from the sheep (n = 5). Young's modulus and surface topography of collagen fibrils were measured using an atomic force microscope. A surface topographic scan showed organized hierarchical structural levels: collagen molecules, fibrils and fibers. No significant difference was detected for the D-banding pattern: 63.5 ± 2.6 nm (normal skin) and 63.7 ± 2.7 nm (expanded skin). Fibrils from expanded tissues consisted of loosely packed collagen fibrils and the width of the fibrils was significantly narrower compared to those from normal skin: 153.9 ± 25.3 and 106.7 ± 28.5 nm, respectively. Young's modulus of the collagen fibrils in the expanded and normal skin was not statistically significant: 46.5 ± 19.4 and 35.2 ± 27.0 MPa, respectively. In conclusion, the anisotropic controlled rate self-inflating tissue expander produced a loosely packed collagen network and the fibrils exhibited similar D-banding characteristics as the control group in a sheep model. However, the fibrils from the expanded skin were significantly narrower. The stiffness of the fibrils from the expanded skin was higher but it was not statistically different.

Matched MeSH terms: Collagen/physiology*; Collagen/ultrastructure
Fulltext Molecular Mechanisms of Stress-Responsive Changes in Collagen and Elastin Networks in Skin

Aziz J, Shezali H, Radzi Z, Yahya NA, Abu Kassim NH, Czernuszka J, et al.

Skin Pharmacol Physiol, 2016;29(4):190-203.
PMID: 27434176 DOI: 10.1159/000447017

Collagen and elastin networks make up the majority of the extracellular matrix in many organs, such as the skin. The mechanisms which are involved in the maintenance of homeostatic equilibrium of these networks are numerous, involving the regulation of genetic expression, growth factor secretion, signalling pathways, secondary messaging systems, and ion channel activity. However, many factors are capable of disrupting these pathways, which leads to an imbalance of homeostatic equilibrium. Ultimately, this leads to changes in the physical nature of skin, both functionally and cosmetically. Although various factors have been identified, including carcinogenesis, ultraviolet exposure, and mechanical stretching of skin, it was discovered that many of them affect similar components of regulatory pathways, such as fibroblasts, lysyl oxidase, and fibronectin. Additionally, it was discovered that the various regulatory pathways intersect with each other at various stages instead of working independently of each other. This review paper proposes a model which elucidates how these molecular pathways intersect with one another, and how various internal and external factors can disrupt these pathways, ultimately leading to a disruption in collagen and elastin networks.

Matched MeSH terms: Collagen/metabolism*; Collagen/radiation effects; Collagen/ultrastructure*
Fulltext The immunohistochemical and urodynamic evaluation towards the collagen-coated and non-coated polypropylene meshes implanted in the pelvic wall of the rats

Lo TS, Lin YH, Yusoff FM, Chu HC, Hsieh WC, Uy-Patrimonio MC

Sci Rep, 2016 12 19;6:38960.
PMID: 27991501 DOI: 10.1038/srep38960

Our aim is to study the inflammatory response towards the collagen-coated and non-coated polypropylene meshes in rats and the urodynamic investigation post-operatively. Forty-two female Sprague Dawley were divided into 7 groups of 6 rats; Control, Day 7 and 30 for Sham, Avaulta Plus (MPC), Perigee (MP). UDS were taken at days 7 and 30. Mesh with the vagina and bladder wall was removed and sent for immunohistochemical examination. Results showed intense inflammatory reaction on day 7 in the study groups which decreased on day 30. IL-1, TNF-α, MMP-2 and CD31 were observed to decrease from day 7 to day 30. NGF was almost normal on day 30 in all groups. UDS showed no difference in voiding pressure. Both Study and Sham groups had shorter voiding interval (VI) on day 7 but significantly lower in MPC. VI had significantly increased on day 30 in all groups. Voided volume was significantly lower in the mesh groups even when an increase was seen on day 30. In conclusion, the higher levels of IL-1, TNF-α and MMP-2 in collagen-coated polypropylene mesh imply greater inflammation than the non-coated polypropylene mesh. Mesh implantation can lead to shorter voiding interval and smaller bladder capacity.

Matched MeSH terms: Collagen*
Fulltext Fiber density of collagen grafts impacts rabbit urethral regeneration

Larsson HM, Vythilingam G, Pinnagoda K, Vardar E, Engelhardt EM, Sothilingam S, et al.

Sci Rep, 2018 07 03;8(1):10057.
PMID: 29968749 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-27621-9

There is a need for efficient and "off-the-shelf" grafts in urethral reconstructive surgery. Currently available surgical techniques require harvesting of grafts from autologous sites, with increased risk of surgical complications and added patient discomfort. Therefore, a cost-effective and cell-free graft with adequate regenerative potential has a great chance to be translated into clinical practice. Tubular cell-free collagen grafts were prepared by varying the collagen density and fiber distribution, thereby creating a polarized low fiber density collagen graft (LD-graft). A uniform, high fiber density collagen graft (HD-graft) was engineered as a control. These two grafts were implanted to bridge a 2 cm long iatrogenic urethral defect in a rabbit model. Histology revealed that rabbits implanted with the LD-graft had a better smooth muscle regeneration compared to the HD-graft. The overall functional outcome assessed by contrast voiding cystourethrography showed patency of the urethra in 90% for the LD-graft and in 66.6% for the HD-graft. Functional regeneration of the rabbit implanted with the LD-graft could further be demonstrated by successful mating, resulting in healthy offspring. In conclusion, cell-free low-density polarized collagen grafts show better urethral regeneration than high-density collagen grafts.

Matched MeSH terms: Collagen/metabolism*
Fulltext Structural Studies of Epithelial Mesenchymal Transition Breast Tissues

Mohd Sobri SN, Abdul Sani SF, Sabtu SN, Looi LM, Chiew SF, Pathmanathan D, et al.

Sci Rep, 2020 02 06;10(1):1997.
PMID: 32029810 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-58932-5

At the supramolecular level, the proliferation of invasive ductal carcinoma through breast tissue is beyond the range of standard histopathology identification. Using synchrotron small angle x-ray scattering (SAXS) techniques, determining nanometer scale structural changes in breast tissue has been demonstrated to allow discrimination between different tissue types. From a total of 22 patients undergoing symptomatic investigations, different category breast tissue samples were obtained in use of surgically removed tissue, including non-lesional, benign and malignant tumour. Structural components of the tissues were examined at momentum transfer values between q = 0.2 nm-1 and 1.5 nm-1. From the SAXS patterns, axial d-spacing and diffuse scattering intensity were observed to provide the greatest discrimination between the various tissue types, specifically in regard to the epithelial mesenchymal transition (EMT) structural component in malignant tissue. In non-lesional tissue the axial period of collagen is within the range 63.6-63.7 nm (formalin fixed paraffin embedded (FFPE) dewaxed) and 63.4 (formalin fixed), being 0.9 nm smaller than in EMT cancer-invaded regions. The overall intensity of scattering from cancerous regions is a degree of magnitude greater in cancer-invaded regions. Present work has found that the d-spacing of the EMT positive breast cancer tissue (FFPE (dewaxed)) is within the range 64.5-64.7 nm corresponding to the 9th and 10th order peaks. Of particular note in regard to formalin fixation of samples is that no alteration is observed to occur in the relative differences in collagen d-spacing between non-lesional and malignant tissues. This is a matter of great importance given that preserved-sample and also retrospective study of samples is greatly facilitated by formalin fixation. Present results indicate that as aids in tissue diagnosis SAXS is capable of distinguishing areas of invasion by disease as well as delivering further information at the supramolecular level.

Matched MeSH terms: Collagen/ultrastructure
Fulltext Homalomena pineodora essential oil nanoparticle inhibits diabetic wound pathogens

Rozman NAS, Tong WY, Leong CR, Anuar MR, Karim S, Ong SK, et al.

Sci Rep, 2020 02 24;10(1):3307.
PMID: 32094395 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-60364-0

Essential oil of Homalomena pineodora inhibits diabetic pathogens; however, the activity was not sustainable when applied as wound dressing. This study aims to synthesise the essential oil nanoparticle using chitosan. The nanoparticles were synthesised with ion gelation method, confirmed by spectroscopic analysis. The spherical nanoparticles display a size of 70 nm, with strong surface charge of +24.10 mV. The nanoparticles showed an initial burst release followed by a slow release pattern for 72 h, following the first order of kinetic. The release behaviour was ideal for wound dressing. The antimicrobial activity was broad spectrum. The formation of nanoparticle enhanced the antimicrobial efficacy of the essential oil. The nanoparticle also showed a concentration-dependent killing behaviour on time-kill assay. In the 3D collagen wound models, the nanoparticles reduced the microbial growth by 60-80%. In conclusion, H. pineodora nanoparticles showed pharmaceutical potential in inhibiting microbial growth on diabetic ulcers.

Matched MeSH terms: Collagen/metabolism
Extraction of collagen from catfish (Clarias gariepnus) waste and determination of its physico-chemical properties

Normah Ismail, Nurul Asyiraf Abdul Jabar

Scientific Research Journal, 2012;9(1):29-42.
MyJurnal

Collagen was extracted from catfish (Clarias gariepnus) waste using 0.5M acetic acid and its subsequent precipitation in 2.6M NaCl. The resultant collagen was analysed with respect to its moisture content and physicochemical properties including yield, pH, protein content, colour, odour and thermal stability. A yield of 16.4% and positive collagen attributes indicate that catfish waste has potential as a collagen source. The snowy white, crystal-like and light textured collagen comprises of 5.97% protein and 0.46% moisture, and exhibits a pH of 4.75. Sensory evaluation indicates that the collagen has a slight fishy odour. Viscosity analysis indicates a steady decrease with increasing temperature over the range considered (20-50°C). The pale colour exhibited and limited odour emitted by the extracted collagen indicate that catfish waste collagen could be applied in the food industry without resulting in any undesirable food products attributes. Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) analysis indicated that the collagen exhibits good thermal stability and denatures at a high temperature in a similar manner to mammalian collagen.

Matched MeSH terms: Collagen
Genotoxicity and cytotoxicity of ovine collagen on human dermal fibroblasts

Busra FM, Chowdhury SR, Saim AB, Idrus RB

Saudi Med J, 2011 Dec;32(12):1311-2.
PMID: 22159390
Matched MeSH terms: Collagen/toxicity*
Fulltext Efficacy of choline and DHA supplements or enriched environment exposure during early adult obesity in mitigating its adverse impact through aging in rats

Prabhu GS, Prasad K, K G MR, Rai KS

Saudi J Biol Sci, 2021 Apr;28(4):2396-2407.
PMID: 33911955 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2021.01.037

Introduction: The aim of this study was to assess the efficacy of choline and DHA or exposure to environmental enrichment in obese adult and aging rats on alterations in body mass index, serum lipid profile and arterial wall changes, despite stopping high fat diet consumption and interventions during adulthood.
Methods: 21 day old male Sprague Dawley rats were assigned as Experiment-1 & 2 - PND rats were divided into 4 groups with interventions for 7 months (n = 8/group). NC- Normal control fed normal chow diet; OB- Obese group, fed high fat diet; OB + CHO + DHA- fed high fat diet and oral supplementation of choline, DHA. OB + EE- fed high fat diet along with exposure to enriched environment .Experiment-2 had similar groups and interventions as experiment 1 but for next 5 months were fed normal chow diet without any interventions. Body mass index was assessed and blood was analyzed for serum lipid profile. Common Carotid Artery (CCA) was processed for Haematoxylin and eosin, Verhoff Vangeison stains. Images of tissue sections were analyzed and quantified using image J and tissue quant software.
Results: In experiment.1, mean body mass index (p collagen fibers (p

Matched MeSH terms: Collagen
Collagen binding activity of bacteria isolated from pig and cow small intestine

Nur Fadhilah Khairil Mokhtar, Raha Abdul Rahim, Malia Mohd Hashim, Shuhaimi Mustafa

Sains Malaysiana, 2016;45:411-416.

Bacterial adherence to connective tissue, especially to collagen has been vastly known for their invasive and infectious activities. However, the ability to exploit the unique and specific interactions between bacteria and collagen as a novel approach in detection of placental collagen has never been explored. This study aimed to determine bacteria with binding specificity to placental collagen (Type IV) derived from human and sheep. In order to do this, total bacteria from small intestines of pig and cow were isolated and their ability to bind to Type IV placental collagen (human and sheep) was determined. Interestingly, three bacterial samples; P5, P9 (pig small intestine origin) and B7 (cow small intestine origin) were found to be able to bind strongly to the placental collagen. The bacterial binding to human placental collagen was however, diminished after the bacteria were treated with trypsin, proteinase K (for removal of surface protein) and guanidine hydrochloride (for S-layer removal), suggesting that the interaction of these bacteria to placental collagen was promoted by protein(s) present at the bacterial surface. In addition, significant reduction of placental collagen-binding ability of the bacteria pre-incubated with soluble human placental collagen showed that there is a specific interaction between the bacteria and collagen. P5, P9 and B7 bacteria were found to share 95-97% 16S rRNA sequence similarity to Enterococcus faecalis ZL, Enterococcus hirae ss33b and Enterococcus faecium M3-1, respectively. The results presented here may facilitate future studies in identifying bacterial surface protein(s) responsible for the specific binding of bacteria to collagen and opens new opportunity to utilize the protein(s) for the detection of placental collagen in nutraceutical and food supplements.

Matched MeSH terms: Collagen Type IV
Bone resorption marker status of pre and postmenopausal Malay women in Kelantan and its corresponding risk factors

Hermizi Hapidin, Hawa Mahmood, Sakinah Harith

Sains Malaysiana, 2013;42:1191-1200.

Menopause is the most prevalent cause of accelerated bone loss in women. Biochemical markers of bone resorption can be used clinically to predict future bone loss. This study aimed to determine the level of bone resorption markers in healthy pre and postmenopausal Malay women and determine their association with the risk. A total of 150 healthy women were recruited for this study (51 pre and 99 postmenopausal subjects). Data on socioeconomic, lifestyle habit and clinical were gained by personal interview. Fasting serum was collected to measure both C-telopeptide (CTx) and N-telopeptide (NTx) of type 1 collagen. Both markers were highly correlated with each other (r=0.568, p<0.001). Both intra- and inter-assay coefficient of variations (CV) of NTx were higher than those of CTx (8% and 12% vs 6% and 5%). The mean CTx values of pre and postmenopausal subjects were comparable with the expected values (0.2833 (0.1769) ng/mL and 0.4323 (1.851) ng/mL compared with 0.287 and 0.438 ng/mL, respectively). The NTx value for premenopausal subjects were higher than the expected values (15.2 (8.10) compared to 12.6 (3.20) nM BCE). The median was 19.929 nM BCE. The mean CTx and NTx levels of postmenopausal subjects were significantly lower than premenopausal subjects (p<0.05). The risk factors for bone resorption in this population were duration of menopause, marital status, body mass index (BMI), physical activity and education level. In conclusion, postmenopausal women showed a higher bone resorption, indicating higher bone loss. Increasing education and physical activity intervention might be effective to ensure better health in Malaysian older population.

Matched MeSH terms: Collagen Type I
Epithelial to mesenchymal transition and reepithelialisation in wound healing: a review of comparison

Abid Nordin, Shiplu Roy Chowdhury, Ruszymah Idrus, Aminuddin Saim

Sains Malaysiana, 2018;47:2463-2471.

Skin wound healing is a complex physiological event, involving many cellular and molecular components. The event of
wound healing is the coordinated overlap of a number of distinct phases, namely haemostasis, inflammatory, proliferative
and remodelling. The molecular events surrounding wound healing, particularly the reepithelialisation, has been reported
to be similar to the epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT). In this review, the mechanism between epithelialisation
and EMT were compared. Both are characterised by the loss of epithelial integrity and increased motility. In terms of
the signalling kinases, Smad and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) has been reported to be involved in both
reepithelialisation and EMT. At the transcriptional level, SLUG transcription factor has been reported to be important for
both reepithelialisation and EMT. Extracellular matrix proteins that have been associated with both events are collagen
and laminin. Lastly, both events required the interplay between matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and its inhibitor. As a
conclusion, both reepithelialisation and EMT shares similar signaling cascade and transcriptional regulation to exhibit
decreased epithelial traits and increased motility in keratinocytes.

Matched MeSH terms: Collagen
Chondrogenesis of adipose-derived stem cells with chondrocytes in low serum towards clinical application

Adila A Hamid, Satish Vaarman Jeyabalan, Aleza Omar, Nik Zattil Hanan Mohd Yasin, Wong TL, Liau LL, et al.

Sains Malaysiana, 2018;47:2369-2379.

Currently, fetal bovine serum (FBS) have been widely use in culture media to promote human cell proliferation. However,
the usage of FBS for cell therapy in clinical application was associated with the risk of viral and prion transmission as
well as immune rejection. To provide an option for this risk, this study was conducted to determine the effect of adipose
derived stem cells (ADSCs) co-culture with chondrocyte in promoting cell proliferation and chondrogenesis toward
FBS free condition. ADSCs co-cultured with chondrocyte at the ratio of 1:1, 2:1 and 1:2 were tested. Cell morphology
changes, cell proliferation and gene expression level of stemness (Oct4, FGF-4, Nanog) and chondrogenic (Collagen
Type II, ACP) were assessed. The results showed ADSCs in all co-culture groups changed morphology from fibroblastic
spindle to polygonal shape which resembled chondrocytes. The morphological changes were accompanied with increased
expression of chondrogenic genes; denoted chondrogenesis process. While maintaining expression of stemness genes
indicated continuation of cell proliferation. From the three co-culture groups tested; ADSCs and chondrocytes (1:1 ratio)
have been shown to exert better effects in promoting cell proliferation and chondrogenesis. In conclusion, ADSCs could
replace FBS to grow sufficient number of chondrogenic cells to repair cartilage injury in the near future. Further in vivo
study should be performed to test the effectiveness of this co-culture technique in cartilage injury repair.

Matched MeSH terms: Collagen
pH as analytical indicator for managing pork meat quality

Kim TW, Kim CW, Kwon SG, Hwang JH, Park DH, Kang DG, et al.

Sains Malaysiana, 2016;45:1097-1103.

In order to examine differences of meat quality traits depending on pH values post-mortem, the pH range was classified
according to initial pH (pH45min) and ultimate pH (pH24hr) post-mortem. The differences of meat quality traits depending
on sex were not changed by a number of amount, except for backfat thickness and fat content. The value of pH45min was
positively correlated with pHdif, whereas pH24hr was negatively associated with lightness (CIE L*) and protein content. At
pH45min post-slaughter, collagen content, fat content, shear force, water holding capacity and yellowness (CIE b*) showed
lower values at the higher pH range of pH>6.7 than those of other ranges, but CIE L* and redness (CIE a*) presented
the lowest value at the intermediate pH range of pH6.3~6.7. Conversely, at pH24hr post-slaughter, fat and moisture
contents maintained the highest average values at the higher pH range of pH>6.1, but protein content showed higher
value at the lower pH range of pH<5.7. Higher pH24hr appeared significantly lower shear force, but higher water holding
capacity. CIE L*, a*, and b* values showed significantly higher values at the lowest region of pH24hr. Since meat quality
characteristics seemed to be favored by consumers in rather than at the range of pH5.7~6.1, which showed significant
differences of meat color, appearance, and meat juiciness, it is suggested that production of pork meat to appropriate
pH value is performed by pig breeders and control measures taken during pre- and post-slaughters.

Matched MeSH terms: Collagen
Scale morphologies of freshwater fishes at Tembat Forest Reserve, Terengganu, Malaysia

Farah Ayuni Farinordin, Wan Seribani Wan Nilam, Shahril Mod Husin, Abdullah Samat, Shukor Md. Nor

Sains Malaysiana, 2017;46:1429-1439.

Scales are calcium carbonate and collagen-contained structures embedded within the fish epidermis and useful for
species identification. This study aimed to describe morphological characteristics of scales and use the differences to
prepare keys to species. Fishes were sampled from selected rivers of Tembat Forest Reserve, Hulu Terengganu. Specimens
caught were from 3 families (Cyprinidae, Channidae, Nandidae) and 17 species. Each species was represented by ten
individuals (size ranges 2.5 - 50 cm TL). The scales were removed, soaked in H2
O2
(0.5%), NH3 (0.3%), DH2
O and
mounted between a pair of glass slides for digital photographing. The morphological descriptions were based on types
of scales, distinctiveness of radii arrangement at the anterior field, radii cover, radii distribution, overall shape, focus
position and focus pattern. Keys to species were constructed based on these scale morphological characters described.
Measurements of scale total length (L), total width (W), rostral field length (L1) and caudal field length (L2) of the scales
were taken using Image J software. The inter-specific variation among scales was indicated by L1/L, L2/L, L1/L2 and
W/L indices through multiple comparison tests (ANOVA). It was found that all 17 species showed significant differences
with at least one other species in all four indices. Pristolepis grootii (Bleeker 1852) was the only one that significantly
different (p<0.05) from other 16 species in the first three indices. Species that showed the least significant differences
among species was Probarbus jullieni (Sauvage 1880). The differences among the scales were primarily due to the
different types of scale that was either ctenoid or cycloid.

Matched MeSH terms: Collagen
Fulltext Inhibition of matrix metalloproteinases: a troubleshooting for dentin adhesion

de Moraes IQS, do Nascimento TG, da Silva AT, de Lira LMSS, Parolia A, Porto ICCM

Restor Dent Endod, 2020 Aug;45(3):e31.
PMID: 32839712 DOI: 10.5395/rde.2020.45.e31

Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are enzymes that can degrade collagen in hybrid layer and reduce the longevity of adhesive restorations. As scientific understanding of the MMPs has advanced, useful strategies focusing on preventing these enzymes' actions by MMP inhibitors have quickly developed in many medical fields. However, in restorative dentistry, it is still not well established. This paper is an overview of the strategies to inhibit MMPs that can achieve a long-lasting material-tooth adhesion. Literature search was performed comprehensively using the electronic databases: PubMed, ScienceDirect and Scopus including articles from May 2007 to December 2019 and the main search terms were "matrix metalloproteinases", "collagen", and "dentin" and "hybrid layer". MMPs typical structure consists of several distinct domains. MMP inhibitors can be divided into 2 main groups: synthetic (synthetic-peptides, non-peptide molecules and compounds, tetracyclines, metallic ions, and others) and natural bioactive inhibitors mainly flavonoids. Selective inhibitors of MMPs promise to be the future for specific targeting of preventing dentin proteolysis. The knowledge about MMPs functionality should be considered to synthesize drugs capable to efficiently and selectively block MMPs chemical routes targeting their inactivation in order to overcome the current limitations of the therapeutic use of MMPs inhibitors, i.e., easy clinical application and long-lasting effect.

Matched MeSH terms: Collagen
Andrographolide prevented toluene diisocyanate-induced occupational asthma and aberrant airway E-cadherin distribution via p38 MAPK-dependent Nrf2 induction

Sulaiman I, Tan K, Mohtarrudin N, Lim JCW, Stanslas J

Pulm Pharmacol Ther, 2018 12;53:39-51.
PMID: 30244166 DOI: 10.1016/j.pupt.2018.09.008

Toluene diisocyanate (TDI) is a major cause of chemical-induced occupational asthma, which contributes about 15% of global asthma burden. Resistance and compounded side effects associated with the use of corticosteroid in asthma necessitate the search for alternative drugs. Andrographolide (AGP), a naturally occurring diterpene lactone is known to exhibit various bioactivities. Its ability to ameliorate cardinal features of allergic asthma was previously suggested in an eosinophilic asthma endotype. However, its potential antiasthma activity and mechanism of action in a neutrophilic occupational asthma model, as well as its effect on epithelial dysfunction remain unknown. BALB/c mice were dermally sensitised with 0.3% TDI or acetone olive oil (AOO) vehicle on day 1 and 8, followed by 0.1% TDI intranasal challenge on days 15, 18 and 21. Endpoints were evaluated via bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) cell analysis, 2',7'-dichlorofluorescein diacetate (DCFDA) assays, immunoblotting, immunohistochemistry and methacholine challenge test. Decreases in total and differential leukocyte counts of BALF were recorded in AGP-treated animals. The compound dose-dependently reduced intracellular de-esterification of DCFDA, thus suggesting AGP's potential to inhibit intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS). Mechanistically, the treatment prevented TDI-induced aberrant E-cadherin distribution and restored airway epithelial β-catenin at cell to cell contact site. Furthermore, AGP ameliorated TDI induced pulmonary collagen deposition. In addition, the treatment significantly upregulated pulmonary HO-1, Nrf2 and phospho-p38 levels. Airway hyperresponsiveness was markedly suppressed among AGP-treated animals. Collectively, these findings suggest AGP's protective function against TDI-induced airway epithelial barrier dysfunction and oxidative lung damage possibly through the upregulation of adherence junction proteins and the activation of p38/Nrf2 signalling. This study elucidates the therapeutic potential of AGP in the control and management of chemical-induced allergic asthma. To the best of our knowledge, the potential anti-asthma activity of AGP in TDI-induced occupational asthma has not been reported previously.

Matched MeSH terms: Collagen/metabolism
Fulltext Bioactive Proteins in Channa striata Promote Wound Healing through Angiogenesis and Cell Proliferation

Kwan SH, Abdul Aziz NHK, Ismail MN

Protein Pept Lett, 2020;27(1):48-59.
PMID: 31362651 DOI: 10.2174/0929866526666190730121711

BACKGROUND: Channa striata are speculated to contain bioactive proteins with the ability to enhancing wound healing. It is commonly consumed after surgery for a faster recovery of the wound.
OBJECTIVE: To identify the bioactive proteins and evaluate their ability in cell proliferation and angiogenesis promotion.
MATERIAL AND METHODS: Freeze-Dried Water Extracts (FDWE) and Spray-Dried Water Extracts (SDWE) of C. striata were tested with MTT assay using EA.hy926 endothelial cell line and ex-vivo aortic ring assay. Later the proteins were fractionated and analysed using an LC-QTOF mass spectrometer. The data generated were matched with human gene database for protein similarity and pathway identification.
RESULTS: Both samples have shown positive cell proliferation and pro-angiogenic activity. Four essential proteins/genes were identified, which are collagen type XI, actin 1, myosin light chain and myosin heavy chain. The pathways discovered that related to these proteins are integrin pathway, Slit-Robo signalling pathway and immune response C-C Chemokine Receptor-3 signalling pathway in eosinophils, which contribute towards wound healing mechanism.
CONCLUSIONS: The results presented have demonstrated that C. striata FDWE and SDWE protein fractions contain bioactive proteins that are highly similar to human proteins and thus could be involved in the wound healing process via specific biological pathways.

Matched MeSH terms: Collagen/chemistry

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