Displaying publications 61 - 80 of 82 in total

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  1. Nissapatorn V, Kamarulzaman A, Init I, Tan LH, Rohela M, Norliza A, et al.
    Med J Malaysia, 2002 Sep;57(3):304-10.
    PMID: 12440270 MyJurnal
    A cross-sectional study was carried out in University of Malaya Medical Centre, Kuala Lumpur. Blood samples from 100 HIV-infected patients and 203 Healthy Blood Donors (HBD) were collected and anti-Toxoplasma antibodies were detected by using conventional ELISA. The seroprevalence of toxoplasmosis in HIV/AIDS and Healthy Blood Donors were found to be 21% and 28.1% respectively. There was no significant association between the seroprevalence of toxoplasmosis and various possible risk factors i.e. contact with cat, consumption of undercooked meat and history of blood transfusion in both groups. No significant differences between Toxoplasma seroprevalence in HIV/AIDS and Healthy Blood Donors in association with presence of single or multiple risk factors were found. The mean CD4 count among HIV/AIDS patients in this study was 202.23 cell/cumm. There was no significant association between CD4 count and seropositivity for Toxoplasma antibodies in HIV/AIDS patients.
  2. Quek KF, Razack AH, Chua CB, Low WY, Loh CS
    Med J Malaysia, 2003 Dec;58(5):735-42.
    PMID: 15190661
    The aim of this study was to assess the effects of treating lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) on the quality of sexual function in a one-year follow up. A total of 116 patients with LUTS received alpha-blocker treatment, 111 patients underwent transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP) and 70 patients with renal stones, with no or mild symptoms served as a control group. The patients were assessed at baseline, three months, six months and twelve months using the International Index of Erectile Function (IIEF-15). The surgical group exhibited some changes in the domain of IIEF-15. Patients in the medical group showed improvement in erectile function and intercourse satisfaction, while orgasmic, overall sexual satisfaction and sexual drive were relatively unchanged. In contrast, the surgical group suffered retrograde ejaculation and overall sexual dissatisfaction after undergoing TURP. TURP has been found to be associated with retrograde ejaculation intercourse and overall sexual dissatisfaction.
  3. Quek KF, Low WY, Razack AH, Chua CB, Loh CS
    Med J Malaysia, 2003 Aug;58(3):356-64.
    PMID: 14750375
    This study aimed to assess the sensitivity of the Malay version of the Brief Manual Sexual Function Inventory (BMSFI) on patients with and without urinary symptoms in Malaysian population. Validity and reliability were studied in patients with lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) and patients without LUTS. Reliability and validity was evaluated by using the test-retest method while internal consistency was assessed by Cronbach's alpha. Sensitivity to change was expressed as the effect size in the pre-intervention versus post-intervention score in patients who underwent transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP). Internal consistency was excellent. A high degree of internal consistency was observed for each of the 11 items and 5 domains (Cronbach's alpha value = 0.67 and higher and 0.73 and higher respectively). Test-retest correlation coefficient for the 11 items scores was highly significant. Intraclass correlation coefficient was high (ICC = 0.68 and above). The sensitivity and specificity showed a high degree of sensitivity and specificity to the effects of treatment. A high degree of significant level between baseline and post-treatment scores were observed across 3 domains in the treatment corresponds cohort but not in the control group. The Mal-BMSFI is a suitable, reliable, valid and sensitive to clinical change in the Malaysian population.
  4. Appalasamy JR, Tha KK, Quek KF, Ramaiah SS, Joseph JP, Md Zain AZ
    Medicine (Baltimore), 2018 Jun;97(22):e10876.
    PMID: 29851804 DOI: 10.1097/MD.0000000000010876
    INTRODUCTION: A substantial number of the world's population appears to end with moderate to severe long-term disability after stroke. Persistent uncontrolled stroke risk factor leads to unpredicted recurrent stroke event. The increasing prevalence of stroke across ages in Malaysia has led to the adaptation of medication therapy adherence clinic (MTAC) framework. The stroke care unit has limited patient education resources especially for patients with medication understanding and use self-efficacy. Nevertheless, only a handful of studies have probed into the effectiveness of video narrative at stroke care centers.

    METHOD: This is a behavioral randomized controlled trial of patient education intervention with video narratives for patients with stroke lacking medication understanding and use self-efficacy. The study will recruit up to 200 eligible stroke patients at the neurology tertiary outpatient clinic, whereby they will be requested to return for follow-up approximately 3 months once for up to 12 months. Consenting patients will be randomized to either standard patient education care or intervention with video narratives. The researchers will ensure control of potential confounding factors, as well as unbiased treatment review with prescribed medications only obtained onsite.

    RESULTS: The primary analysis outcomes will reflect the variances in medication understanding and use self-efficacy scores, as well as the associated factors, such as retention of knowledge, belief and perception changes, whereas stroke risk factor control, for example, self-monitoring and quality of life, will be the secondary outcomes.

    DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: The study should be able to determine if video narrative can induce a positive behavioral change towards stroke risk factor control via enhanced medication understanding and use self-efficacy. This intervention is innovative as it combines health belief, motivation, and role model concept to trigger self-efficacy in maintaining healthy behaviors and better disease management.

    TRIAL REGISTRATION: ACTRN (12618000174280).

  5. Appalasamy JR, Quek KF, Md Zain AZ, Joseph JP, Seeta Ramaiah S, Tha KK
    Patient Prefer Adherence, 2020;14:1979-1990.
    PMID: 33116441 DOI: 10.2147/PPA.S253918
    Introduction: Self-efficacy is positively associated with medication understanding and use self-efficacy (MUSE) among post-stroke patients. It is also closely related to knowledge, belief, and perception, which vary among people from different socioeconomic backgrounds and cultures. As interventions using video and peer stories have emerged to be successful on behavior modification, this study aimed to explore the effectiveness of video narratives incorporated with Health Belief constructs on MUSE and its associated factors among patients with stroke at a local setting.

    Methods: A randomized controlled trial (RCT) for 12 months was carried out on patients diagnosed with stroke at Hospital Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. The RCT recruited up to 216 eligible patients who were requested to return for two more follow-ups within six months. Consented patients were randomized to either standard care or intervention with video narratives. The control of potential confounding factors was ensured, as well as unbiased treatment review with prescribed medications, only obtained onsite.

    Results and Discussion: A repeated measure of MUSE mean score differences at T0 (baseline), T2 (6th month) and T4 (12th month) for antithrombotic, antihypertensive, and all medication categories indicated significant within and between groups differences in the intervention group (p<0.05). Moreover, this impact was reflected upon continuous blood pressure (BP) monitoring compared to the control group (F (1214) =5.23, p=0.023, ƞ2=0.024). Though BP measure differences were non-significant between the groups (p=0.552), repeated measure analysis displayed significant mean differences between intervention and control group on BP control over time (F (1.344, 287.55) =8.54, P<0.001, ƞ2=0.038). Similarly, the intervention's positive impact was also present with similar trends for knowledge, illness perception, and the belief about medicine. Though significant differences (p<0.05) of all outcome measures gradually decreased between T2 and T4 in the intervention group; nevertheless, these positive findings confirmed that personalized video narratives were able to motivate and influence MUSE and its associated factors among post-stroke patients. The significant improvement in medication-taking self-efficacy and the sustenance of BP monitoring habits among patients in the intervention group strengthened our conceptual framework's practicality.

  6. Appalasamy JR, Joseph JP, Seeta Ramaiah S, Quek KF, Md Zain AZ, Tha KK
    JMIR Aging, 2019 Mar 21;2(1):e11539.
    PMID: 31518260 DOI: 10.2196/11539
    BACKGROUND: The debilitating effects of recurrent stroke among aging patients have urged researchers to explore medication adherence among these patients. Video narratives built upon Health Belief Model (HBM) constructs have displayed potential impact on medication adherence, adding an advantage to patient education efforts. However, its effect on medication understanding and use self-efficacy have not been tested.

    OBJECTIVE: The researchers believed that culturally sensitive video narratives, which catered to a specific niche, would reveal a personalized impact on medication adherence. Therefore, this study aimed to develop and validate video narratives for this purpose.

    METHODS: This study adapted the Delphi method to develop a consensus on the video scripts' contents based on learning outcomes and HBM constructs. The panel of experts comprised 8 members representing professional stroke disease experts and experienced poststroke patients in Malaysia. The Delphi method involved 3 rounds of discussions. Once the consensus among members was achieved, the researchers drafted the initial scripts in English, which were then back translated to the Malay language. A total of 10 bilingual patients, within the study's inclusion criteria, screened the scripts for comprehension. Subsequently, a neurologist and poststroke patient narrated the scripts in both languages as they were filmed, to add to the realism of the narratives. Then, the video narratives underwent a few cycles of editing after some feedback on video engagement by the bilingual patients. Few statistical analyses were applied to confirm the validity and reliability of the video narratives.

    RESULTS: Initially, the researchers proposed 8 learning outcomes and 9 questions based on HBM constructs for the video scripts' content. However, following Delphi rounds 1 to 3, a few statements were omitted and rephrased. The Kendall coefficient of concordance, W, was about 0.7 (P

  7. Nissapatorn V, Lee C, Quek KF, Leong CL, Mahmud R, Abdullah KA
    Jpn J Infect Dis, 2004 Aug;57(4):160-5.
    PMID: 15329448
    The seroprevalence of toxoplasmosis among 505 of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)/AIDS patients was 226 (44.8%; 95% CI 42.64-51.76): 27 (47.4%) and 199 (44.4%) showed Toxoplasma seropositivity with and without toxoplasmic encephalitis (TE), respectively (P <0.05). The majority of these patients were in the 25-34 age group (44 versus 39%), male (86 versus 76%), and Chinese (49 versus 53%), though no statistical significance was found between the two. Significant differences between these two groups were noted, however, in terms of marital status, occupation, and present address. The heterosexual exhibited the most frequent behavior at risk for HIV infection, and accounted for 51 and 59% of patients with and without TE, respectively. Only 17/260 (6.5%) and 1/137 (0.7%) of them later acquired TE after receiving primary chemoprophylaxis (cotrimoxazole) and antiretroviral therapy including HAART (P <0.05). Fifty-seven (11.3%) out of those 505 patients were diagnosed with AIDS-related TE. The most common clinical manifestation was headache (56%). The computed tomography scan findings showed most lesions to be multiple (96.4%), hypodense (66.7%), and in the parietal region (39.3%). Twenty-seven (47.4%) patients had chronic (latent) Toxoplasma infection as evidenced by seropositivity for anti-Toxoplasma (IgG) antibody. At the time of diagnosis, the range of CD4 cell count was from 0-239 with a median of 25 cells/cumm. We also found that a CD4 count of less than 100 cells/cumm was significantly associated with development of TE (P <0.05). Clinical outcomes showed that among those who survived, 21 (36.8%), 16 (28.1%), and 2 (3.5%) of patients had completed treatment, transferred out, and were lost to follow up, respectively. Unfortunately, 18 (31.6%) of the cases were officially pronounced dead. Overall, 7 (12.3%) patients were detected as recurrent TE in this study.
  8. Quek KF, Low WY, Razack AH, Chua CB, Loh CS
    Int J Impot Res, 2002 Aug;14(4):310-5.
    PMID: 12152122
    The objective of this study was to validate the Malay version of the International Index of Erectile Function (IIEF-15) in patients with lower urinary tract symptoms. Reliability and validity was assessed by using the test-retest while Cronbach's alpha was used to assess internal consistency. Effect size 5was evaluated to assess the sensitivity to change in the pre-transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP) vs post-TURP. Internal consistency was excellent. A high degree of internal consistency was observed for each of the 15 items and five domains (Cronbach's alpha value=0.56 and higher and 0.74 and higher, respectively). Test-retest correlation coefficient for the 15 items and domains scores showed no significant changes. Intraclass correlation coefficient for 15 items and domains were high (ICC=0.59 and above). It can be concluded that the Mal-IIEF-15 is suitable, reliable, valid and sensitive to clinical change in the Malaysian population.
  9. Appalasamy JR, Joseph JP, Seeta Ramaiah S, Quek KF, Md Zain AZ, Tha KK
    Patient Prefer Adherence, 2019;13:1463-1475.
    PMID: 31695338 DOI: 10.2147/PPA.S215271
    Background and aim: Evidence-based prescribing practices for stroke-preventive medication have benefited stroke survivors; however, medication-nonadherence rates remain high. Medication understanding and use self-efficacy (MUSE) has shown great importance in medication-taking behavior, but its relationship with medication nonadherence in stroke-preventive regimens lacks exploration. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of MUSE and its association with nonadherence causes and other potential factors among stroke survivors in Malaysia.

    Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted among 282 stroke patients who provided informed consent and were in follow-up at the Neurology Outpatient Department of Hospital Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. The study employed a data-collection form that gathered information on sociodemographics, clinical treatment, outcome measures on MUSE, and medication-nonadherence reasons.

    Results: The prevalence of poor medication understanding and use self-efficacy among stroke patients was 46.5%, of which 29.1% had poor "learning about medication" self-efficacy, while 36.2% lacked self-efficacy in taking medication. Beliefs about medicine (74.02%) was the commonest reason for medication nonadherence, followed by medication-management issues (44.8%). In the multivariate model, independent variables significantly associated with MUSE were health literacy (AOR 0.2, 95% CI 0.069-0.581; P=0.003), medication-management issues (AOR 0.073, 95% CI 0.020-0.266; P<0.001), multiple-medication issues (AOR 0.28, 95% CI 0.085-0.925; P=0.037), beliefs about medicine (AOR 0.131, 95% CI 0.032-0.542; P=0.005), and forgetfulness/convenience issues (AOR 0.173, 95% CI 0.050-0.600; P=0.006).

    Conclusion: The relatively poor learning about medication and medication-taking self-efficacy in this study was highly associated with health literacy and modifiable behavioral issues related to nonadherence, such as medication management, beliefs about medicine, and forgetfulness/convenience. Further research ought to explore these underlying reasons using vigorous techniques to enhance medication understanding and use self-efficacy among stroke survivors to determine cause-effect relationships.

  10. Quek KF, Chua CB, Razack AH, Low WY, Loh CS
    Int J Urol, 2005 Jan;12(1):39-45.
    PMID: 15661053 DOI: 10.1111/j.1442-2042.2004.00988.x
    The purpose of the present study was to validate the Mandarin version of the International Prostate Symptom Score (Mand-IPSS) in a Malaysian population.
  11. Quek KF, Loh CS, Low WY, Razack AH, Chua CB
    Singapore Med J, 2002 Aug;43(8):391-8.
    PMID: 12507023
    This study examined the effects of treatment of lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) on the health-related quality of life (physical/functional, mental, social and global aspect), pain and prostatic symptoms.
  12. Appalasamy JR, Joseph JP, Seeta Ramaiah S, Md Zain AZ, Quek KF, Tha KK
    JMIR Aging, 2020 Jul 10;3(2):e17182.
    PMID: 32469839 DOI: 10.2196/17182
    BACKGROUND: A large number of stroke survivors worldwide suffer from moderate to severe disability. In Malaysia, long-term uncontrolled stroke risk factors lead to unforeseen rates of recurrent stroke and a growing incidence of stroke occurrence across ages, predominantly among the elderly population. This situation has motivated research efforts focused on tapping into patient education, especially related to patient self-efficacy of understanding and taking medication appropriately. Video narratives integrated with health belief model constructs have demonstrated potential impacts as an aide to patient education efforts.

    OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to investigate the feasibility and acceptability of study procedures based on a randomized controlled trial protocol of a video narratives intervention among poststroke patients. We also aimed to obtain preliminary findings of video narratives related to medication understanding and use self-efficacy (MUSE) and blood pressure control.

    METHODS: A parallel group randomized controlled trial including a control group (without video viewing) and an intervention group (with video viewing) was conducted by researchers at a neurology outpatient clinic on poststroke patients (N=54). Baseline data included patients' sociodemographic characteristics, medical information, and all outcome measures. Measurements of MUSE and blood pressure following the trial were taken during a 3-month follow-up period. Feasibility of the trial was assessed based on recruitment and study completion rates along with patients' feedback on the burden of the study procedures and outcome measures. Acceptability of the trial was analyzed qualitatively. Statistical analysis was applied to ascertain the preliminary results of video narratives.

    RESULTS: The recruitment rate was 60 out of 117 patients (51.3%). Nevertheless, the dropout rate of 10% was within the acceptable range. Patients were aged between 21 and 74 years. Nearly 50 of the patients (>85%) had adequate health literacy and exposure to stroke education. Most of the patients (>80%) were diagnosed with ischemic stroke, whereby the majority had primary hypertension. The technicalities of randomization and patient approach were carried out with minimal challenge and adequate patient satisfaction. The video contents received good responses with respect to comprehension and simplicity. Moreover, an in-depth phone interview with 8 patients indicated that the video narratives were considered to be useful and inspiring. These findings paralleled the preliminary findings of significant improvement within groups in MUSE (P=.001) and systolic blood pressure control (P=.04).

    CONCLUSIONS: The queries and feedback from each phase in this study have been acknowledged and will be taken forward in the full trial.

    TRIAL REGISTRATION: Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry ACTRN 12618000174280; https://www.anzctr.org.au/Trial/Registration/TrialReview.aspx?id=373554.

  13. Lim GP, Appalasamy JR, Ahmad B, Quek KF, Ramadas A
    BMC Public Health, 2024 Mar 14;24(1):812.
    PMID: 38486215 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-024-18328-w
    BACKGROUND: Peer-led lifestyle interventions have gained recognition as effective approaches for managing and preventing chronic diseases. However, there remains a critical knowledge gap regarding the impact and effectiveness of peer-led interventions specifically in the primary prevention of cardiovascular disease (CVD). Our systematic review aims to synthesise the available evidence and evaluate the impact of peer-led lifestyle interventions, providing invaluable insights that can guide the development of peer-led strategies for preventing CVD.

    METHODS: Systematic database searches were conducted on Ovid Medline, Embase, Cochrane Centre for Controlled Trials, PubMed and Scopus to source peer-reviewed articles published between 2013 and 2023. Reference lists of the included publications were also manually searched.

    RESULTS: Fourteen unique randomised controlled trials were identified, of which three were pilot studies. Most of the interventions were conducted among individuals at moderate to high risk of CVD and lasted for a year. There is a variety of components in intervention delivery, including group discussions and individual counselling. Peer leader training mostly covered intervention delivery, communication, and research-specific skills. Systolic blood pressure showed the most promising CVD-related improvement, while mixed results were found for several other dietary and lifestyle behavioural outcomes.

    CONCLUSION: Peer-led lifestyle interventions have shown varying effectiveness in cardiovascular health outcomes. The competencies and roles of peer leaders were identified to guide future intervention development with a more comprehensive approach to the primary prevention of CVD.

  14. Nissapatorn V, Lee CK, Cho SM, Rohela M, Anuar AK, Quek KF, et al.
    PMID: 19238664
    Three hundred and one sera of HIV/AIDS patients were tested for anti-Toxoplasma IgG antibody by ELISA technique. The seroprevalence of toxoplasmosis was 41.2% (95% CI: 35.5-46.9) in HIV/AIDS patients. The seroprevalence was significantly higher in the Malay (57.9%) than the Chinese (38.7%), followed by the Indian patients (29.6%) (p<0.05). No possible risk factor, such as contact with cats, consumption of uncooked meat, and history of blood transfusions was found to have any significant association with the presence of anti-Toxoplasma antibody in the study sample (p>0.05). Multivariate analysis was employed to find any association between Toxoplasma seroprevalence and a single subject having single or multiple risk factors. It was found that the association was not statistically significant (p>0.05). Among the HIV/AIDS study samples, 124 (41.2%) samples were found to have positive anti-Toxoplasma antibody, the association between the presence of anti-Toxoplasma antibody and CD4 cell count was determined but no statistically significant association was found (p>0.05). During the study period, only one case of active CNS toxoplasmosis was registered and the diagnostic criteria included: clinical presentations, CT scan finding, serological evidence of anti-Toxoplasma IgG antibody, and respose to anti-Toxoplasma therapy.
  15. Ramadas A, Chan CKY, Oldenburg B, Hussein Z, Quek KF
    BMC Public Health, 2018 06 08;18(1):716.
    PMID: 29884161 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-018-5640-1
    BACKGROUND: Increasing prevalence and disease burden has led to an increasing demand of programs and studies focused on dietary and lifestyle habits, and chronic diseases such as type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). We evaluated the effects of a 6-month web-based dietary intervention on Dietary Knowledge, Attitude and Behaviour (DKAB), Dietary Stages of Change (DSOC), fasting blood glucose (FBG) and glycosylated haemoglobin (HbA1c) in patients with uncontrolled HbA1c (> 7.0%) in a randomised-controlled trial (myDIDeA) in Malaysia.

    METHODS: The e-intervention group (n = 62) received a 6-month web-delivered intensive dietary intervention while the control group (n = 66) continued with their standard hospital care. Outcomes (DKAB and DSOC scores, FBG and HbA1c) were compared at baseline, post-intervention and follow-up.

    RESULTS: While both study groups showed improvement in total DKAB score, the margin of improvement in mean DKAB score in e-intervention group was larger than the control group at post-intervention (11.1 ± 0.9 vs. 6.5 ± 9.4,p 

  16. Lim GP, Appalasamy JR, Ahmad B, Quek KF, Ramadas A
    Curr Nutr Rep, 2023 Dec;12(4):721-732.
    PMID: 37976017 DOI: 10.1007/s13668-023-00507-7
    PURPOSE OF REVIEW: There is a lack of synthesized evidence on social media-delivered lifestyle interventions for managing and preventing diabetes. This scoping review aims to evaluate recently reported lifestyle interventions delivered on social media for individuals with diabetes and prediabetes.

    RECENT FINDINGS: Twelve studies were included in this review. A team of multidisciplinary healthcare professionals coordinated most interventions, half of which lasted for 6 months, and used a combination of videos, texts, images or audio to deliver the educational materials. The glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) level improved in most of the studies, followed by diabetes self-care and fasting plasma glucose. The dietary intakes were only assessed in two interventions among the individuals with prediabetes and showed promising improvements. This scoping review provides a holistic overview of the recent designs of lifestyle interventions for diabetes management and prevention on social media. This is essential for various healthcare professionals and stakeholders to formulate and implement population-based, cost-effective interventions in combating diabetes using social media.

  17. Quek KF, Low WY, Razack AH, Loh CS, Chua CB
    Asia Pac J Public Health, 2000;12(2):107-17.
    PMID: 11836919 DOI: 10.1177/101053950001200210
    This study aims to assess the impact of medical and surgical treatment on treating lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) on pain, prostatic symptoms, disease-specific quality of life and health-related quality of life. Patients scheduled for medical (alpha-blockers) and surgical treatment (transurethral resection of the prostate, TURP) were recruited in the study. The patients were assessed using the Visual Analogue Scale (VAS), Present Pain Intensity (PPI), International Prostate Symptom Score (I-PSS) and Health-Related Quality of Life (HRQOL) at 3-month, 6-month and 12-month (baseline). Before treatment, most of the patients with LUTS had severe pain, LUTS and deterioration of health-related quality of life. Following treatment, both medical and surgical treatment improved their pain, LUTS and health-related quality of life. Both treatments are effective in relieving the symptoms of pain, LUTS and health-related quality of life.
  18. Rajandram R, Koong JK, Quek KF, Lee EG, Razack AHA, Kuppusamy S
    Clin Endocrinol (Oxf), 2022 Feb 02.
    PMID: 35107834 DOI: 10.1111/cen.14682
    OBJECTIVE: To investigate non-urological patients with multiple comorbidities for factors contributing towards differences in testosterone concentration in multiethnic Malaysian men.

    DESIGN: An observational study.

    PATIENTS: Sexually active men, ≥40 years, with no known urological problems, were recruited at the phlebotomy clinic at our centre.

    MEASUREMENTS: A brief history along with latest fasting lipid profile and plasma glucose levels were obtained. An Aging Male Symptoms questionnaire was administered; waist circumference (WC) and serum testosterone concentration were measured.

    STATSTICAL ANALYSIS: Analysis of testosterone concentration between Malay, Indian and Chinese men was performed. Statistical tests such as analysis of variance, χ2 test, univariate and multivariable regression were performed. Any p  .05). In the multivariable analysis only Malay ethnicity, WC ≥ 90 cm and low high-density lipoprotein (HDL) were associated with lower testosterone concentration.

    CONCLUSION: In this study, Malaysian men of Malay origin had lower testosterone concentration compared with Indian and Chinese men. WC and low HDL were also associated with lower testosterone concentrations.

  19. Goh KL, Quek KF, Yeo GT, Hilmi IN, Lee CK, Hasnida N, et al.
    Aliment Pharmacol Ther, 2005 Nov 1;22(9):859-64.
    PMID: 16225496
    Colorectal cancer is one of the most common forms of gastrointestinal cancer in the world today. In the Asia-Pacific area, it is the fastest emerging gastrointestinal cancer.
  20. Nissapatorn V, Noor Azmi MA, Cho SM, Fong MY, Init I, Rohela M, et al.
    J Obstet Gynaecol, 2003 Nov;23(6):618-24.
    PMID: 14617462
    A total of 200 pregnant women were recruited in this cross-sectional study. The overall seroprevalence of toxoplasmosis in pregnant women was found to be 49%, in which 39%, 4% and 6% for anti-Toxoplasma IgG, IgM and both anti-Toxoplasma IgG and IgM antibodies, respectively. We found the differences in Toxoplasma seroprevalence rates among the races were significant: the highest rate was in the Malays (55.7%), followed by the Indian (55.3%) and the Chinese (19.4%) (P<0.05) populations. An increase in Toxoplasma seroprevalence with increasing parity was detected (P<0.05). Women with no children had a prevalence of 39.7%, while women with one or more than two children had a prevalence of 44.2% and 62.9%, respectively. In this study, there was no significant association between Toxoplasma seroprevalence and various possible risk factors in pregnant women (P>0.05). When multivariate analysis was performed, no significant association between Toxoplasma seroprevalence and history of contact with cats, consumption of undercooked meat and blood transfusion was found (P>0.05). We did not find any newly diagnosed cases of acute acquired toxoplasmosis in pregnancy during the study period.
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