Displaying publications 41 - 60 of 197 in total

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  1. A comparative study of the biological properties of venoms of some old world vipers (subfamily viperinae)
    Tan NH, Ponnudurai G
    Int. J. Biochem., 1992 Feb;24(2):331-6.
    PMID: 1733799
    1. The hemorrhagic, procoagulant, anticoagulant, phosphodiesterase, hyaluronidase, alkaline phosphomonoesterase, 5'-nucleotidase, arginine ester hydrolase, phospholipase A, L-amino acid oxidase and protease activities of 30 samples of venoms from nine species (12 taxa) of the old world vipers (Subfamily Viperinae) including snakes from the genera Bitis, Causus, Cerastes, Echis, Eristicophis and Pseudocerastes, were determined and the Sephadex G-75 gel filtration patterns for some of the venoms were also examined. 2. Examination of the biological properties of the venoms of the Viperinae tested indicates the presence of common venom biological characteristics at the various phylogenic levels. 3. Venoms of most species of the Viperinae examined exhibited characteristic biological properties at the species level, and this allows the differentiation of the Viperinae species by differences in their biological properties. 4. Particularly useful for this purpose, are the effects of venom on kaolin-cephalin clotting time of platelet poor rabbit plasma and the Sephadex G-75 gel filtration pattern and arginine ester hydrolase activity of the venom.
    Matched MeSH terms: Viper Venoms/enzymology; Viper Venoms/pharmacology*; Viper Venoms/chemistry
  2. Fulltext A five-year retrospective review of snakebite patients admitted to a tertiary university hospital in Malaysia
    Chew KS, Khor HW, Ahmad R, Rahman NH
    Int J Emerg Med, 2011;4:41.
    PMID: 21752254 DOI: 10.1186/1865-1380-4-41
    Although the majority of the snakebite cases in Malaysia are due to non-venomous snakes, venomous bites cause significant morbidity and mortality if treatment measures, especially ant-venom therapy, are delayed.
    Matched MeSH terms: Ant Venoms
  3. A potent anticoagulant hybrid of snake venom derived FIX-binding protein and anti-factor IX RNA aptamer: Assessed by in-silico and electrochemical analyses
    Krishnan H, Gopinath SCB
    Int J Biol Macromol, 2023 Aug 30;247:125740.
    PMID: 37423441 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.125740
    Anticoagulant therapies are crucial in the management of surgical complications as well as the prophylaxis of thrombosis. Many studies are being conducted on the Habu snake-venom anticoagulant, FIX-binding protein (FIX-Bp), for its greater potency and strong affinity to FIX clotting factor. On the other hand, the capacity to promptly reverse such acute anticoagulation is equally important. Combining a reversible anticoagulant with FIX-Bp may be advantageous in maintaining the balance between adequate anticoagulation and repealing when necessary. In this study, authors integrated FIX-Bp and RNA aptamer-based anticoagulants into a single target, FIX clotting factor, in order to achieve a robust anticoagulant effect. An in-silico and electrochemical approach were used to investigate the combination of FIX-Bp and RNA aptamers as a bivalent anticoagulant and to verify the competing or predominant binding sites of each anticoagulant. The in-silico analysis discovered that both the venom- and aptamer-anticoagulant had a strong affinity for the FIX protein at the Gla-domain and EGF-1 domain by holding 9 conventional hydrogen bonds with the binding energy of -34.859 kcal/mol. The electrochemical technique verified that both anticoagulants had different binding sites. The impedance load upon RNA aptamer binding to FIX protein was 14 %, whereas the addition of FIX-Bp caused a significant impedance rise of 37 %. This indicates that the addition of aptamers prior to FIX-Bp is a promising strategy for the conception of a hybrid anticoagulant.
    Matched MeSH terms: Snake Venoms
  4. Evaluation of the cross-neutralization capacity of Thai green pit viper antivenom against venom of Myanmar green pit viper
    Yee KT, Maw LZ, Kyaw AM, Khow O, Oo AW, Oo TKK, et al.
    Toxicon, 2020 Apr 15;177:41-45.
    PMID: 32056833 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2020.02.003
    Green pit viper (Trimeresurus sp.) bite occurred throughout Myanmar, but there is no specific antivenom produced in the country for related envenomation. Instead, Myanmar Russell's viper antivenom (Anti-MRV) was often misused because of prolonged clotting time was observed from both species. Thai green pit viper antivenom (Anti-TGPV) raised against Trimeresurus albolabris was found to be effective against venoms of more than ten Trimeresurus sp. from Thailand, Malaysia and Indonesia. The present study compared the neutralization capacities of Anti-TGPV and Anti-MRV towards the venom from T. erythrurus from Myanmar. Anti-TGPV was more efficacious than Anti-MRV in cross-neutralizing the lethal and haemorrhagic activities of the venom by a potency of a least 1.4 times higher. Although Anti-TGPV effectively cross-neutralized the coagulation activity of the venom, Anti-MRV failed to do so. Immunodiffusion and immunoblot experiments showed that Anti-TGPV cross-reacted with more protein components of the venom than Anti-MRV. In conclusion, Anti-TGPV is a better choice for patients bitten by Myanmar green pit viper, but further clinical investigation is required. The current findings highlight the development of a specific antivenom against Myanmar green pit viper venom.
    Matched MeSH terms: Crotalid Venoms*
  5. A comparative study on the biological properties of venoms from juvenile and adult common tiger snake (Notechis scutatus) venoms
    Tan NH, Ponnudurai G, Mirtschin PJ
    Comp. Biochem. Physiol., B, 1993 Nov;106(3):651-4.
    PMID: 8281760
    1. The biological properties of venoms from juvenile and adult common tiger snakes (Notechis scutatus) were compared. 2. The lethality, procoagulant activity and enzymatic activities of the juvenile venom were not substantially different from those of the adult venom. 3. Electrophoretic studies, however, indicated some minor differences in the protein composition of the juvenile and adult venoms.
    Matched MeSH terms: Elapid Venoms/analysis*
  6. Isolation and characterization of an unusual form of L-amino acid oxidase from King cobra (Ophiophagus hannah) venom
    Tan NH, Saifuddin MN
    Biochem. Int., 1989 Oct;19(4):937-44.
    PMID: 2619759
    The L-amino acid oxidase (EC 1. 4. 3. 2) from King cobra (Ophiophagus hannah) venom was purified to electrophoretic homogeneity. The molecular weight of the enzyme was determined to be 140000 when examined by gel filtration and 68000 by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The enzyme had an isoelectric point of 4.5 and an intravenous LD50 of 5 micrograms/g in mice. It is a glycoprotein and contains two moles of FAD per mole of enzyme. The enzyme exhibited unusual thermal stability and unlike most other venom L-amino acid oxidases, it was stable in alkaline solution and was not inactivated by freezing.
    Matched MeSH terms: Cobra Venoms/analysis*
  7. The anticoagulant activity of Malayan cobra (Naja naja sputatrix) venom and venom phospholipase A2 enzymes
    Tan NH, Arunmozhiarasi A
    Biochem. Int., 1989 Oct;19(4):803-10.
    PMID: 2619749
    Malayan cobra (Naja naja sputatrix) venom was found to exhibit an in vitro anticoagulant activity that was much stronger than most common cobra (genus Naja) venoms. The most potent anticoagulants of the venom are two lethal phospholipase A2 enzymes with pI's of 6.15 and 6.20, respectively. The anticoagulant activity of the venom is due to the synergistic effect of the venom phospholipase A2 enzymes and polypeptide anticoagulants. Bromophenacylation of the two phospholipase A2 enzymes reduced their enzymatic activity with a concomitant drop in both the lethal and anticoagulant activities.
    Matched MeSH terms: Cobra Venoms/pharmacology*
  8. Fulltext A study of stonefish (Synanceja) stings in Singapore with a review of the venomous fishes of Malaysia
    Phoon WO, Alfred ER
    Singapore Med J, 1965 Sep;6(3):158-63.
    PMID: 5851268
    The circumstances, clinical features, complications and progress of eighty-one cases of stonefish stings are described. There were no fatalities, few complications and no lasting ill-effects. The various forms of treatment are discussed. The venomous fishes of Malaysia are briefly reviewed. It is concluded that stonefish stings occur fairly frequently in this country and that they are attended by appreciable morbidity, but that fatal cases or cases with lasting ill-health are probably rare.
    Matched MeSH terms: Venoms/toxicity
  9. Nephrotoxicity of hump-nosed pit viper (Hypnale hypnale) venom in mice is preventable by the paraspecific Hemato polyvalent antivenom (HPA)
    Tan CH, Tan NH, Sim SM, Fung SY, Jayalakshmi P, Gnanathasan CA
    Toxicon, 2012 Dec 1;60(7):1259-62.
    PMID: 22975088 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2012.08.012
    Mice experimentally envenomed with Hypnale hypnale venom (1× and 1.5×LD₅₀) developed acute kidney injury (AKI) principally characterized by raised blood urea and creatinine. Prolonged blood clotting time and hemorrhage in lungs implied bleeding tendency. Pallor noted in most renal cortices was suggestive of renal ischemia secondary to consumptive coagulopathy. Intravenous infusion of Hemato polyvalent antivenom following experimental envenoming effectively prevented death and AKI in all mice, supporting its potential therapeutic use in envenoming cases.
    Matched MeSH terms: Crotalid Venoms/toxicity*
  10. Bitten by the "flying" tree snake, Chrysopelea paradisi
    Tan TL, Ismail AK, Kong KW, Ahmad NK
    J Emerg Med, 2012 Apr;42(4):420-3.
    PMID: 22154775 DOI: 10.1016/j.jemermed.2011.03.038
    The paradise tree snake, Chrysopelea paradisi, is a rear-fanged colubrid. Like other members of the genus Chrysopelea, it is able to glide through the air, and thus, is commonly known as a "flying snake." There are few documented effects of its bite on humans.
    Matched MeSH terms: Snake Venoms/poisoning*
  11. Ventricular bigeminy following a cobra envenomation
    Ismail AK, Weinstein SA, Auliya M, Appareo P
    Clin Toxicol (Phila), 2012 Jul;50(6):518-21.
    PMID: 22702902 DOI: 10.3109/15563650.2012.696119
    Envenoming by some species of cobras (Naja species) may include cardiotoxic effects including various dysrhythmias. However, dysrhythmias leading specifically to ventricular bigeminy have not been previously documented. We report a case of cardiotoxicity and the development of ventricular bigeminy following a cobra envenomation.
    Matched MeSH terms: Cobra Venoms/toxicity*
  12. The venom apparatus in stenogastrine wasps: subcellular features of the convoluted gland
    Petrocelli I, Turillazzi S, Delfino G
    Arthropod Struct Dev, 2014 Sep;43(5):457-68.
    PMID: 24797151 DOI: 10.1016/j.asd.2014.04.007
    In the wasp venom apparatus, the convoluted gland is the tract of the thin secretory unit, i.e. filament, contained in the muscular reservoir. Previous transmission electron microscope investigation on Stenogastrinae disclosed that the free filaments consist of distal and proximal tracts, from/to the venom reservoir, characterized by class 3 and 2 gland patterns, respectively. This study aims to extend the ultrastructural analysis to the convoluted tract, in order to provide a thorough, subcellular representation of the venom gland in these Asian wasps. Our findings showed that the convoluted gland is a continuation of the proximal tract, with secretory cells provided with a peculiar apical invagination, the extracellular cavity, collecting their products. This compartment holds a simple end-apparatus lined by large and ramified microvilli that contribute to the processing of the secretory product. A comparison between previous and present findings reveals a noticeable regionalization of the stenogastrine venom filaments and suggests that the secretory product acquires its ultimate composition in the convoluted tract.
    Matched MeSH terms: Wasp Venoms/secretion
  13. Fulltext Frequency, geographical distribution and outcomes of pit viper bites in Malaysia consulted to Remote Envenomation Consultancy Services (RECS) from 2017 to 2020
    Qamruddin RM, Safferi RS, Mohamed Ismail Z, Salleh MS, Abd Hamid MNH, Frederic Ng VER, et al.
    PLoS Negl Trop Dis, 2023 Aug;17(8):e0011569.
    PMID: 37585486 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0011569
    Not all pit viper species are present in every state of Malaysia and their distribution varies according to altitude. There is limited information on pit viper bite incidence and its geographical distribution. This was a cross-sectional study of confirmed pit viper bite cases referred to Remote Envenomation Consultancy Services (RECS) from January 2017 to December 2020. Data was collected following the approval of institutional research ethics committee. Universal sampling methods were used. Confirmed pit viper bite cases in each state, geographical location and the antivenom used were reported. A total of 523 confirmed pit viper bite injuries occurred over the 4-year study period. The majority were Malaysians, male and young adults. Most were non-occupational related (83.9%) and involved the upper limbs (46.8%). The commonest pit viper species involved was Trimeresurus purpureomaculatus (23.7%). Green pit viper antivenom (GPAV) was the most frequent antivenom used (n = 51) with the majority of patients requiring only one dose (3 vials). This study provides a better appreciation of indigenous pit viper species distribution for each state and reflects the requirement of appropriate antivenom to be stocked in each state or district hospital.
    Matched MeSH terms: Crotalid Venoms*
  14. Proteomic characterization and comparison of Malaysian Bungarus candidus and Bungarus fasciatus venoms
    Rusmili MR, Yee TT, Mustafa MR, Hodgson WC, Othman I
    J Proteomics, 2014 Oct 14;110:129-44.
    PMID: 25154052 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2014.08.001
    Kraits (Bungarus spp.) are highly venomous elapids that are only found in Asia. In the current study, 103 and 86 different proteins were identified from Bungarus candidus and Bungarus fasciatus venoms, respectively. These proteins were classified into 18 different venom protein families. Both venoms were found to contain a high percentage of three finger toxins, phospholipase A2 enzymes and Kunitz-type inhibitors. Smaller number of high molecular weight enzymes such as L-amino acid oxidase, hyaluronidases, and acetylcholinesterase were also detected in the venoms. We also detected some unique proteins that were not known to be present in these venoms. The presence of a natriuretic peptide, vespryn, and serine protease families was detected in B. candidus venom. We also detected the presence of subunit A and B of β-bungarotoxin and α-bungarotoxin which had not been previously found in B. fasciatus venom. Understanding the proteome composition of Malaysian krait species will provide useful information on unique toxins and proteins which are present in the venoms. This knowledge will assist in the management of krait envenoming. In addition, these proteins may have potential use as research tools or as drug-design templates.
    Matched MeSH terms: Snake Venoms/chemistry*
  15. Fulltext Stonefish envenomation of hand with impending compartment syndrome
    Tay TK, Chan HZ, Ahmad TS, Teh KK, Low TH, Wahab NA
    J Occup Med Toxicol, 2016;11:23.
    PMID: 27168760 DOI: 10.1186/s12995-016-0112-y
    BACKGROUND: Marine stings and envenomation are fairly common in Malaysia. Possible contact to various marine life occurs during diving, fishing and food handling. Even though majority of fish stings are benign, there are several venomous species such as puffer fish, scorpion fish, lionfish, stingray and stonefish that require urgent medical treatment. Stonefish is one of the most venomous fish in the world with potential fatal local and systemic toxicity effects to human.

    CASE PRESENTATION: We reported a case of stonefish sting complicated with impending compartment syndrome.

    CONCLUSIONS: Medical staff should be alert about the possibility of this potential emergency in standard management of stonefish stings.

    Matched MeSH terms: Fish Venoms; Venoms
  16. Fulltext The use of venom and venom-derived products in medicine and cosmetics: the ethical issues from Islamic perspective
    Muhamad Rusdi Ahmad Rusmil, Iekhsan Othman, Che Anuar Che Mohamad
    International Medical Journal Malaysia, 2018;17(101):1-6.
    MyJurnal
    Venom is a mixture of biologically active toxins that affect normal physiological functions. With the advance in technology, the complexity and functions of venom and its toxins are slowly being revealed. It has become important source for therapeutic, diagnostic and cosmetic agents. However, there is concern among the Muslim community pertaining to halal and safety issues on the venom and venom-derived product usage. There are few studies that discuss the Islamic views in the usage of venom and venom-based product in medicine and cosmetic applications. There is a need for Muslim scientists and scholars to seriously identify the potential ethical and safety issues in the usage of venom and venom-derived products in view of the widespread application in medicine and cosmetic, which subsequently forming the basis for relevant and reliable shariah ruling. This is an attempt to review the relevant articles based on the following keywords: venom and Islamic ruling, venom-based product, venom and medicine, venom and cosmetic, antivenom, venom toxin, snake poison and venom diagnostics. It will also attempt to clarify and elaborate the implication of the “halal” status for venom-based product. Finaly the current available shariah rulings on the usage of venom and venom-based product both in medical and cosmetic area and the related principle of fiqh involved will be analyzed. The findings from this review, particularly the current available ruling will allow various parties to be well informed on the current ruling and related issues on the usage of this products.
    Matched MeSH terms: Snake Venoms
  17. Fulltext An in vitro α-neurotoxin-nAChR binding assay correlates with lethality and in vivo neutralization of a large number of elapid neurotoxic snake venoms from four continents
    Pruksaphon K, Tan KY, Tan CH, Simsiriwong P, Gutiérrez JM, Ratanabanangkoon K
    PLoS Negl Trop Dis, 2020 Aug;14(8):e0008581.
    PMID: 32857757 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0008581
    The aim of this study was to develop an in vitro assay for use in place of in vivo assays of snake venom lethality and antivenom neutralizing potency. A novel in vitro assay has been developed based on the binding of post-synaptically acting α-neurotoxins to nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR), and the ability of antivenoms to prevent this binding. The assay gave high correlation in previous studies with the in vivo murine lethality tests (Median Lethal Dose, LD50), and the neutralization of lethality assays (Median Effective Dose, ED50) by antisera against Naja kaouthia, Naja naja and Bungarus candidus venoms. Here we show that, for the neurotoxic venoms of 20 elapid snake species from eight genera and four continents, the in vitro median inhibitory concentrations (IC50s) for α-neurotoxin binding to purified nAChR correlated well with the in vivo LD50s of the venoms (R2 = 0.8526, p < 0.001). Furthermore, using this assay, the in vitro ED50s of a horse pan-specific antiserum against these venoms correlated significantly with the corresponding in vivo murine ED50s, with R2 = 0.6896 (p < 0.01). In the case of four elapid venoms devoid or having a very low concentration of α-neurotoxins, no inhibition of nAChR binding was observed. Within the philosophy of 3Rs (Replacement, Reduction and Refinement) in animal testing, the in vitro α-neurotoxin-nAChR binding assay can effectively substitute the mouse lethality test for toxicity and antivenom potency evaluation for neurotoxic venoms in which α-neurotoxins predominate. This will greatly reduce the number of mice used in toxicological research and antivenom production laboratories. The simpler, faster, cheaper and less variable in vitro assay should also expedite the development of pan-specific antivenoms against various medically important snakes in many parts of the world.
    Matched MeSH terms: Elapid Venoms/immunology; Elapid Venoms/toxicity; Elapid Venoms/chemistry*
  18. A pilot experiment for production of Malayan krait antivenom: immunization of rabbits with Bungarus candidus venom
    Chanhome L, Puempunpanich S, Omori-Satoh T, Chaiyabutr N, Sitprija V
    J Nat Toxins, 2002 Dec;11(4):353-6.
    PMID: 12503879
    Immunization with Bungarus candidus venom was performed in four rabbits at high dose (initial dose, 75 microg/kg) and low dose (initial dose, 50 microg/kg). Each dose group consisted of two rabbits; one rabbit received the venom subcutaneously (s.c.) and the other intradermally (i.d.). The venom was injected as emulsified solutions with the same volume of Freund's complete adjuvant until the 4th immunization, thereafter as plain solutions. By stepwise increments of the immunizing dose, the higher dose group received a dose of 200 microg/kg and the lower dose group 150 microg/kg after the 5th immunization, respectively. Thereafter, seven additional immunizations were performed within six months. All rabbits were sacrificed two weeks after the last immunization (12th). Antilethal activity of the immunized antisera thus obtained was determined not only with the homologous venom but also with two heterologous venoms from Bungarus fasciatus and Bungarus flaviceps. Immunodiffusion analysis was also performed with these venoms. The results obtained in this pilot trial provided useful information for production of Malayan krait antivenom at Queen Saovabha Memorial Institute.
    Matched MeSH terms: Elapid Venoms/antagonists & inhibitors*; Elapid Venoms/immunology; Elapid Venoms/toxicity
  19. A comparative study of the biological properties of venoms from juvenile and adult inland taipan (Oxyuranus microlepidotus) snake venoms
    Tan NH, Ponnudurai G, Mirtschin PJ
    Toxicon, 1993 Mar;31(3):363-7.
    PMID: 8470140
    The biological properties of adult and juvenile inland taipan (Oxyuranus microlepidotus) snake venoms were examined. The enzymatic activities, intravenous median lethal dose and procoagulant activity of the juvenile venom samples were not significantly different from those of the adult venom samples. Also, the juvenile and adult venoms exhibited similar electrophoretic patterns, indicating that they possessed similar protein composition.
    Matched MeSH terms: Elapid Venoms/analysis; Elapid Venoms/enzymology; Elapid Venoms/toxicity*
  20. The biological properties of venoms from juvenile and adult taipan (Oxyuranus scutellatus) snakes
    Tan NH, Armugam A, Mirtschin PJ
    Comp. Biochem. Physiol., B, 1992 Nov;103(3):585-8.
    PMID: 1458834
    1. The biological properties of four venom pooled samples from adult taipan (Oxyuranus scutellatus) snakes and one pooled venom sample from six juvenile taipan snakes (11 months old) were compared. 2. The intravenous LD50 (median lethal dose), procoagulant activity and enzymatic activities of the juvenile venom were not significantly different from those of the adult venoms. 3. The juvenile and adult venoms exhibited similar polyacrylamide gel electrophoretic (PAGE) and SDS-PAGE patterns, indicating that they possessed a similar protein composition. 4. The results suggest that there is no significant age-dependency in the biological properties of taipan venom.
    Matched MeSH terms: Elapid Venoms/pharmacology; Elapid Venoms/toxicity*; Elapid Venoms/chemistry
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