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Fulltext Effect of Cymbopogon citratus and Citral on Vascular Smooth Muscle of the Isolated Thoracic Rat Aorta

Devi RC, Sim SM, Ismail R

Evid Based Complement Alternat Med, 2012;2012:539475.
PMID: 22675383 DOI: 10.1155/2012/539475

Cymbopogon citratus has been shown to have antioxidant, antimicrobial, antispasmodic and chemo-protective properties. Citral, is the major constituent of C. citratus. This study investigated the effects of methanolic extracts of leaves (LE), stems (SE), and roots (RE) of C. citratus and citral on vascular smooth muscle and explored their possible mechanisms of action. The experiment was conducted using isolated tissue preparations, where citral, LE, SE, and RE were added separately into a tissue bath that contained aortic rings, which were pre-contracted with phenylephrine (PE). Citral, LE, and RE exhibited a dose-dependent relaxant effect on the PE-induced contractions. Citral appeared to partially act via NO as its vasorelaxant effect was attenuated by L-NAME. However, the effect of LE may involve prostacyclin as indomethacin reversed the relaxant effect of LE on the PE-induced contraction. Furthermore, citral, LE, and RE abolished the restoration of PE-induced contraction caused by the addition of increasing doses of calcium in both endothelium intact and denuded rings. These findings suggest that the relaxation effect of citral, LE, and RE is endothelium-independent and may be mainly by affecting the intracellular concentration of calcium. Citral may partially act through the NO pathway while a vasodilator prostaglandin may mediate the effect of LE.

Matched MeSH terms: Muscle, Smooth, Vascular
Fulltext Betulinic Acid inhibits growth of cultured vascular smooth muscle cells in vitro by inducing g(1) arrest and apoptosis

Vadivelu RK, Yeap SK, Ali AM, Hamid M, Alitheen NB

Evid Based Complement Alternat Med, 2012;2012:251362.
PMID: 23056140 DOI: 10.1155/2012/251362

Betulinic acid is a widely available plant-derived triterpene which is reported to possess selective cytotoxic activity against cancer cells of neuroectodermal origin and leukemia. However, the potential of betulinic acid as an antiproliferative and cytotoxic agent on vascular smooth muscle (VSMC) is still unclear. This study was carried out to demonstrate the antiproliferative and cytotoxic effect of betulinic acid on VSMCs using 3-[4,5-dimethylthizol-2-yl]-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay, flow cytometry cell cycle assay, BrdU proliferation assay, acridine orange/propidium iodide staining, and comet assay. Result from MTT and BrdU assays indicated that betulinic acid was able to inhibit the growth and proliferation of VSMCs in a dose-dependent manner with IC(50) of 3.8 μg/mL significantly (P < 0.05). Nevertheless, betulinic acid exhibited G(1) cell cycle arrest in flow cytometry cell cycle profiling and low level of DNA damage against VSMC in acridine orange/propidium iodide and comet assay after 24 h of treatment. In conclusion, betulinic acid induced G(1) cell cycle arrest and dose-dependent DNA damage on VSMC.

Matched MeSH terms: Muscle, Smooth, Vascular
Effect of steroid hormones on muscarinic receptors of bronchial smooth muscle

Nabishah BM, Morat PB, Kadir BA, Khalid BA

Gen. Pharmacol., 1991;22(2):389-92.
PMID: 1647349

1. Glucocorticosteroid may relieve bronchospasm by mediating changes in the muscarinic receptor concentration and/or its affinity. 2. Cholinergic muscarinic receptors were determined by using Scatchard's plots from radioligand binding assays of 0.13-3.2 nM [3H]quinuclidinyl benzylate binding to the membrane fraction of bronchial smooth muscle (BSM). 3. The concentration of muscarinic receptor in BSM of normal rat was 57 +/- 3 fmol mg protein and the dissociation constant was 0.07 +/- 0.02 nM. Dexamethasone and corticosterone reduced muscarinic receptor concentration to 50-60% of basal with no changes in receptor affinity. No changes were found in rat treated with deoxycorticosterone. 4. These findings suggest that glucocorticoids but not mineralocorticoid relieve bronchospasm at least partly by reducing the cholinergic hypersensitivity.

Matched MeSH terms: Muscle, Smooth/drug effects*; Muscle, Smooth/metabolism
Effect of acetylcholine and morphine on bronchial smooth muscle contraction and its modulation by steroid hormones

Nabishah BM, Morat PB, Khalid BA, Kadir BA

Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol, 1990 Dec;17(12):841-7.
PMID: 2092952

1. The effects of corticosteroid pretreatment on acetylcholine (ACH)-induced contraction of bronchial smooth muscle (BSM) were studied. 2. ACH dose-response curves for dexamethasone (DM)- and corticosterone (B)-treated but not deoxycorticosterone (DOC)-treated BSM were significantly shifted to the right; this provides evidence that glucocorticoid treatment reduced the sensitivity of BSM to ACH. 3. Morphine enhanced BSM contraction in response to ACH by 20%. DM suppressed this enhancement. 4. These findings correlated well with the reduction of muscarinic receptor numbers in BSM by glucocorticoids in our previous study. In addition, glucocorticoids reduced the sensitivity of BSM to opioids.

Matched MeSH terms: Muscle, Smooth/drug effects*; Muscle, Smooth/physiology
Fulltext "A Step and a Ceiling": mechanical properties of Ca2+ spark vasoregulation in resistance arteries by pressure-induced oxidative activation of PKG

Csato V, Kadir SZSA, Khavandi K, Bennett H, Sugden S, Gurney AM, et al.

Physiol Rep, 2019 Nov;7(22):e14260.
PMID: 31782255 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.14260

We investigated the biomechanical relationship between intraluminal pressure within small mesenteric resistance arteries, oxidant activation of PKG, Ca2+ sparks, and BK channel vasoregulation. Mesenteric resistance arteries from wild type (WT) and genetically modified mice with PKG resistance to oxidative activation were studied using wire and pressure myography. Ca2+ sparks and Ca2+ transients within vascular smooth muscle cells of intact arteries were characterized using high-speed confocal microscopy of intact arteries. Arteries were studied under conditions of varying intraluminal pressure and oxidation. Intraluminal pressure specifically, rather than the generic stretch of the artery, was necessary to activate the oxidative pathway. We demonstrated a graded step activation profile for the generation of Ca2+ sparks and also a functional "ceiling" for this pressure --sensitive oxidative pathway. During steady state pressure - induced constriction, any additional Ca2+ sensitive-K+ channel functional availability was independent of oxidant activated PKG. There was an increase in the amplitude, but not the Area under the Curve (AUC) of the caffeine-induced Ca2+ transient in pressurized arteries from mice with oxidant-resistant PKG compared with wild type. Overall, we surmise that intraluminal pressure within resistance arteries controls Ca2+ spark vasoregulation through a tightly controlled pathway with a graded onset switch. The pathway, underpinned by oxidant activation of PKG, cannot be further boosted by additional pressure or oxidation once active. We propose that these restrictive characteristics of pressure-induced Ca2+ spark vasoregulation confer stability for the artery in order to provide a constant flow independent of additional pressure fluctuations or exogenous oxidants.

Matched MeSH terms: Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/drug effects; Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/physiology
The effects of palm oil tocotrienol-rich fraction supplementation on biochemical parameters, oxidative stress and the vascular wall of streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats

Budin SB, Othman F, Louis SR, Bakar MA, Das S, Mohamed J

Clinics (Sao Paulo), 2009;64(3):235-44.
PMID: 19330251

OBJECTIVE: This study examined the effects of palm oil tocotrienol-rich fractions on streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats.
METHODS: Animals were divided into three groups: (i) normal non-diabetic (NDM), (ii) diabetic treated (tocotrienol-rich fractions - TRF) and (iii) diabetic untreated (non-TRF). The treatment group received oral administration of tocotrienol-rich fractions (200 mg/kg body weight) daily for eight weeks. The normal non-diabetic and the diabetic untreated groups were fed standard rat feed. Blood glucose and lipid profiles, oxidative stress markers and morphological changes of the thoracic aorta were evaluated.
RESULTS: Tocotrienol-rich fractions treatment reduced serum glucose and glycated hemoglobin concentrations. The tocotrienol-rich fractions group also showed significantly lower levels of plasma total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and triglyceride, as compared to the untreated group. The tocotrienol-rich fractions group had higher levels of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, as compared to the untreated group. Superoxide dismutase activity and levels of vitamin C in plasma were increased in tocotrienol-rich fractions-treated rats. The levels of plasma and aorta malondealdehyde + 4-hydroxynonenal (MDA + 4-HNE) and oxidative DNA damage were significant following tocotrienol-rich fractions treatment. Electron microscopic examination showed that the normal morphology of the thoracic aorta was disrupted in STZ-diabetic rats. Tocotrienol-rich fractions supplementation resulted in a protective effect on the vessel wall.
CONCLUSION: These results show that tocotrienol-rich fractions lowers the blood glucose level and improves dyslipidemia. Levels of oxidative stress markers were also reduced by administration of tocotrienol-rich fractions. Vessel wall integrity was maintained due to the positive effects mediated by tocotrienol-rich fractions.

Matched MeSH terms: Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/drug effects; Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/ultrastructure
Effect of alpha lipoic acid on oxidative stress and vascular wall of diabetic rats

Balkis Budin S, Othman F, Louis SR, Abu Bakar M, Radzi M, Osman K, et al.

Rom J Morphol Embryol, 2009;50(1):23-30.
PMID: 19221642

PREMISES AND OBJECTIVES: Antioxidant plays an important role in preventing the progression of diabetes mellitus (DM) complications. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of alpha lipoic acid (ALA) supplementation on plasma lipid, oxidative stress and vascular changes in diabetic rats.

Matched MeSH terms: Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/drug effects; Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/pathology; Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/physiopathology*; Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/ultrastructure
Influence of indomethacin on histamine- and acetylcholine-induced responses in the intact and denuded epithelium of guinea pig tracheal smooth muscle

Akbar A, Sharma JN

Pharmacol Res, 1992 Apr;25(3):279-86.
PMID: 1518772

We have investigated the effect of indomethacin on histamine- and acetylcholine (ACh)-induced responses in the intact and denuded epithelium of guinea pig isolated tracheal smooth muscle. Epithelium removal resulted in increased responsiveness to ACh and histamine. Indomethacin (2.8 microM) enhanced the sensitivity of both intact and denuded preparations to histamine and ACh. These findings suggest that the tracheal epithelium of guinea pig plays a protective role against bronchoconstrictors, such as ACh and histamine. Furthermore, indomethacin-mediated hyperresponsiveness caused by these agonists in epithelium denuded preparations might be a reflection of removal of prostaglandin (PG) biosynthesis. A similar process of interaction in indomethacin-treated asthmatic patients (with damaged airway epithelium) might take place. The significance of these findings is discussed.

Matched MeSH terms: Muscle, Smooth/drug effects*
Fulltext Anti-nuclear, anti-mitochondrial, anti-smooth muscle and anti-parietal cell antibodies in the healthy Malaysian population

Azizah MR, Shahnaz M, Zulkifli MN, Nasuruddin BA

Malays J Pathol, 1995 Dec;17(2):83-6.
PMID: 8935131

A study of 101 sera from 69 Malay, 14 Chinese and 18 Indian healthy adult Malaysians was undertaken to determine the frequency of antinuclear antibodies (ANA), antimitochondrial antibodies (AMA), antismooth muscle antibodies (SMA) and antiparietal cell antibodies (APCA). There were 67 females and 34 males with a mean age of 31.7 years (+/-8.6). ANA was assayed by immunofluorescence (IF) using both mouse liver and HEp-2 cell substrates. AMA, SMA and APCA were also tested by IF using composite sections from mouse liver, kidney and stomach substrates. Analysis showed 6.9% were positive for ANA at a titre of 1:40 with HEp-2 while only 1.9% were detected using mouse liver. 9.9% had detectable AMA from titres 1:10 to 1:90. None of them had detectable SMA and only 1 (0.09%) had APCA at a titre of 1:80. This study suggests that a diagnosis of an autoimmune disorder has to be cautiously made taking into consideration that autoantibodies are present in low titres in the healthy population.

Matched MeSH terms: Muscle, Smooth/immunology*
Cyclic adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate content and bronchial smooth muscle contractility of hyper- and hypothyroid lungs

Nabishah BM, Morat PB, Alias AK, Kadir BA, Khalid BA

Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol, 1992 Dec;19(12):839-42.
PMID: 1335381

1. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were made either hyper- or hypothyroid with thyroxine or 4-methyl-2-thiouracil, respectively. Bronchial smooth muscle (BSM) contractility and lung cyclic adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate (cAMP) content were measured in both conditions. 2. Bronchial smooth muscle contractility was significantly weaker in hyperthyroid rats, while the BSM contractility of hypothyroid rats was the same as controls. 3. The cAMP content of hyperthyroid rat lungs was similar to controls but was decreased in hypothyroid rats. 4. These studies demonstrated that both the hyper- and hypothyroid states affect respiration, although the mechanisms involved with different for each condition.

Matched MeSH terms: Muscle, Smooth/physiology*
Assessment of Polygonum odoratum Lour. Leaf Extract on Rat's Ileum Contraction and the Mechanisms Involved

Duangjai A, Parseatsook K, Sajjapong W, Saokaew S

J Med Food, 2020 Nov;23(11):1169-1175.
PMID: 32976072 DOI: 10.1089/jmf.2020.4769

Vietnamese coriander (Polygonum odoratum Lour.) is a plant native to northern Thailand. The biological activities of P. odoratum Lour. extract (POE) include antibacterial, antiviral, and expectorant. However, the effect of POE on intestinal smooth muscle motility is unclear. The aim of this study was to evaluate the relaxant effects of POE on isolated rat ileum. Propranolol (1 μM), calcium chloride (1-20 mM), and Nω-nitro-l-arginine methylester (l-NAME, 100 μM) were used to investigate the mechanisms of action. The results showed that POE (0.01-5 mg/mL) reduced KCl-induced contraction. In addition, POE (1 mg/mL) reduced the contraction by propranolol and l-NAME and attenuated CaCl2-induced contractions. Our results indicate that the relaxation effect of POE on ileum contractions seems to involve nitric oxide and β-adrenergic pathways, and blockade of calcium influx. These findings provide a pharmacological basis for the traditional use of POE to treat gastrointestinal disorders such as irritable bowel syndrome or diarrhea.

Matched MeSH terms: Muscle, Smooth/drug effects*
Fulltext MicroRNA regulation of vascular smooth muscle cells and its significance in cardiovascular diseases

Nguyen DND, Chilian WM, Zain SM, Daud MF, Pung YF

Can J Physiol Pharmacol, 2021 Sep;99(9):827-838.
PMID: 33529092 DOI: 10.1139/cjpp-2020-0581

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is among the leading causes of death worldwide. MicroRNAs (miRNAs), regulatory molecules that repress protein expression, have attracted considerable attention in CVD research. The vasculature plays a big role in CVD development and progression and dysregulation of vascular cells underlies the root of many vascular diseases. This review provides a brief introduction of the biogenesis of miRNAs and exosomes, followed by overview of the regulatory mechanisms of miRNAs in vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) intracellular signaling during phenotypic switching, senescence, calcification, and neointimal hyperplasia. Evidence of extracellular signaling of VSMCs and other cells via exosomal and circulating miRNAs is also presented. Lastly, current drawbacks and limitations of miRNA studies in CVD research and potential ways to overcome these disadvantages are discussed in detail. In-depth understanding of VSMC regulation via miRNAs will add substantial knowledge and advance research in diagnosis, disease progression, and (or) miRNA-derived therapeutic approaches in CVD research.

Matched MeSH terms: Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/cytology*
Signalling pathways regulating galactosaminoglycan synthesis and structure in vascular smooth muscle: Implications for lipoprotein binding and atherosclerosis

Afroz R, Cao Y, Rostam MA, Ta H, Xu S, Zheng W, et al.

Pharmacol Ther, 2018 07;187:88-97.
PMID: 29454855 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2018.02.005

Atherosclerosis commences with the trapping of low density lipoproteins (LDLs) in blood vessels by modified proteoglycans (PGs) with hyperelongated glycosaminoglycan (GAG) chains. GAG chain synthesis and growth factor mediated hyperelongation regulates the composition and size of PGs in a manner that would cause low density lipoprotein (LDLs) retention in vessel wall. Galactosaminoglycans are a class of GAGs, commonly observed on PGs. Multiple enzymes are involved in galactosaminoglycan biosynthesis. Galactosaminoglycan synthesis is regulated by various signalling pathways which are amenable to pharmacological manipulation to treat atherosclerosis. Receptor mediated signalling pathways including protein tyrosine kinase receptors (PTKRs), serine/threonine kinase receptors (S/TKRs) and G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) pathways regulate galactosaminoglycan synthesizing enzyme expression. Increased expression of these enzymes modify galactosaminoglycan chain structure by making them hyperelongated. This review focuses on the signalling pathways regulating the expression of genes involved in galactosaminoglycan synthesis and modification. Furthermore, there are multiple other processes for inhibiting the interactions between LDL and galactosaminoglycans such as peptide mimetics of ApoB100 and anti-galactosaminoglycan antibodies and the therapeutic potential of these strategies is also addressed.

Matched MeSH terms: Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/metabolism*
Dicentrine is preferentially antagonistic to rat aortic than splenic alpha 1-adrenoceptor stimulation

Mustafa MR, Achike FI

Acta Pharmacol Sin, 2000 Dec;21(12):1165-8.
PMID: 11603294

Dicentrine is a known alpha 1-adrenoceptor antagonist, but its alpha 1-adrenoceptor subtype selectivity has not yet been determined. We therefore, investigated the putative alpha 1-adrenoceptor subtype selectivity of this agent.

Matched MeSH terms: Muscle, Smooth/drug effects; Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/drug effects
Fulltext Revisiting asthma phenotype in children

Fahisham Taib

Malaysian Journal of Paediatrics and Child Health, 2011;17(1):0-0.
MyJurnal

Asthma is considered as heterogeneous multidimensional disorder due to variable phenotypic presentation. Phenotype is defined as a cluster of either clinical or pathologic features, which tends to be associated with the understanding the mechanisms of the disease. Asthma is typically characterized by airway inflammation, variable airway obstruction, bronchial hyper-reactivity, smooth muscle hypertrophy and apparent reversible airflow obstruction by bronchodilators. ‘Asthma syndrome’ is a term to describe complex pathophysiology of the condition which is not exclusive to allergen triggered episodes. Diagnosing childhood asthma is difficult, due to the similarity of symptoms and overlapping with other wheezing conditions. The precise mechanism for asthma exacerbation, for each individual phenotype is not fully understood. However, it is influenced by genetic interaction with variety of external environmental stimuli. The current understanding on asthma phenotypes were interpreted based on age of onset, associated triggers, clinical aspects, physiologic parameters and type of inflammation (Table 1). Due to the illdefined of the current phenotypic definition and disagreement among the respirologists, it is becoming a challenge to label specific phenotype with certainty. Accurate definition of each phenotype should therefore be helpful to provide better understanding of different mechanistic pathways and focusing on targeted therapy for individual phenotype. (Copied from article).

Matched MeSH terms: Muscle, Smooth
Fulltext The role of reactive oxygen species in pressure-dependent myogenic tone

Satirah Zainalabidin, Coats, Paul, Wadsworth, Roger M.

Jurnal Sains Kesihatan Malaysia, 2012;10(1):1-11.
MyJurnal

Myogenic tone is the response of the vascular smooth muscle to an increase in intraluminal pressure with vasoconstriction and with vasodilation when the pressure is decreased. Such myogenic tone contributes a level of physiological basal tone in response to neurohumoral stimuli. In spite of myogenic tone discovery by Sir William Bayliss 100 years ago, questions still remain regarding the underlying signaling mechanism of the myogenic response. Studies have shown that increased intraluminal pressure or wall tension leads to membrane depolarization, voltage-operated calcium channel (VOCC), stretch-activated cation (SAC) channels, extracelullar matrix (ECM) and actin cytoskeleton. Recently, evidence has shown a potential role for reactive oxygen species (ROS) as a key signalling mediator in the genesis of myogenic tone. The identification of the primary mechanosensors in the initiation of pressure-dependent myogenic tone is essential as these components could be potential therapeutical targets in the future.

Matched MeSH terms: Muscle, Smooth, Vascular
Fulltext Human adipose tissue derived stem cells as a source of smooth muscle cells in the regeneration of muscular layer of urinary bladder wall

Salem SA, Hwie AN, Saim A, Chee Kong CH, Sagap I, Singh R, et al.

Malays J Med Sci, 2013 Jul;20(4):80-7.
PMID: 24044001 MyJurnal

Adipose tissue provides an abundant source of multipotent cells, which represent a source of cell-based regeneration strategies for urinary bladder smooth muscle repair. Our objective was to confirm that adipose-derived stem cells (ADSCs) can be differentiated into smooth muscle cells.

Matched MeSH terms: Muscle, Smooth
Fulltext Myoid hamartoma of breast with chondroid metaplasia: a case report

Khoo JJ, Alwi RI, Abd-Rahman I

Malays J Pathol, 2009 Jun;31(1):77-80.
PMID: 19694319 MyJurnal

Breast hamartoma is an uncommon poorly recognised benign breast neoplasm. Hamartoma displaying marked smooth muscle components known as myoid hamartoma of the breast is a much rarer entity. We present a case of myoid hamartoma of breast with chondroid differentiation in a 46-year-old woman. The painless breast lump was circumscribed and mammography showed a well-encapsulated large, dense mass with no calcification. Core needle biopsy was reported as fibroadenoma. The lesion was excised. Microscopically, it composed of many groups of mammary glandular components with dense fibrous stroma, adipose tissue and marked groups of smooth muscle fibres. Foci of chondroid differentiation were noted in the lesion. The smooth muscle cells showed strong and diffuse immunoreactivity for vimentin, myogloblin, alpha-smooth muscle actin, desmin and CD34 and failed to express pan-cytokeratin or S100 protein. The ducts lined by epithelial cells were reactive to pan-cytokeratin while the myoepithelial cells were reactive to S100 protein. The various immuno-histochemical staining as well as the cyto-histological changes encountered in myoid hamartomas are discussed with clinical, radiological and pathological correlation to differentiate it from other benign and malignant breast lesions.

Matched MeSH terms: Muscle, Smooth/metabolism; Muscle, Smooth/pathology*
New therapies for erectile dysfunction

Tan HM

Int. J. Androl., 2000;23 Suppl 2:87-8.
PMID: 10849506

The quest for improving and maintaining sexual function has been going on since time immemorial. The advent of an effective oral drug, sildenafil, has brought about unprecedented open discussion on male erectile dysfunction, and gas accelerated the pace of development of new therapies for erectile dysfunction. New knowledge in the physiology of sexual function has enabled researchers to target drug treatment at the whole network of the central nervous system and the numerous cascadic enzymatic reactions leading to relaxation of the corporal smooth muscle. One of the brightest potential applications of future molecular technology in the study of erectile dysfuction is in the utilization of gene therapy.

Matched MeSH terms: Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/drug effects; Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/physiopathology
Inhibition of calcium-dependent contractions of the isolated guinea-pig ileal longitudinal muscle and taenia coli by the total glycosidic extract of the plant Sarcolobus globosus

Mustafa MR

Toxicon, 1993 Jan;31(1):67-74.
PMID: 8446965

The effect of the total glysosidic extract of the plant Sarcolobus globosus was investigated on the contractions of the smooth muscle of the guinea-pig ileal longitudinal muscle and taenia coli. In the ileal longitudinal muscle, addition of the extract inhibited the electrical field-stimulated twitches. Similarly to verapamil, it also reduced the contractions of the muscle to acetylcholine, histamine and KCl. However, only the tonic contraction to KCl was reversed by increasing the extracellular calcium concentration. In the taenia coli, lower concentrations of both the extract and verapamil induced a parallel displacement of the dose-response curves to calcium (0.30-30 mM). Addition of the extract also dose-dependently inhibited the KCl-induced contraction of the taenia coli. Increasing the calcium concentration increased the IC50 values of the extract. The result suggests that the inhibitory effect of the Sarcolobus globosus extract on the smooth muscle, like verapamil, is mainly due to inhibition of calcium influx.

Matched MeSH terms: Muscle, Smooth/drug effects*; Muscle, Smooth/physiology

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