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Fulltext A review on the global widespread of TTV infection among humans population

Nur Syazwani Jarkasi, Zamberi Sekawi, Cheah, Yoke Kqueen, Zulkefley Othman

The Pertanika Journal of Scholarly Research Reviews, 2018;4(1):10-24.
MyJurnal

Torque Teno Virus (TTV) is a human-infected virus that is present ubiquitously in nature. Globally, it infects up to 95% of the healthy individuals without any clinical manifestations. The widely used laboratory diagnosis of TTV infection is Polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Nevertheless, several other methods have been developed. The rapid growth of TTV variants over time has posed a challenge in estimating the global TTV infection as none of the PCR protocol has the ability to detect the entire spectrum of TTV variants. Multiple TTV epidemiological studies have been conducted among Asian population, whereas other continents showed a limited number of studies. The horizontal and vertical transmission of TTV among humans population, as well as interspecies transmission are potentially related to the global widespread of TTV infection.

Matched MeSH terms: Infectious Disease Transmission, Vertical
Fulltext SARS-CoV-2 Transplacental Transmission: A Rare Occurrence? An Overview of the Protective Role of the Placenta

Wong YP, Tan GC, Khong TY

Int J Mol Sci, 2023 Feb 25;24(5).
PMID: 36901979 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24054550

The outbreak of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, caused by novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), has resulted in a global public health crisis, causing substantial concern especially to the pregnant population. Pregnant women infected with SARS-CoV-2 are at greater risk of devastating pregnancy complications such as premature delivery and stillbirth. Irrespective of the emerging reported cases of neonatal COVID-19, reassuringly, confirmatory evidence of vertical transmission is still lacking. The protective role of the placenta in limiting in utero spread of virus to the developing fetus is intriguing. The short- and long-term impact of maternal COVID-19 infection in the newborn remains an unresolved question. In this review, we explore the recent evidence of SARS-CoV-2 vertical transmission, cell-entry pathways, placental responses towards SARS-CoV-2 infection, and its potential effects on the offspring. We further discuss how the placenta serves as a defensive front against SARS-CoV-2 by exerting various cellular and molecular defense pathways. A better understanding of the placental barrier, immune defense, and modulation strategies involved in restricting transplacental transmission may provide valuable insights for future development of antiviral and immunomodulatory therapies to improve pregnancy outcomes.

Matched MeSH terms: Infectious Disease Transmission, Vertical
Fulltext SARS-CoV-2 in Pregnant Women: Consequences of Vertical Transmission

Chaubey I, Vignesh R, Babu H, Wagoner I, Govindaraj S, Velu V

Front Cell Infect Microbiol, 2021;11:717104.
PMID: 34568094 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.717104
Matched MeSH terms: Infectious Disease Transmission, Vertical
Fulltext Global HIV prevention, care and treatment services for children: a cross-sectional survey from the International Epidemiology Databases to Evaluate AIDS (IeDEA) consortium

Vreeman RC, Yiannoutsos CT, Yusoff NKN, Wester CW, Edmonds A, Ofner S, et al.

BMJ Open, 2023 Mar 13;13(3):e069399.
PMID: 36914183 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2022-069399

OBJECTIVES: To assess access children with HIV have to comprehensive HIV care services, to longitudinally evaluate the implementation and scale-up of services, and to use site services and clinical cohort data to explore whether access to these services influences retention in care.
METHODS: A cross-sectional standardised survey was completed in 2014-2015 by sites providing paediatric HIV care across regions of the International Epidemiology Databases to Evaluate AIDS (IeDEA) consortium. We developed a comprehensiveness score based on the WHO's nine categories of essential services to categorise sites as 'low' (0-5), 'medium', (6-7) or 'high' (8-9). When available, comprehensiveness scores were compared with scores from a 2009 survey. We used patient-level data with site services to investigate the relationship between the comprehensiveness of services and retention.
RESULTS: Survey data from 174 IeDEA sites in 32 countries were analysed. Of the WHO essential services, sites were most likely to offer antiretroviral therapy (ART) provision and counselling (n=173; 99%), co-trimoxazole prophylaxis (168; 97%), prevention of perinatal transmission services (167; 96%), outreach for patient engagement and follow-up (166; 95%), CD4 cell count testing (126; 88%), tuberculosis screening (151; 87%) and select immunisation services (126; 72%). Sites were less likely to offer nutrition/food support (97; 56%), viral load testing (99; 69%) and HIV counselling and testing (69; 40%). 10% of sites rated 'low', 59% 'medium' and 31% 'high' in the comprehensiveness score. The mean comprehensiveness of services score increased significantly from 5.6 in 2009 to 7.3 in 2014 (p<0.001; n=30). Patient-level analysis of lost to follow-up after ART initiation estimated the hazard was highest in sites rated 'low' and lowest in sites rated 'high'.
CONCLUSION: This global assessment suggests the potential care impact of scaling-up and sustaining comprehensive paediatric HIV services. Meeting recommendations for comprehensive HIV services should remain a global priority.

Matched MeSH terms: Infectious Disease Transmission, Vertical
Fulltext Acute dengue in a neonate secondary to perinatal transmission

Chin PS, Khoo AP, Asmah Hani AW, Chem YK, Norizah I, Chua KB

Med J Malaysia, 2008 Aug;63(3):265-6.
PMID: 19248708 MyJurnal

We report a newborn baby girl with acute dengue due to vertical transmission. A 31 year old factory worker of 38+ week gestation, gravida 5 para 3+1, developed acute dengue fever two days prior to delivery. She delivered a normal term baby girl by spontaneous vaginal delivery and recovered uneventfully without peripartum haemorrhage despite the presence of thrombocytopenia. The baby girl developed low grade fever on day four of post-natal life and except for the transient thrombocytopenia, also recovered uneventfully following three days of mild illness. The clinical diagnosis of acute dengue virus infection was confirmed by laboratory tests.

Matched MeSH terms: Infectious Disease Transmission, Vertical*
Vertical transmission of dengue

Chye JK, Lim CT, Ng KB, Lim JM, George R, Lam SK

Clin Infect Dis, 1997 Dec;25(6):1374-7.
PMID: 9431381

Dengue, an important mosquito-borne flavivirus infection, is endemic in Southeast Asia. We describe two mothers who had acute dengue 4 and 8 days before the births of their infants. One mother had worsening of her proteinuric pregnancy-induced hypertension, liver dysfunction, and coagulopathy and required multiple transfusions of whole blood, platelets, and fresh frozen plasma. Her male infant was ill at birth, developed respiratory distress and a large uncontrollable left intracerebral hemorrhage, and died of multiorgan failure on day 6 of life. Dengue virus type 2 was isolated from the infant's blood, and IgM antibody specific to dengue virus was detected in the mother's blood. The second mother had a milder clinical course; she gave birth to a female infant who was thrombocytopenic at birth and had an uneventful hospitalization. Dengue virus type 2 was recovered from the mother's blood, and IgM antibody specific to dengue virus was detected in the infant's blood. This report highlights not only the apparently rare occurrence of vertical transmission of dengue virus in humans but also the potential risk of death for infected neonates.

Matched MeSH terms: Infectious Disease Transmission, Vertical*
Maternal and neonatal group B streptococcus colonisation: A systematic review and the meta-analysis of matched-pair studies

Lee KW, Yap SF, Murdan S, Zainudin Z, Abdul Hamid H, Emamjomeh M, et al.

Acta Paediatr, 2024 May;113(5):892-911.
PMID: 38351491 DOI: 10.1111/apa.17152

AIM: To determine the prevalence of group B Streptococcus (GBS) carriage among parturient women and neonates, and the relative risk of vertical transmission, the relative risk of early and late-onset GBS and the pooled incidence of early-late-onset GBS infection.
METHODS: A systematic search of relevant cohort studies from three electronic databases to identify all relevant studies published up to 7 November 2022. The review was conducted in accordance with PRISMA guidelines. Estimates were pooled using random-effects meta-analyses.
RESULTS: A total of 54 articles with 355 787 matched pairs of parturient women and neonates from 30 countries were included in the analysis. The pooled prevalence of GBS colonisation was 17.1% among the pregnant women and 1.0% among neonates. The pooled prevalence of vertical transmission of GBS was 4.5% and the pooled relative risk of GBS colonisation of neonates born to mothers with GBS was 9.9.
CONCLUSION: We support the implementation of targeted intrapartum antibiotic prophylaxis for all women who are positive for GBS as well as women with risks factors for early onset GBS in their infants regardless of their GBS colonisation status.

Matched MeSH terms: Infectious Disease Transmission, Vertical/prevention & control
Fulltext HIV transmission through breast milk: the science behind the understanding of current trends and future research

Prameela KK

Med J Malaysia, 2012 Dec;67(6):644-51.
PMID: 23770969 MyJurnal

Breastmilk protects the infant from many diseases and many short- term and long- term benefits accrue. At the same time it is also known that breastfeeding acts as a vehicle for some infective agents. It is now accepted that breastmilk transmission of Human Immunodeficiency Virus- 1 (HIV-1) is an important mode of paediatric infection . Despite this fact, many researchers have observed that corresponding to the volume of milk consumed by the infant, maternal transmission via breastmilk is still comparatively low. Some have noted the long latency period of breastmilk HIV transmission with evidence of numerous anti-HIV factors in breastmilk. Although there are accepted standard guidelines on infant feeding in mothers who are HIV positive in many countries, it maybe equally important to realize gaps in our knowledge of mother- to -child HIV transmission. From an evolutionary perspective, the role of the mammary epithelial cell (MEC) and of breastmilk , in contributing to and possibly in influencing HIV-1 transmission is intriguing. The presence of HIV-1 or of other viruses in maternal milk seem to be a requisite to spur immunological defenses to optimize necessary protection to the infant. This article reviews some aspects of the science of HIV transmission through breastmilk and reflects the concept -based understanding of current policies on HIV and breastfeeding. At the same time, it highlights uncertainties in this field and the urgency for future research in this direction. Accepting current notions of breastmilk HIV transmission, greater deliberation by research may throw more light on why breastfeeding with its abundant advantages is fraught with the hazards of transmission of a deadly disease.

Matched MeSH terms: Infectious Disease Transmission, Vertical*