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In-vitro susceptibilities of Streptococcus pneumoniae strains isolated in Malaysia to six antibiotics

Rohani MY, Parasakthi N, Raudzah A, Yasim MY

J Antimicrob Chemother, 1999 Dec;44(6):852-3.
PMID: 10590295
Matched MeSH terms: Drug Resistance, Microbial
Development of Aeromonas hydrophila bacteremia in a patient recovering from cholera

Riley PA, Parasakthi N, Liam CK

Clin Infect Dis, 1996 May;22(5):867-8.
PMID: 8722957
Matched MeSH terms: Drug Resistance, Microbial
Effects of quinine and of chloroquine in vitro against a strain of chloroquine-resistant Plasmodium falciparum that displays a relative resistance to quinine in vivo

Rieckmann KH, McNamara JV, Powell RD

Mil Med, 1969 Sep;134(10):795-801.
PMID: 4987058
Matched MeSH terms: Drug Resistance, Microbial
Fulltext Tetracycline resistant cholera in Kelantan

Ranjit K, Nurahan M

Med J Malaysia, 2000 Mar;55(1):143-5.
PMID: 11072502 MyJurnal

Sensitivity testing on Vibrio cholerae isolates during an epidemic in 1998 in Kelantan identified strains resistant to tetracycline. This prompted a change in the usual management of cholera in Kelantan. The antibiotic of choice was changed from tetracycline to erythromycin.

Matched MeSH terms: Drug Resistance, Microbial
Polymorphisms in the host CYP2C19 gene and antibiotic-resistance attributes of Helicobacter pylori isolates influence the outcome of triple therapy

Ram M R, Teh X, Rajakumar T, Goh KL, Leow AHR, Poh BH, et al.

J Antimicrob Chemother, 2019 01 01;74(1):11-16.
PMID: 30403784 DOI: 10.1093/jac/dky401

Objectives: Eradication of Helicobacter pylori is influenced by susceptibility to antimicrobial agents, elevated bacterial load and degree of acid inhibition, which can be affected by genotypes of drug-metabolizing enzymes [cytochrome P450 (CYP) 2C19 polymorphism]. Theoretically, the choice and dose of proton pump inhibitor may also influence the suppression of H. pylori infection. The CYP2C19 genotype has recently been found to have an impact on peptic ulcer healing, H. pylori eradication and therapeutic efficacy of proton pump inhibitors.
Methods: Here, we investigated the impact of the CYP2C19 genotype polymorphism and the success of triple therapy (fluoroquinolones/metronidazole/clarithromycin) on antibiotic-resistant strains in eradicating H. pylori in human subjects with non-ulcer dyspepsia (NUD), in human subjects with peptic ulcer disease (PUD) and in asymptomatic human subjects (positive and negative for H. pylori infection).
Results: Based on the CYP2C19 genotypes, determined by Droplet Digital PCR (ddPCR) analysis, we found 11.2%, 62.5% and 26.3% corresponding to rapid metabolizers, intermediate metabolizers and poor metabolizers, respectively. However, we did not find any significant effect for homozygous ABCB1 or CYP2C19*2 and CYP2C19*3 alleles. We detected several participants heterozygous for both ABCB1 and CYP2C19*2, CYP2C19*3 and CYP2C19*17 loci. The participants heterozygous for both ABCB1 and CYP2C19*2 and *3 loci should be defined as intermediate and poor metabolizers according to the haplotype analysis in the NUD, PUD and asymptomatic subjects.
Conclusions: Consequently, fluoroquinolones/metronidazole/clarithromycin-based triple therapies can be used to eradicate H. pylori infection, if one does not know the CYP2C19 genotype of the patient.

Matched MeSH terms: Drug Resistance, Microbial*
Fulltext Identification and occurrence of antibiotic resistance of staphylococcus aureus and escherichia coli isolated from recreational parks around Kota Kinabalu, SabahRajeena Sugumaran

Rajeena Sugumaran, Pamela David Jocksing, Nur Athirah Yusof

Borneo International Journal of Biotechnology, 2020;1(1):55-75.
MyJurnal

Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) and Escherichia coli (E. coli) are contributors to infection cases among the Asian population. S. aureus is found in the mucous lining of noses and is mainly non-pathogenic while E. coli, mostly harmless bacteria, are found in the intestine. Pathogenic strains of both bacteria have adverse effects on the elderly and younger age group of the population. Samples were collected from recreational parks around Kota Kinabalu as they are hotspots frequently visited by families with both age groups. The bacterial samples were isolated and cultured on selective media such as Baird-Parker agar (BPA), Brain Heart Infusion (BHI) agar, MacConkey agar and Eosin-Methylene Blue (EMB) agar. Morphological characteristics of bacterial growth were observed, where S. aureus had black-shiny growth in BPA and E. coli had a metallic-green sheen in EMB agar. The suspected bacteria samples were then stained and viewed under a light microscope. S. aureus was identified as gram-positive, stained violet with a circular shape and clustered appearance. E. coli was identified as gram-negative, stained red, rod-shaped with 2 – 3 bacterial alignment. Antibiotic resistance test resulted in S. aureus and E. coli samples did not display 100% resistance among 4 antibiotics tested (ampicillin, penicillin, tetracycline and chloramphenicol). Most of the bacteria samples were a minimum inhibitory of 0.1 mg/mL of antibiotic concentration. These results provide a foundation for further research on identifying bacterial strains using molecular methods. The findings can then be used to disseminate information to the public to create awareness of potential disease outbreaks in the city.

Matched MeSH terms: Drug Resistance, Microbial
Characterization of Burkholderia pseudomallei isolated in Thailand and Malaysia

Radua S, Ling OW, Srimontree S, Lulitanond A, Hin WF, Yuherman, et al.

Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis, 2000 Nov;38(3):141-5.
PMID: 11109011

A total of 35 Burkholderia pseudomallei isolates from Thailand (16 clinical and eight soil isolates) and Malaysia (seven animal, two isolate each from clinical and soil) were investigated by their antimicrobial resistance, plasmid profiles and were typed by randomly amplified polymorphic DNA analysis. All isolates were found to be resistant to six or more of the 12 antimicrobial agents tested. Only two small plasmids of 1.8 and 2.4 megadalton were detected in two clinical isolates from Thailand. RAPD analysis with primer GEN2-60-09 resulted in the identification of 35 RAPD-types among the 35 isolates. The constructed dendrogram differentiated the 35 isolates into two main clusters and a single isolate. The wide genetic biodiversity among the 35 isolates indicate that RAPD-PCR can be a useful method to differentiate unrelated B. pseudomallei in epidemiological investigation.

Matched MeSH terms: Drug Resistance, Microbial
Detection of Escherichia coli O157:H7 by multiplex PCR and their characterization by plasmid profiling, antimicrobial resistance, RAPD and PFGE analyses

Radu S, Ling OW, Rusul G, Karim MI, Nishibuchi M

J Microbiol Methods, 2001 Aug;46(2):131-9.
PMID: 11412923

Twenty-five and three strains of Escherichia coli O157:H7 were identified from 25 tenderloin beef and three chicken meat burger samples, respectively. The bacteria were recovered using the immunomagnetic separation procedure followed by selective plating on sorbitol MacConkey agar and were identified as E. coli serotype O157:H7 with three primer pairs that amplified fragments of the SLT-I, SLT-II and H7 genes in PCR assays. Susceptibility testing to 14 antibiotics showed that all were resistant to two or more antibiotics tested. Although all 28 strains contained plasmid, there was very little variation in the plasmid sizes observed. The most common plasmid of 60 MDa was detected in all strains. We used DNA fingerprinting by randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) to compare the 28 E. coli O157:H7 strains. At a similarity level of 90%, the results of PFGE after restriction with XbaI separated the E. coli O157:H7 strains into 28 single isolates, whereas RAPD using a single 10-mer oligonucleotides separated the E. coli O157:H7 strains into two clusters and 22 single isolates. These typing methods should aid in the epidemiological clarification of the E. coli O157:H7 in the study area.

Matched MeSH terms: Drug Resistance, Microbial
Molecular characterization of Salmonella weltevreden isolated from poultry: evidence of conjugal transfer of plasmid and antibiotic resistance

Radu S, Mutalib SA, Rusul G, Hassan Z, Yeang LK

Microbios, 2001;104(407):39-47.
PMID: 11229656

Ten strains of Salmonella weltevreden isolated from poultry sources were examined and found to contain plasmid DNA ranging in size from 1.8 to 68.5 MD. All isolates were susceptible to carbenicillin, cephalothin, ceftriazone, gentamicin, kanamycin and nalidixic acid, but resistance to bacitracin (100%), penicillin G (100%), rifampicin (100%), sulphamethoxazole (100%), cefuroxime (80%) and tetracycline (60%) was recorded. The 55 MD plasmid of strain SW5 determined resistance to penicillin G and tetracycline, which was transmissible to the E. coli K12 recipient at a frequency of 3.52 x 10(-5) transconjugants per input donor cell. The results of arbitrarily primed polymerase chain reaction (AP-PCR), using two 10-mer oligonucleotides and PCR-ribotyping to differentiate between the ten strains of S. weltevreden were compared. The strains were separated into ten different genome types by AP-PCR but were indistinguishable by PCR-ribotyping. These results suggest that poultry may constitute a reservoir for disseminating antibiotic resistance and that AP-PCR may be a valuable tool for epidemiological studies.

Matched MeSH terms: Drug Resistance, Microbial/genetics
Molecular characterization of Vibrio cholerae O1 and non-O1 from human and environmental sources in Malaysia

Radu S, Ho YK, Lihan S, Yuherman, Rusul G, Yasin RM, et al.

Epidemiol Infect, 1999 Oct;123(2):225-32.
PMID: 10579441

A total of 31 strains of Vibrio cholerae O1 (10 from outbreak cases and 7 from surface water) and non-O1 (4 from clinical and 10 from surface water sources) isolated between 1993 and 1997 were examined with respect to presence of cholera enterotoxin (CT) gene by PCR-based assays, resistance to antibiotics, plasmid profiles and random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) analysis. All were resistant to 9 or more of the 17 antibiotics tested. Identical antibiotic resistance patterns of the isolates may indicate that they share a common mode of developing antibiotic resistance. Furthermore, the multiple antibiotic resistance indexing showed that all strains tested originated from high risk contamination. Plasmid profile analysis by agarose gel electrophoresis showed the presence of small plasmids in 12 (7 non-O1 and 5 O1 serotypes) with sizes ranging 1.3-4.6 MDa. The CT gene was detected in all clinical isolates but was present in only 14 (6 O1 serotype and 8 non-O1 serotype) isolates from environmental waters. The genetic relatedness of the clinical and environmental Vibrio cholerae O1 and non-O1 strains was investigated by RAPD fingerprinting with four primers. The four primers generated polymorphisms in all 31 strains of Vibrio cholerae tested, producing bands ranging from < 250 to 4500 bp. The RAPD profiles revealed a wide variability and no correlation with the source of isolation. This study provides evidence that Vibrio cholerae O1 and non-O1 have significant public health implications.

Matched MeSH terms: Drug Resistance, Microbial
Detection and molecular characterization of Vibrio vulnificus from coastal waters of Malaysia

Radu S, Yuherman, Rusul G, Yeang LK, Nishibuchi M

Southeast Asian J. Trop. Med. Public Health, 2000 Dec;31(4):668-73.
PMID: 11414409

A total of 57 Vibrio vulnificus isolates from coastal water were characterized for their antimicrobial resistance, plasmid profiles and were typed by the PCR-based techniques: a random amplification of polymorphic DNA (RAPD) method and the enterobacterial repetitive intergenic consensus sequence (ERIC) method. All isolates were susceptible to chloramphenicol, nalidixic acid, tetracycline and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole. Fifty-one isolates were resistant to one or more of the other antibiotics tested. Plasmid analysis indicated that only 18 isolates carried small plasmids of 1.6 to 16 megadaltons. Analysis of the RAPD and ERIC DNA fingerprints of the V. vulnificus isolates with Gel Compare and cluster analysis software revealed significant genetic heterogeneity among these isolates. The combination of RAPD and ERIC analysis allowed us to distinguish all isolates. Thus, the combination of the two techniques is recommended for epidemiological investigation.

Matched MeSH terms: Drug Resistance, Microbial
Occurrence of the vanA and vanC2/C3 genes in Enterococcus species isolated from poultry sources in Malaysia

Radu S, Toosa H, Rahim RA, Reezal A, Ahmad M, Hamid AN, et al.

Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis, 2001 Mar;39(3):145-53.
PMID: 11337180

Enterococcus species isolated from poultry sources were characterized for their resistance to antibiotics, plasmid content, presence of van genes and their diversity by randomly amplified polymorphic DNA-polymerase chain reaction (RAPD-PCR). The results showed that all isolates were multi-resistance to the antibiotics tested. Ampicillin (15/70) followed by chloramphenicol (37/70) were the most active antibiotics tested against the Enterococcus spp. isolates, while the overall resistant rates against the other antibiotics were between 64.3% to 100%. All vancomycin-resistant E. faecalis, E. durans, E. hirae and E. faecium isolates tested by the disk diffusion assay were positive in PCR detection for presence of vanA gene. All E. casseliflavus isolates were positive for vanC2/C3 gene. However, none of the Enterococcus spp. isolates were positive for vanB and vanC1 genes. Plasmids ranging in sizes between 1.1 to ca. 35.8 MDa were detected in 38/70 of the Enterococcus isolates. When the genetic relationship among all isolates of the individual species were tested by RAPD-PCR, genetic differences detected suggested a high genetic polymorphisms of isolates in each individual species. Our results indicates that further epidemiological studies are necessary to elucidate the role of food animals as reservoir of VRE and the public health significance of infections caused by Enterococcus spp.

Matched MeSH terms: Drug Resistance, Microbial
Characterization of Vibrio vulnificus isolated from cockles (Anadara granosa): antimicrobial resistance, plasmid profiles and random amplification of polymorphic DNA analysis

Radu S, Elhadi N, Hassan Z, Rusul G, Lihan S, Fifadara N, et al.

FEMS Microbiol Lett, 1998 Aug 01;165(1):139-43.
PMID: 9711850

Antibiotic susceptibility, plasmid profiles and random amplification of polymorphic DNA (RAPD) were used to study strains of Vibrio vulnificus isolated from cockles (Anadara granosa). Thirty-six isolates were analyzed. The prevalent biotypes were 1 (72.2% of the isolates) and 2 (27.8%). Among these, 21 strains of biotype 1 and two strains of biotype 2 contained plasmid DNA bands ranging in size from 1.4 to 9.7 MDa. Thirty-one (83.3%) were found to be resistant to one or more of the antimicrobial agents tested, however no specific correlation between antimicrobial resistance patterns and a single biotype was found. In addition, no particular plasmid profile was predictive of a particular pattern of antibiotic susceptibility. Two primers produced polymorphisms in all strains tested, producing bands ranging from 0.25 to 2.7 kb, indicating a high variability among both biotype 1 and biotype 2 of the V. vulnificus strains investigated. RAPD identity across biotypes was also observed among Vibrio vulnificus strains.

Matched MeSH terms: Drug Resistance, Microbial
Fulltext Susceptibility of 57 strains Ps. pseudomallei to some new B-lactams and other antibiotics

Puthucheary SD, Parasakthi N

Med J Malaysia, 1987 Dec;42(4):248-51.
PMID: 3454397

Fifty seven strains of Pseudomonas pseudomallei were tested for in vitro susceptibility to 15 antimicrobial agents. Amongst the generally recommended antibiotics for therapy of melioidosis, only 86%, 84% and 58% of the strains were found to be sensitive to trimethoprim-sulphamethoxazole, chloramphenicol and tetracycline respectively. Of the newer B-Iactams, in descending order of activity were, ceftazidime, ceftriaxone, cefotaxime, cefoperazone and cefuroxime. But on a weight for weight basis, ceftazidime was the most active agent and as such, may be considered in the therapy of acute septicaemic melioidosis."

Matched MeSH terms: Drug Resistance, Microbial
The sensitivity of staphylococci to antibiotics

Puthucheary SD, Chen ST, Dugdale AE

Med J Malaya, 1972 Jun;26(4):262-5.
PMID: 5069415
Matched MeSH terms: Drug Resistance, Microbial
Fulltext Campylobacter enteritis in children: clinical and laboratory findings in 137 cases

Puthucheary SD, Parasakthi N, Liew ST, Chee YW

Singapore Med J, 1994 Oct;35(5):453-6.
PMID: 7701360

One hundred and thirty-seven children with Campylobacter diarrhoea were reviewed. The predominant species was C. jejuni. Ninety-five percent of the children were below 5 years of age with 61% of these being 2-12 months old. A slight male preponderance was noted. About half the cases presented with fever and bloody diarrhoea; vomiting was seen in 28% and abdominal colic in only 8%. Moderate to severe diarrhoea was present in 48% of the children. Thirty-seven percent had a history of recent or concurrent illness. Other bacterial enteropathogens together with Campylobacter were isolated in 15% of the children. Erythromycin, the most useful drug, when indicated for Campylobacter infections, had an MIC90 of 2 mg/l with 96.2% of the strains being sensitive.

Matched MeSH terms: Drug Resistance, Microbial
A comparative study of the efficacy of chloroquine and a combination of dapsone and pyrimethamine in the prophylaxis of malaria in Peninsular Malaysia

Ponnampalam JT, Seow CL, Roy OS

J Trop Med Hyg, 1976 Oct;79(10):220-5.
PMID: 796479
Matched MeSH terms: Drug Resistance, Microbial
Fulltext Falciparum malaria resistant to Fansidar (sulphadoxine-pyrimethamine) occurring in three children of the same family

Ponnampalam JT

Singapore Med J, 1982 Feb;23(1):37-8.
PMID: 7051329

Three cases of multiple drug resistant falciparum malaria in the same family are described. It is interesting to note that faIciparum malaria resistant to Fansidar has not as yet been reported in adults from West Malaysia up to the present time, although resistance to the drug in children is being encountered not infrequently. This presents a serious paediatric problem because malaria causes the highest incidence of mortality and morbidity in this age group in a proportion of the rural population.

Matched MeSH terms: Drug Resistance, Microbial
Fulltext Studies on sulfone resistance in leprosy. I. Detection of cases.

Pettit JHS, Rees RJW, Ridley DS

Int. J. Lepr. Other Mycobact. Dis., 1966 Oct-Dec;34(3):375-90.
PMID: 6006069

From an extensive search of one of the largest inpatient leprosaria in the world, at Sungei Buloh, Malaysia, nine patients with lepromatous leprosy were discovered who gave prima facie evidence of sulfone resistance. The evidence was based on a failure to show clinical improvement over at least five years despite treatment with sulfones and an absence of a satisfactory fall in the bacteriologic (BI) or the morphologic (MI) index. The selected patients were admitted to our Research Unit for (a) a further six month, rigorously controlled, trial period on DDS (as injectable sulfone, 300 mgm. twice weekly) and (b) DDS sensitivity tests, based on use of the foot pad infection in mice with bacilli obtained from skin biopsies. The response of the nine patients to the six month trial period on DDS was assessed clinically, bacteriologically and histologically, and revealed that only four of the patients failed to respond satisfactorily. Furthermore, the sensitivity tests in the mouse foot pad infection showed that only the strains of M. leprae from the four patients who failed to improve were insensitive to DDS. Thus there was a good correlation between the results of the clinical and experimental studies and for the first time direct proof for the existence of DDS resistant strain s of M. leprae. The MI proved to be the most sensitive of the assessments used to determine the response of the selected patients to a trial period on DDS. The histology of patients with drug resistance is essentially that of relapsing or very acute leprosy. Its features have much in common with those of "histoid" lesions, the latter being distinguished mainly by the absence of cytologic maturation. Classification is complicated by the presence of borderline features in otherwise lepromatous lesions.

Matched MeSH terms: Drug Resistance, Microbial*
Fulltext Studies on sulfone resistance in leprosy. 2. Treatment with a riminophenazine derivative (B.663).

Pettit JHS, Rees RJW

Int. J. Lepr. Other Mycobact. Dis., 1966 Oct-Dec;34(4):391-7.
PMID: 6006070

The first three patients with proven DDS-resistant leprosy infections were treated for one year with the riminophenazine
derivative B.663 (300 mgm. daily for six days a week). All of them showed satisfactory clinical, bacteriologic and histologic
improvement, which at the time of writing has been maintained for a total period of 28 months. The results show that
active leprosy resulting from resistance to one drug can still respond satisfactorily to a different type of drug, as is the case with drug resistance in other bacterial infections. In this limited study B.663 showed no toxicity, but the degree of skin discoloration was disconcerting to Chinese patients.

Matched MeSH terms: Drug Resistance, Microbial*

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