Displaying publications 61 - 80 of 115 in total

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  1. Giant cell tumour of bone with late presentation: review of treatment and outcome
    Ng ES, Saw A, Sengupta S, Nazarina AR, Path M
    J Orthop Surg (Hong Kong), 2002 Dec;10(2):120-8.
    PMID: 12493923
    To review cases of giant cell tumour of bone or osteoclastoma managed at the University Malaya Medical Center, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, from January 1990 to December 1999.
  2. Fulltext Pattern of rheumatoid arthritis in West Malaysia
    Toh BH, Sengupta S, Ang AH, White JC, Lau KS
    Ann Rheum Dis, 1973 Mar;32(2):151-6.
    PMID: 4120913 DOI: 10.1136/ard.32.2.151
    In West Malaysia RA appears to be less common than in temperate climates, but more common than in tropical Africa; furthermore, the incidence of gout and SLE is comparable. The clinical manifestations of RA are milder than those seen in more temperate climates. Subcutaneous rheumatoid nodules have not been observed. Positive serological tests for RF are significantly higher than in the general Malaysian population, but still lower than those reported for patients with RA in temperate climates. Of the three main ethnic groups, the highest incidence of positive results is found in the Chinese.
    Study site: Arthritis Clinic, University Hospital, Kuala Lumpur (University Malaya Medical Centre, UMMC, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia)
  3. Fulltext Microtubular Dysfunction and Male Infertility
    Gunes S, Sengupta P, Henkel R, Alguraigari A, Sinigaglia MM, Kayal M, et al.
    World J Mens Health, 2020 Jan;38(1):9-23.
    PMID: 30350487 DOI: 10.5534/wjmh.180066
    Microtubules are the prime component of the cytoskeleton along with microfilaments. Being vital for organelle transport and cellular divisions during spermatogenesis and sperm motility process, microtubules ascertain functional capacity of sperm. Also, microtubule based structures such as axoneme and manchette are crucial for sperm head and tail formation. This review (a) presents a concise, yet detailed structural overview of the microtubules, (b) analyses the role of microtubule structures in various male reproductive functions, and (c) presents the association of microtubular dysfunctions with male infertility. Considering the immense importance of microtubule structures in the formation and maintenance of physiological functions of sperm cells, this review serves as a scientific trigger in stimulating further male infertility research in this direction.
  4. Role of Withania somnifera (Ashwagandha) in the management of male infertility
    Sengupta P, Agarwal A, Pogrebetskaya M, Roychoudhury S, Durairajanayagam D, Henkel R
    Reprod Biomed Online, 2018 Mar;36(3):311-326.
    PMID: 29277366 DOI: 10.1016/j.rbmo.2017.11.007
    To manage male infertility caused by hormonal imbalance, infections and other predicaments, multifarious treatment strategies are emerging worldwide. Contemporary treatments, such as assisted reproductive techniques, are costly with low success rates of only 10-30%; however, herbal remedies are gaining more attention as an alternative or supplementary therapeutic modality for male infertility. The beneficial effects induced by oral intake of the roots of a small evergreen shrub, Withania sominifera (Ashwagandha) on semen quality of infertile men have previously been studied. Oral intake of Ashwagandha roots has been found to inhibit lipid peroxidation, improve sperm count and motility, and regulate reproductive hormone levels. The molecular mechanisms of these effects, however, are yet to be unveiled. In this review, we will discuss the role of herbal medicines in male infertility; provide a detailed analysis of various human and animal studies involving Withania somnifera; describe a proposed direct oxidative mechanism involving mitigation of oxidative stress as well as an indirect mechanism consisting of a gamma-aminobutyric acid-like-mimetic pathway ameliorating hormonal balance through crosstalk among different endocrine glands to improve male fertility; and how Withania somnifera supplementation mitigates risk factor-induced male infertility as well as ameliorates male fertility.
  5. Safety profiling of pioglitazone and telmisartan combination by sub-chronic toxicity study in rat
    Sengupta P, Das A, Ibrahim F, Mandal UK, Chatterjee B, Mahmood S, et al.
    Regul Toxicol Pharmacol, 2016 Aug 26;81:155-161.
    PMID: 27569202 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2016.08.009
    It has been reported that the major cause of mortality in diabetes is cardiovascular diseases and contribution of hypertension is significant in this context. Pioglitazone, a thiazolidinedione class of therapeutic agent is used to treat type 2 diabetes mellitus. Telmisartan, an angiotensin receptor blocker antihypertensive has been reported to have beneficial effect if co-administered with pioglitazone for the management of diabetes complications. The present research work aims to evaluate the safety/toxicity profile of this combination in rat model. The investigation was carried out after co-administering the drugs to the rats for 28 days at three dose levels of 50, 100 and 150 mg/kg covering low to high dose ranges. Various hematological and biochemical parameters were studied in addition to the histopathology of the major organs in order to evaluate the toxicity profile of the combination. Absence of mortality and histopathological changes as well as unaltered hematological and biochemical parameters was observed. This preliminary investigation concludes that the combination of pioglitazone and telmisartan can primarily be stated as safe in animals, even at the dose level which is several folds higher than the intended human dose. Thus, this combination can be explored in future to develop a rational therapy regimen to treat hypertensive diabetic patients.
  6. Fulltext Coenzyme Q10, oxidative stress, and male infertility: A review
    Alahmar AT, Calogero AE, Singh R, Cannarella R, Sengupta P, Dutta S
    Clin Exp Reprod Med, 2021 Jun;48(2):97-104.
    PMID: 34078005 DOI: 10.5653/cerm.2020.04175
    Male infertility has a complex etiopathology, which mostly remains elusive. Although research has claimed that oxidative stress (OS) is the most likely underlying mechanism of idiopathic male infertility, the specific treatment of OS-mediated male infertility requires further investigation. Coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10), a vitamin-like substance, has been found in measurable levels in human semen. It exhibits essential metabolic and antioxidant functions, as well as playing a vital role in mitochondrial bioenergetics. Thus, CoQ10 may be a key player in the maintenance of biological redox balance. CoQ10 concentrations in seminal plasma directly correlate with semen parameters, especially sperm count and sperm motility. Seminal CoQ10 concentrations have been shown to be altered in various male infertility states, such as varicocele, asthenozoospermia, and medical or surgical regimens used to treat male infertility. These observations imply that CoQ10 plays an important physiological role in the maintenance and amelioration of semen quality. The present article thereby aimed to review the possible mechanisms through which CoQ10 plays a role in the regulation of male reproductive function, and to concisely discuss its efficacy as an ameliorative agent in restoring semen parameters in male infertility, as well as its impact on OS markers, sperm DNA fragmentation, pregnancy, and assisted reproductive technology outcomes.
  7. Fulltext SARS-CoV-2 infection and human semen: possible modes of contamination and transmission
    Bhattacharya K, Mukhopadhyay LD, Goswami R, Dutta S, Sengupta P, Irez T, et al.
    Middle East Fertil Soc J, 2021;26(1):18.
    PMID: 34177252 DOI: 10.1186/s43043-021-00063-6
    Background: Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), has turned into a global pandemic with multitudinous health impacts.

    Main body: In light of the higher vulnerability of men to COVID-19 than women, there is rising concerns on the impact of SARS-CoV-2 infection on male fertility and possibilities of seminal contamination and transmission. The pandemic has attributed to the brief suspension of many fertility clinics and pathology laboratories, though many remained functional. Few reports reflect that SARS-CoV-2 can contaminate the semen of COVID-19 patients as well as that of recovering patients. The viral invasion into the testis may be due to the disrupted anatomical barriers of the testis by the inflammatory responses, and the persistence of the virus in the semen may be facilitated by the testicular immune privilege. Since SARS-CoV-2 is an enveloped RNA virus, it is also theoretically possible that this virus can remain viable in the semen samples even after cryopreservation with liquid nitrogen.

    Conclusion: The present review emphasizes the possibilities of seminal dissemination of SARS-CoV-2 and thereby the chances of its sexual transmission. These perceptions and predictions are to facilitate immediate necessary actions to improvise the standard precautionary procedures for laboratory practices, including semen analysis or processing the semen sample for fertility treatments.

  8. Waist-to-height ratio and BMI as predictive markers for insulin resistance in women with PCOS in Kolkata, India
    Bhattacharya K, Sengupta P, Dutta S, Chaudhuri P, Das Mukhopadhyay L, Syamal AK
    Endocrine, 2021 04;72(1):86-95.
    PMID: 33400176 DOI: 10.1007/s12020-020-02555-3
    PURPOSE: Polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) is most commonly presented with insulin resistance (IR). Simple anthropometric indices may serve as surrogate markers of these conditions with population-based cut-off values. The present study suggests the cut-off values of waist-to-height ratio (WHtR) and body mass index (BMI) in early prediction of PCOS and IR in PCOS women based in Kolkata, a major metropolitan city in India.

    METHODS: This cross-sectional study included 66 women (aged 16-30 years) from Kolkata, India, with confirmed PCOS, using Rotterdam criteria. IR was defined following the homeostasis model assessment (HOMA). Anthropometric and biochemical data were obtained using standard protocol and compared among the PCOS subjects grouped as per IR prevalence, BMI, and WHtR values. The receiver operating characteristics (ROC) curve was applied to evaluate and compare the cut-off values of WHtR and BMI in the prediction of PCOS and IR in women with PCOS.

    RESULTS: As per ROC analysis, WHtR showed significantly higher AUC in the detection of PCOS and IR in PCOS subjects respectively, than that of BMI. The cut-off values of WHtR and BMI for PCOS were 0.560 and 28.47 respectively, and for IR in PCOS patients, were 0.620 and 29.14 respectively.

    CONCLUSIONS: The present study suggests a cut-off value of WHtR to be used as an inexpensive and noninvasive screening tool for early prediction of PCOS and IR among PCOS afflicted women based in Kolkata, India and for this prediction, the study also claims WHtR as a better index than BMI.

  9. Targeted drug delivery to the brain via intranasal nanoemulsion: Available proof of concept and existing challenges
    Chatterjee B, Gorain B, Mohananaidu K, Sengupta P, Mandal UK, Choudhury H
    Int J Pharm, 2019 Jun 30;565:258-268.
    PMID: 31095983 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2019.05.032
    Intranasal delivery has shown to circumvent blood-brain-barrier (BBB) and deliver the drugs into the CNS at a higher rate and extent than other conventional routes. The mechanism of drug transport from nose-to-brain is not fully understood yet, but several neuronal pathways are considered to be involved. Intranasal nanoemulsion for brain targeting is investigated extensively. Higher brain distribution of drug after administering intranasal nanoemulsion was established by many researchers. Issues with nasomucosal clearance are solved by formulating modified nanoemulsion; for instance, mucoadhesive nanoemulsion or in situ nanoemulgel. However, no intranasal nanoemulsion for brain targeted drug delivery has been able to cross the way from 'benches to bed-side' of patients. Possibilities of toxicity by repeated administration, irregular nasal absorption during the diseased condition, use of a high amount of surfactants are few of the persisting challenges that need to overcome in coming days. Understanding the ways how current developments has solved some challenges is necessary. At the same time, the future direction of the research on intranasal nanoemulsion should be figured out based on existing challenges. This review is focused on the current developments of intranasal nanoemulsion with special emphasis on the existing challenges that would help to set future research direction.
  10. Somatic-Immune Cells Crosstalk In-The-Making of Testicular Immune Privilege
    Dutta S, Sandhu N, Sengupta P, Alves MG, Henkel R, Agarwal A
    Reprod Sci, 2021 Sep 27.
    PMID: 34580844 DOI: 10.1007/s43032-021-00721-0
    Immunological infertility contributes significantly to the etiology of idiopathic male infertility. Shielding the spermatogenic cells from systemic immune responses is fundamental to secure normal production of spermatozoa. The body's immune system is tuned with the host self-components since the early postnatal period, while sperm first develops during puberty, thus rendering spermatogenic proteins as 'non-self' or 'antigenic.' Development of antibodies to these antigens elicits autoimmune responses affecting sperm motility, functions, and fertility. Therefore, the testes need to establish a specialized immune-privileged microenvironment to protect the allogenic germ cells by orchestration of various testicular cells and resident immune cells. This is achieved through sequestration of antigenic germ cells by blood-testis barrier and actions of various endocrine, paracrine, immune-suppressive, and immunomodulatory mechanisms. The various mechanisms are very complex and need conceptual integration to disclose the exact physiological scenario, and to facilitate detection and management of immunogenic infertility caused by disruption of testicular immune regulation. The present review aims to (a) discuss the components of testicular immune privilege; (b) explain testicular somatic and immune cell interactions in establishing and maintaining the testicular immune micro-environment; and (c) illustrate the integration of multiple mechanisms involved in the control of immune privilege of the testis.
  11. Controversies with self-emulsifying drug delivery system from pharmacokinetic point of view
    Chatterjee B, Hamed Almurisi S, Ahmed Mahdi Dukhan A, Mandal UK, Sengupta P
    Drug Deliv, 2016 Aug 15.
    PMID: 27685505
    Self-emulsifying drug delivery system (SEDDS) is an isotropic mixture of lipid, surfactant and co-surfactant, which forms a fine emulsion when comes in contact of an aqueous medium with mild agitation. SEDDS is considered as a potential platform for oral delivery of hydrophobic drug in order to overcome their poor and irregular bioavailability challenges. In spite of fewer advantages like improved solubility of drug, bypassing lymphatic transport etc., SEDDS faces different controversial issues such as the use of appropriate terminology (self-microemulsifying drug delivery system; SMEDDS or self-nanoemulsifying drug delivery system; SNEDDS), presence of high amount of surfactant, correlation of in vitro model to in vivo studies, lack of human volunteer study and effect of conversion of SEDDS to final administrable dosage form on pharmacokinetic behavior of the drug. In this review, potential issues or questions on SEDDS are identified and summarized from the pharmacokinetic point of view. Primarily this review includes the conflict between the influences of droplet size, variation in correlation between in vitro lipolysis or ex-vivo intestinal permeation and pharmacokinetic parameters, variation in in vivo results of solid and liquid SEDDS, and potential challenges or limitation of pharmacokinetic studies on human volunteers with orally administered SEDDS. In the past decades, hundreds of in vivo studies on SEDDS have been published. In the present study, only the relevant article on in vivo pharmacokinetic studies with orally administered SEDDS published in past 5-6 years are analyzed for an up to date compilation.
  12. Recent Update on Nanoemulgel as Topical Drug Delivery System
    Choudhury H, Gorain B, Pandey M, Chatterjee LA, Sengupta P, Das A, et al.
    J Pharm Sci, 2017 07;106(7):1736-1751.
    PMID: 28412398 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2017.03.042
    Being an emerging transdermal delivery tool, nanoemulgel, has proved to show surprising upshots for the lipophilic drugs over other formulations. This lipophilic nature of majority of the newer drugs developed in this modern era resulting in poor oral bioavailability, erratic absorption, and pharmacokinetic variations. Therefore, this novel transdermal delivery system has been proved to be advantageous over other oral and topical drug delivery to avoid such disturbances. These nanoemulgels are basically oil-in-water nanoemulsions gelled with the use of some gelling agent in it. This gel phase in the formulation is nongreasy, which favors user compliance and stabilizes the formulation through reduction in surface as well as interfacial tension. Simultaneously, it can be targeted more specifically to the site of action and can avoid first-pass metabolism and relieve the user from gastric/systemic incompatibilities. This brief review is focused on nanoemulgel as a better topical drug delivery system including its components screening, formulation method, and recent pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic advancement in research studies carried out by the scientists all over the world. Therefore, at the end of this survey it could be inferred that nanoemulgel can be a better and effective drug delivery tool for the topical system.
  13. Oxidative stress-induced alterations in seminal plasma antioxidants: Is there any association with keap1 gene methylation in human spermatozoa?
    Darbandi M, Darbandi S, Agarwal A, Baskaran S, Sengupta P, Dutta S, et al.
    Andrologia, 2019 Feb;51(1):e13159.
    PMID: 30298637 DOI: 10.1111/and.13159
    Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 (keap1)-nuclear factor-erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) pathway is one of the master regulators of cellular defence against oxidative stress. Epigenetic alterations like hypermethylation of keap1 gene impair keap1-Nrf2 system in several oxidative stress-associated diseases. The objective of this study was to evaluate the epigenetic status of keap1 in sperm DNA of normozoospermic subjects, having different levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in seminal plasma. Semen samples were obtained from 151 apparently healthy male partners of couples who attended the Avicenna infertility clinic. Samples were categorised into four groups according to their ROS levels: group A (n = 39, ROS 
  14. Fulltext The role of hospital environment in transmissions of multidrug-resistant gram-negative organisms
    Chia PY, Sengupta S, Kukreja A, S L Ponnampalavanar S, Ng OT, Marimuthu K
    Antimicrob Resist Infect Control, 2020 02 11;9(1):29.
    PMID: 32046775 DOI: 10.1186/s13756-020-0685-1
    Infections by multidrug-resistant (MDR) Gram-negative organisms (GN) are associated with a high mortality rate and present an increasing challenge to the healthcare system worldwide. In recent years, increasing evidence supports the association between the healthcare environment and transmission of MDRGN to patients and healthcare workers. To better understand the role of the environment in transmission and acquisition of MDRGN, we conducted a utilitarian review based on literature published from 2014 until 2019.
  15. Irisin, Energy Homeostasis and Male Reproduction
    Sengupta P, Dutta S, Karkada IR, Akhigbe RE, Chinni SV
    Front Physiol, 2021;12:746049.
    PMID: 34621189 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.746049
    Irisin is a novel skeletal muscle- and adipose tissue-secreted peptide. It is conventionally regarded as an adipomyokine and is a cleaved fragment of Fibronectin type III domain-containing protein 5 (FNDC5). It is involved in the browning of white adipose tissue, glucose tolerance, and reversing of metabolic disruptions. Fertility is closely linked to energy metabolism and the endocrine function of the adipose tissue. Moreover, there is established association between obesity and male infertility. Irisin bears strong therapeutic promise in obesity and its associated disorders, as well as shown to improve male reproductive functions. Thus, irisin is a molecule of great interest in exploring the amelioration of metabolic syndrome or obesity-induced male infertility. In this review we aim to enumerate the most significant aspects of irisin actions and discuss its involvement in energy homeostasis and male reproduction. Though current and future research on irisin is very promiscuous, a number of clarifications are still needed to reveal its full potential as a significant medicinal target in several human diseases including male infertility.
  16. Staphylococcal infections and infertility: mechanisms and management
    Dutta S, Sengupta P, Izuka E, Menuba I, Jegasothy R, Nwagha U
    Mol Cell Biochem, 2020 Nov;474(1-2):57-72.
    PMID: 32691256 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-020-03833-4
    Infertility is a subject of worldwide concern as it affects approximately 15% of couples. Among the prime contributors of infertility, urogenital bacterial infections have lately gained much clinical importance. Staphylococcal species are commensal bacteria and major human pathogens mediating an array of reproductive tract infections. Emerging evidences are 'bit by bit' revealing the mechanisms by which Staphylococci strategically disrupt normal reproductive functions. Staphylococcal species can directly or through hematogenous routes can invade the reproductive tissues. In the testicular cells, epididymis as well as in various compartments of female reproductive tracts, the pathogen recognition receptors, toll-like receptors (TLRs), can recognize the pathogen-associated molecular patterns on the Staphylococci and thereby activate inflammatory signalling pathways. These elicit pro-inflammatory mediators trigger other immune cells to infiltrate and release further inflammatory agents and reactive oxygen species (ROS). Adaptive immune responses may intensify the inflammation-induced reproductive tissue damage, particularly via activation of T-helper (Th) cells, Th1 and Th17 by the innate components or by staphylococcal exotoxins. Staphylococcal surface factors binding with sperm membrane proteins can directly impair sperm functions. Although Staphylococci, being one of the most virulent bacterial species, are major contributors in infection-induced infertility in both males and females, the mechanisms of their operations remain under-discussed. The present review aims to provide a comprehensive perception of the possible mechanisms of staphylococcal infection-induced male and female infertility and aid potential interventions to address the lack of competent therapeutic measures for staphylococcal infection-induced infertility.
  17. Fulltext Development of a binary carrier system consisting polyethylene glycol 4000 - ethyl cellulose for ibuprofen solid dispersion
    Alagdar GSA, Oo MK, Sengupta P, Mandal UK, Jaffri JM, Chatterjee B
    Int J Pharm Investig, 2017 12 1;7(3):142-148.
    PMID: 29184827 DOI: 10.4103/jphi.JPHI_54_17
    Background and Objective: One of the established strategies to improve solubility and dissolution rate of poorly water-soluble drugs is solid dispersion (SD). Polyethylene glycol (PEG) is used as common carrier despite its stability problem which may be overcome by the addition of hydrophobic polymer. The present research aimed to develop an SD formulation with ibuprofen, a poor water-soluble BCS Class II drug as active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) and PEG 4000-ethyl cellulose (EC) as binary carrier.

    Methods: Melt mixing SD method was employed using a ratio of API: binary carrier (1:3.5 w/w) (SDPE). Another SD was prepared using only PEG (SDP) as a carrier for comparative study. The developed formulation was evaluated using optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), determination of moisture content, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), in vitro dissolution test, attenuated total reflection-Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR) and flow properties.

    Results: SEM and DSC indicated the conversion of crystalline ibuprofen to fine partly amorphous solid dispersion, which was responsible for the increase in dissolution rate of SD than a physical mixture. The release characteristics within 1 h from the higher to the lower value were the SDPE> SDP> physical mixture. Flow property evaluation using the angle of repose showed no difference between SD and PM. However, by Carr index and Hausner ratio, the flow properties of SDPE was excellent.

    Conclusion: The SD formulation with the PEG 4000-EC carrier can be effective to enhance in vitro dissolution of ibuprofen immediate release dosage form.

  18. Pharmacokinetic and Pharmacodynamic Features of Nanoemulsion Following Oral, Intravenous, Topical and Nasal Route
    Choudhury H, Gorain B, Chatterjee B, Mandal UK, Sengupta P, Tekade RK
    Curr Pharm Des, 2017;23(17):2504-2531.
    PMID: 27908273 DOI: 10.2174/1381612822666161201143600
    BACKGROUND: Most of the active pharmaceutical ingredients discovered recently in pharmaceutical field exhibits poor aqueous solubility that pose major problem in their oral administration. The oral administration of these drugs gets further complicated due to their short bioavailability, inconsistent absorption and inter/intra subject variability.

    METHODS: Pharmaceutical emulsion holds a significant place as a primary choice of oral drug delivery system for lipophilic drugs used in pediatric and geriatric patients. Pharmacokinetic studies on nanoemulsion mediated drugs delivery approach indicates practical feasibility in regards to their clinical translation and commercialization.

    RESULTS: This review article is to provide an updated understanding on pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic features of nanoemulsion delivered via oral, intravenous, topical and nasal route.

    CONCLUSION: The article is of huge interest to formulation scientists working on range of lipophilic drug molecules intended to be administered through oral, intravenous, topical and nasal routes for vivid medical benefits.

  19. Arsenic-Induced Sex Hormone Disruption: An Insight into Male Infertility
    Choudhury BP, Roychoudhury S, Sengupta P, Toman R, Dutta S, Kesari KK
    Adv Exp Med Biol, 2022;1391:83-95.
    PMID: 36472818 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-12966-7_6
    Arsenic (As) is one of the most potent natural as well as anthropogenic metalloid toxicants that have various implications in the everyday life of humans. It is found in several chemical forms such as inorganic salt, organic salt, and arsine (gaseous form). Although it is mostly released via natural causes, there are many ways through which humans come in contact with As. Drinking water contamination by As is one of the major health concerns in various parts of the world. Arsenic exposure has the ability to induce adverse health effects including reproductive problems. Globally, around 15% of the couples are affected with infertility, of which about 20-30% are attributed to the male factor. Arsenic affects the normal development and function of sperm cells, tissue organization of the gonads, and also the sex hormone parameters. Stress induction is one of the implications of As exposure. Excessive stress leads to the release of glucocorticoids, which impact the oxidative balance in the body leading to overproduction of reactive oxygen species (ROS). This may in turn result in oxidative stress (OS) ultimately interfering with normal sperm and hormonal parameters. This study deals with As-induced OS and its association with sex hormone disruption as well as its effect on sperm and semen quality.
  20. Fulltext Viral Pandemics of the Last Four Decades: Pathophysiology, Health Impacts and Perspectives
    Roychoudhury S, Das A, Sengupta P, Dutta S, Roychoudhury S, Choudhury AP, et al.
    Int J Environ Res Public Health, 2020 12 15;17(24).
    PMID: 33333995 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17249411
    The twenty-first century has witnessed some of the deadliest viral pandemics with far-reaching consequences. These include the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) (1981), Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (SARS-CoV) (2002), Influenza A virus subtype H1N1 (A/H1N1) (2009), Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV) (2012) and Ebola virus (2013) and the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) (2019-present). Age- and gender-based characterizations suggest that SARS-CoV-2 resembles SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV with regard tohigher fatality rates in males, and in the older population with comorbidities. The invasion-mechanism of SARS-CoV-2 and SARS-CoV, involves binding of its spike protein with angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptors; MERS-CoV utilizes dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DPP4), whereas H1N1 influenza is equipped with hemagglutinin protein. The viral infections-mediated immunomodulation, and progressive inflammatory state may affect the functions of several other organs. Although no effective commercial vaccine is available for any of the viruses, those against SARS-CoV-2 are being developed at an unprecedented speed. Until now, only Pfizer/BioNTech's vaccine has received temporary authorization from the UK Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency. Given the frequent emergence of viral pandemics in the 21st century, proper understanding of their characteristics and modes of action are essential to address the immediate and long-term health consequences.
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