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Fulltext Co-Expression of TWIST1 and ZEB2 in Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma Is Associated with Poor Survival

Kong YH, Syed Zanaruddin SN, Lau SH, Ramanathan A, Kallarakkal TG, Vincent-Chong VK, et al.

PLoS One, 2015;10(7):e0134045.
PMID: 26214683 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0134045

Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is an aggressive disease accounting for more than 260,000 cancer cases diagnosed and 128,000 deaths worldwide. A large majority of cancer deaths result from cancers that have metastasized beyond the primary tumor. The relationship between genetic changes and clinical outcome can reflect the biological events that promote cancer's aggressive behavior, and these can serve as molecular markers for improved patient management and survival. To this end, epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a major process that promotes tumor invasion and metastasis, making EMT-related proteins attractive diagnostic biomarkers and therapeutic targets. In this study, we used immunohistochemistry to study the expression of a panel of transcription factors (TWIST1, SNAI1/2, ZEB1 and ZEB2) and other genes intimately related to EMT (CDH1 and LAMC2) at the invasive tumor front of OSCC tissues. The association between the expression of these proteins and clinico-pathological parameters were examined with Pearson Chi-square and correlation with survival was analyzed using Kaplan Meier analysis. Our results demonstrate that there was a significant differential expression of CDH1, LAMC2, SNAI1/2 and TWIST1 between OSCC and normal oral mucosa (NOM). Specifically, CDH1 loss was significantly associated with Broder's grading, while diffused LAMC2 was similarly associated with non-cohesive pattern of invasion. Notably, co-expression of TWIST1 and ZEB2 in OSCC was significantly associated with poorer overall survival, particularly in patients without detectable lymph node metastasis. This study demonstrates that EMT-related proteins are differentially expressed in OSCC and that the co-expression of TWIST1 and ZEB2 could be of clinical value in identifying patients with poor survival for appropriate patient management.

Matched MeSH terms: Lymphatic Metastasis
Cytogenetic analysis of invasive breast cancer: a study of 27 Asian patients

Tan PH, Lui WO, Ong P, Lau LC, Tao M, Chong Y

Cancer Genet. Cytogenet., 2000 Aug;121(1):61-6.
PMID: 10958943

Tumor cytogenetic analysis from 27 patients with breast cancer diagnosed at the Singapore General Hospital revealed complex karyotypic aberrations in 12 cases. The study group comprised 25 women and 2 men, ranging in age from 33 to 78 years (median 52 years). Ethnic distribution consisted of 22 Chinese, 3 Malaysian, and 2 Indian patients. Pathologic assessment disclosed 24 invasive ductal, 2 invasive mucinous, and 1 mixed invasive mucinous and ductal carcinomas. Histologic grading showed 3 grade 1, 10 grade 2, and 12 grade 3 tumors; 2 cancers were not graded, because they had been subjected to prior chemotherapy. Tumor sizes ranged from 1.5 to 10 cm (median 3 cm). Eleven cases were axillary node negative, whereas the remaining 16 node-positive cancers affected as many as 3 nodes in 8 cases and 4 or more nodes in another 8. Twenty cases demonstrated estrogen-receptor positivity, and 8 cases progesterone-receptor positivity. The spectrum of cytogenetic abnormalities involved chromosomes 1, 3, 6, 7, 8, 11, 16, and 17 and ranged from gains and deletions of both long and short arms, trisomy, monosomy, and other rearrangements. There was a trend toward the presence of karyotypic abnormalities in tumors of higher grade.

Matched MeSH terms: Lymphatic Metastasis
Over-expression of MAGED4B increases cell migration and growth in oral squamous cell carcinoma and is associated with poor disease outcome

Chong CE, Lim KP, Gan CP, Marsh CA, Zain RB, Abraham MT, et al.

Cancer Lett, 2012 Aug 1;321(1):18-26.
PMID: 22459352 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2012.03.025

MAGE proteins have been shown to be good targets for cancer immunotherapy. We demonstrate that MAGED4B is over-expressed in more than 50% of Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma (OSCC) tissues and the expression of MAGED4B is associated with lymph node metastasis and poor disease specific survival. OSCC cell lines that over-express MAGED4B promote migration in vitro, exhibit an increase in cell growth both in vitro and in vivo, and are more resistant to apoptosis compared to control cells. Our data suggest that MAGED4B over-expression is a driver in oral carcinogenesis and argues strongly that this protein may represent a potential therapeutic target in OSCC.

Matched MeSH terms: Lymphatic Metastasis
Fulltext A 5-year review of FIGO stage IB cervical cancer in an Asian population

Tay EH, Yeap ML, Ho TH

Singapore Med J, 1997 Dec;38(12):520-4.
PMID: 9550918

We studied the clinical patterns and outcome of patients with FIGO (1985) Stage 1b cervical cancer. In particular, looking at the clinico-pathological characteristics in relation with disease recurrence.

Matched MeSH terms: Lymphatic Metastasis
Fulltext Expression of survivin and its clinicopathological correlations in invasive ductal carcinoma of the breast

Al-Joudi FS, Iskandar ZA, Hasnan J, Rusli J, Kamal Y, Imran AK, et al.

Singapore Med J, 2007 Jul;48(7):607-14.
PMID: 17609820

INTRODUCTION: Survivin is a 16.5-kDa intracellular protein that inhibits apoptosis and regulates cell division, and belongs to the inhibitors of apoptosis gene family. It appears to have an important role in regulating apoptosis at the cell cycle checkpoints. Survivin has been found to have a differential distribution in cancer compared to normal tissue, as it is over-expressed in malignant tumours.
METHODS: In addition to the demographical analysis of the disease, data from 382 women with invasive ductal carcinoma of the breast were collected from three hospitals in Northeast Malaysia, and analysed for survivin expression by immunohistochemistry.
RESULTS: Invasive ductal carcinoma of the breast was found to be the most prevalent breast cancer type. Survivin was detected in 260 (68.1 percent) study cases. In addition, significant correlations have been shown between survivin expression on one hand, and tumour size and lymph node involvement on the other hand (p-value is less than 0.05). However, no significant correlations were found with other clinicopathological factors, such as tumour histological grade, tumour side, oestrogen and progesterone receptors. Nuclear expression of survivin was detected in 16.5 percent of the study cases, cytoplasmic expression was detected in 24.1 percent, and 27.5 percent of the cases expressed survivin in both nuclear and cytoplasmic locations simultaneously. The subcellular localisation of survivin was significantly correlated (p is less than 0.001) with the lymph node involvement indicating its value in predicting the aggressiveness of tumour cells, since it increases the resistance to apoptosis and promotes cell proliferation.
CONCLUSION: This is the fi rst known report on survivin expression in cancer in West Malaysia and Southeast Asia. It emphasises the importance of the detection of survivin in breast cancer to aid in diagnosis, confirm malignancy, and to assess the disease progress and response to therapy.

Matched MeSH terms: Lymphatic Metastasis
Fulltext The role of computed tomography in the evaluation of retinoblastoma

Sherazi ZA, Jayakumar CR

Singapore Med J, 1992 Oct;33(5):496-9.
PMID: 1455277

To assess the importance of Computed Tomography(CT) in the evaluation of retinoblastoma, we reviewed thirteen cases of retinoblastoma which presented at Hospital University Sains Malaysia, Kelantan, Malaysia, from August 1986 to June 1991. High resolution computed tomography of the orbits was performed in all patients prior to therapy. Nine patients (69%) had unilateral and four (31%) had bilateral retinoblastoma. The interesting features were the remarkably high incidence in the right eye (89%) as compared to the left eye (11%) in unilateral retinoblastoma, and overall predominance of the male population (male to female ratio was 2:1). Computed tomography detected intraocular calcification in 82% of the tumourous eyes. All patients presented at late stages when tumours were of large size. The presence of calcification was not related to the size of the tumour. CT detected calcification in a suspected retinoblastoma with a high degree of accuracy. Computed tomographic evidence of intraocular calcification in children under 3 years of age is highly suggestive of retinoblastoma.

Matched MeSH terms: Lymphatic Metastasis
Fulltext Tumor-Derived Matrix Metalloproteinase-13 (MMP-13) Expression in Benign and Malignant Breast Lesions

Ameli F, Ghafourina Nassab F, Masir N, Kahtib F

Asian Pac J Cancer Prev, 2021 Aug 01;22(8):2603-2609.
PMID: 34452576 DOI: 10.31557/APJCP.2021.22.8.2603

INTRODUCTION: Breast carcinoma is the most common malignancy and the leading cause of cancer death in women. Matrix metalloproteinase-13 (MMP-13) is a hypothetical prognostic marker in invasive breast cancer. This study aimed to determine MMP-13 expression in benign and malignant breast lesions and to evaluate the correlation between MMP-13 expression and tumor characteristics in invasive ductal carcinoma (IDC).
MATERIALS AND METHOD: We evaluated cytoplasmic expression of MMP-13 based on staining index using immunohistochemistry (IHC) in epithelial cells, stromal fibroblasts of IDC (n=90) and benign epithelial breast (n=90) lesions. Correlation between IHC and tumor size, lymph node status, distance metastasis, estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR) and Her-2/neu was assessed.
RESULTS: MMP-13 expression was 45% and 38.8% in malignant epithelial cells and peritumoral fibroblasts, respectively. Only low level of MMP-13 expression was seen in benign breast lesions (8.8% in epithelial component and 2.2% in stromal fibroblasts), while high level of MMP-13 expression was noted in malignant tumors, mainly grade II or III. Cytoplasmic MMP-13 expressions in epithelial tumor cells was correlated significantly with peritumoral fibroblasts. MMP-13 expression was directly correlated with distant metastasis and tumor stage in epithelial tumoral cells and was inversely correlated with progesterone expression in both tumoral and stromal cells.
CONCLUSION: This study showed that MMP-13 was a moderator for tumor invasion and metastasis and could be an independent predictor of poor prognosis in breast cancer. The role of MMP-13 in predicting the risk of malignant transformation in benign lesions should be further investigated.

Matched MeSH terms: Lymphatic Metastasis
Splenic infarct as a diagnostic pitfall in radiology

Joshi SC, Pant I, Shukla AN, Anshari MA

J Cancer Res Ther, 2008 8 9;4(2):99-101.
PMID: 18688130

Follow-up of colorectal carcinoma after therapy is based on symptoms, tumor markers, and imaging studies. Clinicians sometimes face diagnostic dilemmas because of unusual presentations on the imaging modalities coupled with rising serum markers. We report a case of colorectal carcinoma that presented with gastrointestinal symptoms 14 months after completion of treatment. Investigations showed rise in carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA). Suspecting disease recurrence, complete radioimaging workup was performed; the only abnormality detected was a smooth, hypodense area in the posterior third of the spleen on contrast-enhanced computed tomography abdomen. In view of the previous diagnosis of carcinoma colon, the symptoms reported by the patient, the elevated CEA, and the atypical CECT appearance, a diagnosis of splenic metastasis was made. The patient was subjected to splenectomy as a curative treatment. However, the histopathological report revealed it to be a splenic infarct. The present case reemphasizes the limitations of radiological studies in the follow-up of carcinoma colon.

Matched MeSH terms: Lymphatic Metastasis/pathology
Report of a rare case of carcinosarcoma of the maxillary sinus with sternal metastasis

Cheong JP, Rahayu S, Halim A, Khir A, Noorafidah D

Ear Nose Throat J, 2014 Jun;93(6):E1-4.
PMID: 24932822

Carcinosarcoma is a highly aggressive and infiltrative tumor. A finding of this tumor in a paranasal sinus is exceedingly rare. We describe the case of a 61-year-old man who presented with a mass on the left side of his face. The mass was excised via a total maxillectomy with a modified radical neck dissection. Histologic analysis identified a mixture of carcinomatous and sarcomatous components. Within 1 month of surgery, the patient developed a sternal metastasis, and he died within a short period of time. The aggressive nature of this tumor and its metastases demand early diagnosis and prompt treatment.

Matched MeSH terms: Lymphatic Metastasis
Use of denosumab in parathyroid carcinoma with refractory hypercalcemia

Tong CV, Hussein Z, Noor NM, Mohamad M, Ng WF

QJM, 2015 Jan;108(1):49-50.
PMID: 25099611 DOI: 10.1093/qjmed/hcu166
Matched MeSH terms: Lymphatic Metastasis
Differentiation between benign and malignant breast lesions using quantitative diffusion-weighted sequence on 3 T MRI

Tan SL, Rahmat K, Rozalli FI, Mohd-Shah MN, Aziz YF, Yip CH, et al.

Clin Radiol, 2014 Jan;69(1):63-71.
PMID: 24156797 DOI: 10.1016/j.crad.2013.08.007

To investigate the capability and diagnostic accuracy of diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) in differentiating benign from malignant breast lesions using 3 T magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).

Matched MeSH terms: Lymphatic Metastasis
Association between HER-2/neu over-expression and clinico-pathologic parameters of breast cancer in northern Malaysia

Kamil M, Yusuf N, Khalid I, Islam R, Biswas M, Hashim H

Ceylon Med J, 2010 Mar;55(1):9-13.
PMID: 20446534

BACKGROUND: Breast cancer is the commonest cancer affecting women world wide. Breast cancer is a leading cause of cancer related mortality in Asian countries. Management of breast cancer depends on several tumour-related and patient related factors. HER-2/neu over-expression has been associated with a poor prognosis in breast cancer. We assessed HER-2/neu over expression pattern in unselected breast cancer cases in terms of clinico-pathologic parameters to identify any associations between them.
METHODS: Two hundred cases of breast cancer were evaluated at Advanced Medical and Dental Institute and Hospital Kepala Batas from 2002 to 2007. HER-2/neu status was confirmed in breast cancer tissues by immunohistochemistry. Immunohistochemical expression of HER-2/neu was evaluated according to the published scoring guidelines of the 'Hercep Test' (Dako, Carpinteria, CA). Data were analysed to identify any association between HER-2/neu and clinico-pathologic parameters.
RESULTS: HER-2/neu over expression was found in 63 (31.5%) tumours out of 200. When assessed for various age groups no significant association was found. However, a high percentage (75%) of over-expression was noted in the 81-85 years age group. No association was found with different racial groups (Malay, Chinese and Indians), with lymph node status or with grade of tumour. However a positive association was observed with oestrogen receptor and progesterone receptor expression.
CONCLUSION: There was no association between HER-2/neu over expression and age, race, lymph node status or tumor grade. However a positive association was found with oestrogen and progesterone receptor status.

Matched MeSH terms: Lymphatic Metastasis
Oral cancer presentation among Malay patients in hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kelantan

Razak AA, Saddki N, Naing NN, Abdullah N

Asian Pac J Cancer Prev, 2009;10(6):1131-6.
PMID: 20192598

OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to identify the characteristics of oral cancer among Malay patients in Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia (HUSM), Kelantan.
METHODS: A retrospective record review was conducted from August to December 2006 in HUSM. Of 133 patients with oral cancer diagnosed from 1986 to 2005, 118 were Malay. Data on socio-demographic background, high-risk habits practiced, clinical and histological characteristics, and treatment profile of the patients were obtained.
RESULTS: Malay patients with oral cancer were predominantly elderly, aged 60 years old and above (51.7%) at the time of diagnosis, with a mean age of 58.1 years (SD 16.81). Most patients were males (64.4%) and the majority of them were married (83.9%). More than half (58.5%) had been smokers, and of those who smoked, 89.9% were males. Some had a betel quid chewing habit (22.9%) but none ever consumed alcohol. The majority of the patients (77.1%) were diagnosed at stage IV. The tongue was the most usual site involved (37.3%) and squamous cell carcinoma was the most common histological type seen (75.4%).
CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of oral cancer among Malay patients in HUSM is high (88.7%). It is predominantly found in elderly males and the majority of cases present at advanced stage.

Matched MeSH terms: Lymphatic Metastasis
Polymorphisms of HER2 Ile655Val and cyclin D1 (CCND1) G870A are not associated with breast cancer risk but polymorphic allele of HER2 is associated with nodal metastases

Naidu R, Yip CH, Taib NA

Neoplasma, 2008;55(2):87-95.
PMID: 18237245

The HER2 codon Ile655Val and Cyclin D1 (CCND1) G870A polymorphisms were analyzed in a hospital-based Malaysian population using PCR-RFLP method. Peripheral blood samples were collected from 230 breast cancer patients, and 200 normal and healthy women who had no history of breast disease or breast cancer. We evaluated the association between HER2 or CCND1 polymorphisms and breast cancer risk, and clinico-pathological parameters in the population. The genotype and allele frequencies of HER2 (P=0.163 vs P=0.0622) and CCND1 (P=0.377 vs P=0.284) polymorphisms were not significantly different between the breast cancer cases and normal subjects, respectively. Women who were Ile/Val heterozygotes (OR=1.48; 95% CI, 0.91-2.43), Val/Val homozygotes (OR=1.93; 95% CI, 0.51-7.77) and carriers of Val allele genotype (OR=1.53; 95% CI, 0.95-2.45) were not significantly associated with increased breast cancer risk. Similarly, women who were homozygous (OR=1.34; 95% CI, 0.77-2.34) or heterozygous (OR=0.98; 95% CI, 0.60-1.60) for A allele, or carriers of A allele genotype (OR=1.10; 95% CI, 0.70-1.73) were not associated with breast cancer risk. Analysis on clinico-pathological parameters showed that Val allele genotype was significantly correlated with nodal metastases but A allele genotype was not associated with any of the variables. Our findings suggest that the polymorphic alleles of HER2 and CCND1 may not play an important role as genetic markers for breast cancer risk, but presence of Val allele may be useful for tumor prognosis.

Matched MeSH terms: Lymphatic Metastasis
Fulltext Pattern of lymph node pathology in a private pathology laboratory

Kim LH, Peh SC, Chan KS, Chai SP

Malays J Pathol, 1999 Dec;21(2):87-93.
PMID: 11068412

Lymph node excision biopsy is commonly carried out for the investigation of lymphadenopathy. The objective of this study is to elucidate the pattern of nodal pathology seen in a private pathology practice. A total of 137 nodal biopsies for primary investigation of nodal enlargement were retrieved from the files in a private diagnostic pathology laboratory in the year 1997. Lymph nodes excised for cancer staging were excluded from this study. The histology was reviewed based on H&E stained sections, and with additional histochemical and immunoperoxidase stains when deemed necessary. Cases of malignant lymphomas were sub-classified with the aid of further immunophenotyping using a panel of monoclonal and polyclonal lymphoid antibodies. One case was excluded from this study due to inadequate tissue for further assessment. There were 58 males and 78 females, giving a ratio of 1:1.3 in the remaining 136 cases. They consisted of 13 Malays (M), 108 Chinese (C), 14 Indians (I) and 1 other ethnic group (O). The ratio of M:C:I:O was 1:8.3:1.1:0.1. The majority of the cases were in the age range of 20 to 50 years. The pathology consisted of 17 (12.5%) malignant lymphomas [6 Hodgkin's lymphoma, 11 non-Hodgkin's lymphoma], 35 (25.7%) metastatic carcinomas, 45 (33.1%) reactive hyperplasia, 19 (13.9%) tuberculosis, 11 (8.2%) Kikuchi's disease and 9 (6.6%) others (Castleman's disease 2, cat scratch disease 2, Kimura's disease 1, sarcoidosis 1, non-specific lymphadenitis 3). All categories of nodal disease showed approximately similar ratio of ethnic and gender distribution as above, except for Kikuchi's disease, for which 100% of the patients were female. The most common site of biopsy was from the head and neck region, particularly the cervical group of nodes. The most common nodal pathology seen in the private laboratory was reactive hyperplasia, followed by metastatic carcinoma. Malignant lymphoma constituted only 12.5% of the cases.

Matched MeSH terms: Lymphatic Metastasis
Malignant proliferating trichilemmal tumour: a case report

Fernandez SH

Malays J Pathol, 1999 Dec;21(2):117-21.
PMID: 11068417

An 86-year-old man presented with a painless, pea-sized growth over the left angle of his jaw, which had been gradually enlarging over two years. A clinical diagnosis of pilar cyst was made. Histopathological examination of the mass revealed a malignant proliferating trichilemmal tumour. During follow-up 4 months later, a palpable small upper jugular lymph node was noted at the left side of the neck. Biopsy revealed a metastatic malignant trichilemmal tumour. This case illustrates a rare malignant tumour which is a challenge to clinical diagnosis.

Matched MeSH terms: Lymphatic Metastasis
Glycogen-rich clear cell carcinoma in the tongue

Rajab E, Akmal SN, Nasir AM

J Laryngol Otol, 1994 Aug;108(8):716-8.
PMID: 7930932

The case of a minor salivary gland tumour, arising from the tongue, with nodal metastasis is presented. Biopsy of the tumour and fine-needle aspiration cytology of the neck swelling showed the presence of a clear cell carcinoma with evidence of nodal metastases. A commando operation was performed and the defect was reconstructed using a local tongue flap. The literature review indicated that the neoplasm was rare and its site of occurrence rather unusual.

Matched MeSH terms: Lymphatic Metastasis
Pelvic lymph node metastases in early invasive carcinoma of the cervix--histopathological 'risk' factors

Jayalakshmi P, Sivanesarathnam V

Aust N Z J Obstet Gynaecol, 1991 Feb;31(1):87-9.
PMID: 1872785

Histopathological features in 89 cases of Stage 1B and early 2A invasive carcinoma of the cervix who underwent Wertheim radical hysterectomy and pelvic lymphadenectomy were studied. Depth of tumour invasion and lymphatic/vascular space permeation by tumour cells were significantly associated with lymph node metastases. The other features such as tumour type, and stromal leucocytic reaction showed no significant relationship to the presence of lymph node metastases.

Matched MeSH terms: Lymphatic Metastasis
Fulltext Combination expression of Gα12 and MAGED4B associated with poor prognosis in OSCC

Wan NurHazirah Wan Ahmad Kamil, Zuraiza Mohamad Zaini, Anand Ramanathan, Thomas Abraham, Rosnah Mohd Zain

Malaysian Journal of Medicine and Health Sciences, 2019;15(108):47-47.
MyJurnal

Introduction: Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is a major health problem worldwide. The overall survival rate remains at 50% despite numerous studies and various treatment modalities in OSCC. The presence of lymph node metastasis in OSCC is well established as an independent prognostic factor. This present study aims to investigate the association of four tumour antigens; FJX-1, GNα12, IFITM3 and MAGED4B with the sociodemographic and clinicopathological parameters of OSCC. The potential use of these markers as a prognostic indicator of patient sur-vival and lymph node metastasis in OSCC was explored. Methods: 35 cases of OSCC with available formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) specimens involving the tongue, buccal mucosa, gingiva, alveolus and floor of mouth were evaluated by immunohistochemistry for FJX-1, GNA12, IFITM3 and MAGED4B expression. Assessment of the expression of these tumour antigens was based on the cellular sub-site, intensity and percentage of staining in the OSCC samples. Results: The expression of all four tumour markers were expressed in all samples (n=35) but none statistically associated with any clinicopathological or socio-demographic parameters. Survival analysis using Kaplan-Meier test showed high expression of GNA12, IFITM3 and MAGED4B individually with poor prognosis in OSCC patients. A combination of markers, GNA12 and MAGED4B demonstrated a significant association with pa-tient survival in OSCC (p=0.014). Multivariate analysis after adjustment for selected socio-demographic factors (age, gender, risk habits and sub-sites of the oral cavity) revealed that high expression of both MAGED4B and GNA12 remained as an independent prognostic factor for poor prognosis in OSCC (HRR =5.231, 95% CI 1.601,17.084; p=0.006). Conclusion: We concluded that high combined expression of both marker (Gα12 and mAGED4B) might be used as an independent prognostic indicator in OSCC.

Matched MeSH terms: Lymphatic Metastasis
Hedgehog signalling molecule, SMO is a poor prognostic marker in bladder cancer

Mohd Ariffin K, Abd Ghani F, Hussin H, Md Said S, Yunus R, Veerakumarasivam A, et al.

Malays J Pathol, 2021 Apr;43(1):49-54.
PMID: 33903305

INTRODUCTION: Hedgehog (HH) pathway is an important signalling cascade for growth and patterning during embryonic development. Constitutive activation of Hedgehog pathway can be found in various types of malignancies including medulloblastoma, basal cell carcinoma, gastrointestinal, breast, pancreatic, prostate cancer and leukaemia. Little is known about the expression and role of Hedgehog signalling in bladder cancer.
MATERIALS AND METHODS: The purpose of this study was to investigate the immunohistochemical expression of SMO in 112 bladder cancer cases and determine their association with demographic and clinicopathological parameters. Bladder cancer tissues were obtained from the Hospital Kuala Lumpur.
RESULTS: SMO was expressed in the cytoplasm of all cases of bladder cancer. 6 cases (5.4%) showed low expression, while 106 cases (94.6%) showed high expression. Positive expression of SMO protein was correlated with a few variables which include grade and stage of tumour, lymph node metastasis and distant metastasis. SMO expression showed statistically significant association with higher grade (p=0.001) and higher stage (p=0.042) of bladder cancer. SMO expression also showed borderline association with lymph node metastasis (p=0.056).
CONCLUSION: These findings indicate that SMO expression may be a poor prognostic marker in bladder cancer.

Matched MeSH terms: Lymphatic Metastasis

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