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Accumulation, Persistence, and Effects of Indospicine Residues in Camels Fed Indigofera Plant

Tan ET, Al Jassim R, Cawdell-Smith AJ, Ossedryver SM, D'Arcy BR, Fletcher MT

J Agric Food Chem, 2016 Aug 31;64(34):6622-9.
PMID: 27477889 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.6b02707

Indospicine (l-2-amino-6-amidinohexanoic acid) is a natural hepatotoxin found in all parts of some Indigofera plants such as Indigofera linnaei and Indigofera spicata. Several studies have documented a susceptibility to this hepatotoxin in different species of animals, including cattle, sheep, dogs, and rats, which are associated with mild to severe liver disease after prolonged ingestion. However, there is little published data on the effects of this hepatotoxin in camels, even though Indigofera plants are known to be palatable to camels in central Australia. The secondary poisoning of dogs after prolonged dietary exposure to residual indospicine in camel muscle has raised additional food safety concerns. In this study, a feeding experiment was conducted to investigate the in vivo accumulation, excretion, distribution, and histopathological effects of dietary indospicine on camels. Six young camels (2-4 years old), weighing 270-390 kg, were fed daily a roughage diet consisting of Rhodes grass hay and lucerne chaff, supplemented with Indigofera and steam-flaked barley. Indigofera (I. spicata) was offered at 597 mg DM/kg body weight (bw)/day, designed to deliver 337 μg indospicine/kg bw/day, and fed for a period of 32 days. Blood and muscle biopsies were collected over the period of the study. Concentrations of indospicine in the plasma and muscle biopsy samples were quantitated by validated ultraperformance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS). The highest concentrations in plasma (1.01 mg/L) and muscle (2.63 mg/kg fresh weight (fw)) were found at necropsy (day 33). Other tissues were also collected at necropsy, and analysis showed ubiquitous distribution of indospicine, with the highest indospicine accumulation detected in the pancreas (4.86 ± 0.56 mg/kg fw) and liver (3.60 ± 1.34 mg/kg fw), followed by the muscle, heart, and kidney. Histopathological examination of liver tissue showed multiple small foci of predominantly mononuclear inflammatory cells. After cessation of Indigofera intake, indospicine present in plasma in the remaining three camels had a longer terminal elimination half-life (18.6 days) than muscle (15.9 days), and both demonstrated monoexponential decreases.

Matched MeSH terms: Liver/metabolism; Liver/chemistry
Acetylcholinesterase inhibitory activity of star fruit and its effect on serum lipid profiles in rats

Teh, C.C., Khoo, Z.Y., Khursiah, F., Rao, N.K., Chin, J.H.

International Food Research Journal, 2010;17(4):987-994.
MyJurnal

The objective of this study was to examine the effects of different storage conditions of star fruit (Averrhoa carambola) juice on the activity of acetylcholinesterase in various organs of Sprague Dawley (SD) rats. The effect of oral administration of star fruit on serum lipid profiles was also examined in this study. A total of 15 female rats were assigned into three groups with five animals per group (n=5). The first group served as control group and given only distilled water (vehicle) while the other two groups were given different star fruit preparations, i.e. freshly prepared star fruit juice and after 3 hours storage, respectively. From the results obtained, a significant decrease in the hepatic acetylcholinesterase activity was observed in rats treated with star fruit juice. In conclusion, the star fruit juice at different storage conditions is selectively targeted on the acetylcholinesterase activity in rat liver but not in kidney and heart.

Matched MeSH terms: Liver
Acute and subacute toxicity profiles of thymoquinone-loaded nanostructured lipid carrier in BALB/c mice

Ong YS, Saiful Yazan L, Ng WK, Noordin MM, Sapuan S, Foo JB, et al.

Int J Nanomedicine, 2016 11 09;11:5905-5915.
PMID: 27877037

BACKGROUND: Thymoquinone (TQ), the predominant active lipophilic component in Nigella sativa seed oil, has a variety of pharmacological properties such as anticancer activities. However, translation of TQ to clinical phase is still not possible due to its hydrophobic properties. This problem can be solved by encapsulating it in nanoformulations to enhance its pharmacological properties. In our previous study, TQ has been successfully encapsulated in a nanostructured lipid carrier (hereinafter referred to as TQNLC) with excellent physiochemical properties such as high encapsulation efficiency, high drug-loading capacity, particle diameter less than 100 nm, and stability up to 2 years. In vitro studies also proved that TQNLC exhibited antiproliferative activity toward breast and cervical cancer cell lines. However, no toxicity profile related to this formulation has been reported. In this study, we determine and compare the in vivo toxicity of both TQNLC and TQ.
MATERIALS AND METHODS: The in vivo toxicity (acute and subacute toxicity) study was carried out by oral administration of TQNLC and TQ to BALB/c mice. Animal survival, body weight, organ weight-to-body weight ratio, hematological profile, biochemistry profile, and histopathological changes were analyzed.
RESULTS: In acute toxicity, TQ that is loaded in nanostructured lipid carrier (NLC) was found to be less toxic than pure TQ. It can be concluded that encapsulation of TQ in lipid carrier minimizes the toxicity of the compound. In the subacute toxicity study, oral administration of 100 mg/kg of TQNLC and TQ did not cause mortality to either male or female but resulted in toxicity to the liver. It is postulated that long-term consumption of TQNLC and TQ may cause toxicity to the liver but not to the extent of altering the functions of the organ. For both treatments, the no observed adverse effect level (NOAEL) was found to be 10 mg/kg/d for mice in both sexes.
CONCLUSION: For long-term oral consumption, TQ and TQNLC at a dose of 10 mg/kg is safe in mice and does not exert any toxic effect. The results provide safety information of TQNLC, which would further help researchers in clinical use.

Matched MeSH terms: Liver/drug effects
Acute liver failure--current approach to treatment

Ganesalam K

Med J Malaysia, 2005 Jul;60 Suppl B:127-32.
PMID: 16108193
Matched MeSH terms: Liver Transplantation; Liver Failure, Acute/complications; Liver Failure, Acute/etiology; Liver Failure, Acute/physiopathology*
Acute phenanthrene toxicity to juvenile diploid and triploid African catfish (Clarias gariepinus): Molecular, biochemical, and histopathological alterations

Karami A, Romano N, Hamzah H, Simpson SL, Yap CK

Environ Pollut, 2016 May;212:155-165.
PMID: 26845363 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2016.01.055

Information on the biological responses of polyploid animals towards environmental contaminants is scarce. This study aimed to compare reproductive axis-related gene expressions in the brain, plasma biochemical responses, and the liver and gill histopathological alterations in diploid and triploid full-sibling juvenile African catfish (Clarias gariepinus). Fish were exposed for 96 h to one of the two waterborne phenanthrene (Phe) concentrations [mean measured (SD): 6.2 (2.4) and 76 (4.2) μg/L]. In triploids, exposure to 76 μg/L Phe increased mRNA level of fushi tarazu-factor 1 (ftz-f1). Expression of tryptophan hydroxylase2 (tph2) was also elevated in both ploidies following the exposure to 76 μg/L Phe compared to the solvent control. In triploids, 76 μg/L Phe increased plasma alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) levels compared to the other Phe-exposed group. It also elevated lactate and glucose contents relative to the other groups. In diploids, however, biochemical biomarkers did not change. Phenanthrene exposures elevated glycogen contents and the prevalence of histopathological lesions in the liver and gills of both ploidies. This study showed substantial differences between diploids and triploids on biochemical and molecular biomarker responses, but similar histopathological alterations following acute Phe exposures.

Matched MeSH terms: Liver/metabolism*
Acute renal failure following multiple wasp stings

Thiruventhiran T, Goh BL, Leong CL, Cheah PL, Looi LM, Tan SY

Nephrol Dial Transplant, 1999 Jan;14(1):214-7.
PMID: 10052513
Matched MeSH terms: Liver Diseases/diagnosis; Liver Diseases/etiology; Liver Function Tests
Fulltext Acute toxicity and the effect of andrographolide on Porphyromonas gingivalis-induced hyperlipidemia in rats

Al Batran R, Al-Bayaty F, Al-Obaidi MM, Abdulla MA

Biomed Res Int, 2013;2013:594012.
PMID: 23844365 DOI: 10.1155/2013/594012

The aim of the current study is to evaluate the effect of andrographolide on hyperlipidemia induced by Porphyromonas gingivalis in rats. Thirty male Sprague Dawley (SD) rats were divided into five groups as follows: group 1 (vehicle) and four experimental groups (groups 2, 3, 4, and 5) were challenged orally with P. gingivalis ATCC 33277 (0.2 mL of 1.5 ×10(12) bacterial cells/mL in 2% carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) with phosphate-buffered saline (PBS)) five times a week for one month to induce hyperlipidemia. Then, group 3 received a standard oral treatment with simvastatin 100 mg/kg, and groups 4 and 5 received oral treatment with andrographolide 20 mg/kg and 10 mg/kg, respectively, for another month. The results showed that total cholesterol (TC), low-density lipoprotein (LDL-C), and triglycerides (TG) were reduced significantly in groups treated with andrographolide. The malondialdehyde (MDA) level was low in treated groups, while antioxidant enzymes, superoxide dismutase (SOD), and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) were significantly increased in these groups (P < 0.05). Liver tissues of the groups treated with andrographolide reduce the accumulation of lipid droplets in hepatic tissue cells. An acute toxicity test did not show any toxicological symptoms in rats.

Matched MeSH terms: Liver/drug effects; Liver/pathology
Acute toxicity study of the standardized methanolic extract of Mitragyna speciosa Korth in rodent

Harizal SN, Mansor SM, Hasnan J, Tharakan JK, Abdullah J

J Ethnopharmacol, 2010 Sep 15;131(2):404-9.
PMID: 20643198 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2010.07.013

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Mitragyna speciosa Korth (ketum) is widely used in Malaysia as a medicinal agent for treating diarrhea, worm infestations and also acts as an analgesic and antipyretic.
AIM: The aim of the study is to determine the acute toxicity of Mitragyna speciosa Korth standardized methanol extract in vivo in 4-weeks-old Sprague-Dawley rats.
METHODOLOGY: Rats were orally administrated single dose of 100, 500 and 1000 mg/kg Mitragyna speciosa Korth standardized methanol extract and the control group received 430 mg/kg of morphine orally. There were 10 rats in each group. All animals were sacrificed after 14 days of treatment. Eight parameters were tested: cage side observation, body weight measurement, food and water consumption, blood pressure, absolute and relative organ weight, hematology, biochemical analysis and histopathology, to look for evidence of toxicity.
RESULT: No mortality was noted after 14 days of treatment. In general, behavior, food and water consumption, hematological studies and organ weights showed no significant changes. The standardized methanol extraction of Mitragyna speciosa Korth increased rat blood pressure (systolic: 147.4+/-1.01, 131.64+/-4.94 and 137.8+/-4.46) after an hour of 100, 500 and 1000 mg/kg doses, respectively. Biochemical studies showed significant elevation of ALT, AST, albumin, triglycerides, cholesterol and albumin (p>0.05), at all levels of doses. But, nephrotoxicity evidenced by elevated creatinine was seen only at a dose of 1000 mg/kg. Histological examination showed congestion of sinusoids, hemorrhage hepatocytes, fatty change, centrilobular necrosis and increased number of Kuppfer cells in the liver of all Mitragyna speciosa Korth standardized methanol extract treated groups.
CONCLUSION: Oral administration of standardized methanolic extraction of Mitragyna speciosa Korth resulted in increasing rat blood pressure after an hour of drug administration. The highest dose of extract also induced acute severe hepatotoxicity and mild nephrotoxicity. However, Mitragyna speciosa Korth shows no effects on body weight, food and water consumption, absolute and relative organ weight and also hematology parameters.

Matched MeSH terms: Liver/drug effects*; Liver/enzymology; Liver/pathology
Acute-on-chronic liver failure: consensus recommendations of the Asian Pacific Association for the Study of the Liver (APASL) 2014

Sarin SK, Kedarisetty CK, Abbas Z, Amarapurkar D, Bihari C, Chan AC, et al.

Hepatol Int, 2014 Oct;8(4):453-71.
PMID: 26202751 DOI: 10.1007/s12072-014-9580-2

The first consensus report of the working party of the Asian Pacific Association for the Study of the Liver (APASL) set up in 2004 on acute-on-chronic liver failure (ACLF) was published in 2009. Due to the rapid advancements in the knowledge and available information, a consortium of members from countries across Asia Pacific, "APASL ACLF Research Consortium (AARC)," was formed in 2012. A large cohort of retrospective and prospective data of ACLF patients was collated and followed up in this data base. The current ACLF definition was reassessed based on the new AARC data base. These initiatives were concluded on a 2-day meeting in February 2014 at New Delhi and led to the development of the final AARC consensus. Only those statements which were based on the evidence and were unanimously recommended were accepted. These statements were circulated again to all the experts and subsequently presented at the annual conference of the APASL at Brisbane, on March 14, 2014. The suggestions from the delegates were analyzed by the expert panel, and the modifications in the consensus were made. The final consensus and guidelines document was prepared. After detailed deliberations and data analysis, the original proposed definition was found to withstand the test of time and identify a homogenous group of patients presenting with liver failure. Based on the AARC data, liver failure grading, and its impact on the "Golden therapeutic Window," extra-hepatic organ failure and development of sepsis were analyzed. New management options including the algorithms for the management of coagulation disorders, renal replacement therapy, sepsis, variceal bleed, antivirals, and criteria for liver transplantation for ACLF patients were proposed. The final consensus statements along with the relevant background information are presented here.

Matched MeSH terms: Liver Transplantation; Acute-On-Chronic Liver Failure
Fulltext Acute-on-chronic liver failure: consensus recommendations of the Asian Pacific association for the study of the liver (APASL): an update

Sarin SK, Choudhury A, Sharma MK, Maiwall R, Al Mahtab M, Rahman S, et al.

Hepatol Int, 2019 Jul;13(4):353-390.
PMID: 31172417 DOI: 10.1007/s12072-019-09946-3

The first consensus report of the working party of the Asian Pacific Association for the Study of the Liver (APASL) set up in 2004 on acute-on-chronic liver failure (ACLF) was published in 2009. With international groups volunteering to join, the "APASL ACLF Research Consortium (AARC)" was formed in 2012, which continued to collect prospective ACLF patient data. Based on the prospective data analysis of nearly 1400 patients, the AARC consensus was published in 2014. In the past nearly four-and-a-half years, the AARC database has been enriched to about 5200 cases by major hepatology centers across Asia. The data published during the interim period were carefully analyzed and areas of contention and new developments in the field of ACLF were prioritized in a systematic manner. The AARC database was also approached for answering some of the issues where published data were limited, such as liver failure grading, its impact on the 'Golden Therapeutic Window', extrahepatic organ dysfunction and failure, development of sepsis, distinctive features of acute decompensation from ACLF and pediatric ACLF and the issues were analyzed. These initiatives concluded in a two-day meeting in October 2018 at New Delhi with finalization of the new AARC consensus. Only those statements, which were based on evidence using the Grade System and were unanimously recommended, were accepted. Finalized statements were again circulated to all the experts and subsequently presented at the AARC investigators meeting at the AASLD in November 2018. The suggestions from the experts were used to revise and finalize the consensus. After detailed deliberations and data analysis, the original definition of ACLF was found to withstand the test of time and be able to identify a homogenous group of patients presenting with liver failure. New management options including the algorithms for the management of coagulation disorders, renal replacement therapy, sepsis, variceal bleed, antivirals and criteria for liver transplantation for ACLF patients were proposed. The final consensus statements along with the relevant background information and areas requiring future studies are presented here.

Matched MeSH terms: Liver Transplantation/methods; Drug-Induced Liver Injury/etiology; Acute-On-Chronic Liver Failure/diagnosis; Acute-On-Chronic Liver Failure/etiology; Acute-On-Chronic Liver Failure/therapy*; Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease/etiology
Adaptation of international guidelines for metastatic colorectal cancer: an asian consensus

Cheng AL, Li J, Vaid AK, Ma BB, Teh C, Ahn JB, et al.

Clin Colorectal Cancer, 2014 Sep;13(3):145-55.
PMID: 25209093 DOI: 10.1016/j.clcc.2014.06.004

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is among the most common cancers worldwide, but marked epidemiological differences exist between Asian and non-Asian populations. Hence, a consensus meeting was held in Hong Kong in December 2012 to develop Asia-specific guidelines for the management of metastatic CRC (mCRC). A multidisciplinary expert panel, consisting of 23 participants from 10 Asian and 2 European countries, discussed current guidelines for colon or rectal cancer and developed recommendations for adapting these guidelines to Asian clinical practice. Participants agreed that mCRC management in Asia largely follows international guidelines, but they proposed a number of recommendations based on regional 'real-world' experience. In general, participants agreed that 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) infusion regimens in doublets can be substituted with UFT (capecitabine, tegafur-uracil) and S1 (tegafur, 5-chloro-2,4-dihydroxypyridine and oxonic acid), and that the monoclonal antibodies cetuximab and panitumumab are recommended for KRAS wild type tumors. For KRAS mutant tumors, bevacizumab is the preferred biological therapy. FOLFOX (folinic acid, 5-FU, and oxaliplatin) is preferred for initial therapy in Asian patients. The management of mCRC is evolving, and it must be emphasized that the recommendations presented here reflect current treatment practices and thus might change as more data become available.

Matched MeSH terms: Liver Neoplasms/genetics; Liver Neoplasms/secondary; Liver Neoplasms/therapy*
Fulltext Adipocytokine Regulation and Antiangiogenic Activity Underlie the Molecular Mechanisms of Therapeutic Effects of Phyllanthus niruri against Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease

Zarzour RHA, Alshawsh MA, Asif M, Al-Mansoub MA, Mohamed Z, Ahmad M, et al.

Nutrients, 2018 Aug 09;10(8).
PMID: 30096951 DOI: 10.3390/nu10081057

The growth of adipose tissues is considered angiogenesis-dependent during non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). We have recently reported that our standardized 50% methanolic extract (ME) of Phyllanthus niruri (50% ME of P. niruri) has alleviated NAFLD in Sprague⁻Dawley rats. This study aimed to assess the molecular mechanisms of action, and to further evaluate the antiangiogenic effect of this extract. NAFLD was induced by eight weeks of high-fat diet, and treatment was applied for four weeks. Antiangiogenic activity was assessed by aortic ring assay and by in vitro tests. Our findings demonstrated that the therapeutic effects of 50% ME among NAFLD rats, were associated with a significant increase in serum adiponectin, reduction in the serum levels of RBP4, vaspin, progranulin, TNF-α, IL-6, and significant downregulation of the hepatic gene expression of PPARγ, SLC10A2, and Collα1. Concomitantly, 50% ME of P. niruri has exhibited a potent antiangiogenic activity on ring assay, cell migration, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), and tube formation, without any cytotoxic effect. Together, our findings revealed that the protective effects of P. niruri against NAFLD might be attributed to its antiangiogenic effect, as well as to the regulation of adipocytokines and reducing the expression of adipogenic genes.

Matched MeSH terms: Liver/drug effects*; Liver/metabolism; Liver/pathology; Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease/metabolism; Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease/pathology; Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease/physiopathology; Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease/prevention & control*
Fulltext Adult-to-adult living donor liver transplantation: Operative techniques to optimize the recipient's outcome

Koh PS, Chan SC

J Nat Sci Biol Med, 2017 Jan-Jun;8(1):4-10.
PMID: 28250667 DOI: 10.4103/0976-9668.198356

Adult-to-adult living donor liver transplantation (LDLT) is widely accepted today with good outcomes and safety reported worldwide for both donor and recipient. Nonetheless, it remained a highly demanding technical and complex surgery if undertaken. The last two decades have seen an increased in adult-to-adult LDLT following our first report of right lobe LDLT in overcoming graft size limitation in adults. In this article, we discussed the operative techniques and challenges of adult right lobe LDLT incorporating the middle hepatic vein, which is practiced in our center for the recipient operation. The various issues and challenges faced by the transplant surgeon in ensuring good recipient outcome are explored and discussed here as well. Hence, it is important to understand that a successful recipient operation is dependent of multifactorial events starting at the preoperative stage of planning, understanding the intraoperative technical challenges and the physiology of flow modulation that goes hand-in-hand with the operation. Therefore, one needs to arm oneself with all the possible knowledge in overcoming these technical challenges and the ability to be flexible and adaptable during LDLT by tailoring the needs of each patient individually.

Matched MeSH terms: Liver Transplantation
Advances in portal hypertension

McCormick A, Qasim A

Med J Malaysia, 2005 Jul;60 Suppl B:6-11.
PMID: 16108165
Matched MeSH terms: Liver Cirrhosis/physiopathology
Fulltext Adverse drug reactions of anti-tuberculosis treatment among children with tuberculosis

Laghari M, Talpur BA, Syed Sulaiman SA, Khan AH, Bhatti Z

Int J Mycobacteriol, 2020 8 31;9(3):281-288.
PMID: 32862161 DOI: 10.4103/ijmy.ijmy_75_20

Background: The frequency, severity, and the nature of anti-tuberculosis (TB)-induced adverse drug reactions (ADRs) have always been the matter of concern. The present study was, therefore, aimed to study the incidence, risk factors, and effect of anti-tuberculosis treatment (ATT) among TB children.
Methods: A prospective longitudinal study was conducted in the Sindh province, Pakistan. A total of 508 TB children in multicenter hospitals under ATT were assessed for ADRs. Naranjo Causality Assessment and Hartwig's Severity Assessment Scale were used.
Results: A total of 105 ADRs were reported in 67 (13.2%) of 508 patients. Gastrointestinal disorders were the most frequently observed ADRs (65.7%), followed by arthralgia (24.8%). Around 65 (61.9%) of ADRs were identified as probable and 78 (74.3%) as mild severe ADRs during the study. A total of four cases of mild hepatotoxicity were observed among children. On multivariate analysis, the independent variables which had statistically significant positive association with ADRs were female (OR; 2.66, P = 0.004), retreatment (OR; 22.32, P = ≤ 0.001), and absence of BCG scar (OR; 17.84, P = 0.001).
Conclusions: The finding of the current study suggests that close monitoring of females, patients with previous TB treatment, and those without BCG is warranted at the study site.

Matched MeSH terms: Liver/drug effects; Liver/pathology
Aetiology and classification of acute liver failure

Rosmawati M

Med J Malaysia, 2005 Jul;60 Suppl B:125-6.
PMID: 16108192
Matched MeSH terms: Liver Failure, Acute/classification*; Liver Failure, Acute/etiology*; Liver Failure, Acute/pathology
Fulltext Aetiology and outcome of neonatal cholestasis in Malaysia

Lee WS, Chai PF, Boey CM, Looi LM

Singapore Med J, 2010 May;51(5):434-9.
PMID: 20593150

Little is known about the epidemiology, causes and outcomes of neonatal cholestasis in the Asian population beyond Japan and Taiwan.

Matched MeSH terms: Liver Transplantation/statistics & numerical data*; Liver Failure, Acute
African Walnuts (Tetracarpidium conophorum) Modulate Hepatic Lipid Accumulation in Obesity via Reciprocal Actions on HMG-CoA Reductase and Paraoxonase

Uti DE, Atangwho IJ, Eyong EU, Umoru GU, Egbung GE, Rotimi SO, et al.

Endocr Metab Immune Disord Drug Targets, 2020;20(3):365-379.
PMID: 31339080 DOI: 10.2174/1871530319666190724114729

BACKGROUND: Obesity is characterized by increased body fat and involves an imbalance between the synthesis and degradation of lipids.
OBJECTIVE: The study aimed to investigate the effect of African walnuts (Tetracarpidium conophorum) on lipids storage and the regulatory enzymes of hepatic lipid metabolism in obese rats.
METHODS: Nuts were extracted in ethanol (WE) and further separated to obtain the ethyl-acetate fraction (ET) and the residue (RES). These were administered orally to 3 groups of monosodium glutamate- obese rats (n = 6), respectively, for 6 weeks. Other groups in the study were: normal (NC), obese control (OC) and standard control (SC) which received orlistat. Hepatic total lipids, total phospholipids, triacylglycerol (TG), total cholesterol (TCHOL), 3-hydroxyl-3-methylglutaryl-CoA (HMG-CoA) reductase and paraoxonase were studied.
RESULTS: Total lipids, TG and TCHOL which increased in OC compared to NC group, decreased. HMG-CoA reductase activity decreased in the 3 study groups relative to OC. Paraoxonase activity which decreased in OC was up-regulated, while the magnitude of hepatic cholesterol decreased from 94.32 % in OC to 52.19, 65.43 and 47.04 % with WE, ET and RES, respectively. Flavonoids, alkaloids, glycosides, tannins and saponins were detected in the nut. GC-MS analysis revealed 16, 18 and 10 volatile components in WE, ET and RES, respectively. Unsaturated fatty acids (linolenic acids: 33.33, 47.95 and 50.93 %, and α-linolenic acids: 25, 19.66 and 26.63 %) in WE, ET and RES, respectively, are the most abundant, and likely to be responsible for the observed activity.
CONCLUSION: African walnuts can prevent hepatic lipid accumulation through reciprocal actions on HMG-CoA reductase and paraoxonase in obesity.

Matched MeSH terms: Liver/metabolism*; Liver/pathology
Fulltext Alcohol harm in Malaysia: always the right time to discuss

Mohd Fadzli, M.I., Amer Nordin, A.S.

Malaysian Journal of Psychiatry, 2014;23(1):101-104.
MyJurnal

Introduction: Alcohol is a major risk factor for various non-communicable diseases (NCDs) such as cardiovascular related illnesses, liver cirrhosis and cancer. Despite the dangers of alcohol use, there is limited local research available to assist policy and advocacy. This commentary attempts to highlight what is presently available and suggestions to move forward in this field of research and services provision. Methods: A brief report of recent updates is provided for this article. Results and Conclusion: A number of recommendations are provided to assist in deliberating discussions to shape future policies which will improve current available practice and clinical service in the field of alcohol addiction.

Matched MeSH terms: Liver Cirrhosis
Allele HLA-DQB1*06 reduces fibrosis score in patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease

Tan HL, Zain SM, Eng HS, Mohamed Z, Mahadeva S, Chan WK, et al.

Hepatology research : the official journal of the Japan Society of Hepatology, 2020 May 14.
PMID: 32410320 DOI: 10.1111/hepr.13525

AIM: Human leukocyte antigen (HLA) regions were highlighted as important genetic markers for various liver diseases by hepatology-related genome-wide association studies. Replication studies in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) are limited and none has investigated the association of HLA alleles with non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) and other histological characteristics. In the current study, we examined the association of HLA-DQA1 and HLA-DQB1 alleles with NAFLD spectrum and its histological characteristics.
METHODS: Consecutive biopsy-proven NAFLD patients (n = 191) and healthy controls (n = 188) were enrolled and genotyped for HLA-DQA1 and HLA-DQB1 alleles using the sequence-specific oligonucleotide-polymerase chain reaction method.
RESULTS: No association was found between the HLA alleles and NAFLD or NASH in a case-control setting. Nevertheless, among NAFLD patients, the frequency of HLA-DQB1*06 allele was significantly the lowest in NASH with significant fibrosis (10.4%) and approximately similar for NASH without significant fibrosis (22.9%) and NAFL (22.5%) (P = 0.004). It is noteworthy that the association remains significant after correction for multiple comparisons (Pc = 0.04). Multivariate analysis revealed that HLA-DQB1*06 allele is also associated with fibrosis score (P = 0.001); the result remains significant after correction for multiple comparisons.
CONCLUSION: These findings suggest that HLA-DQB1*06 is associated with lower fibrosis score in NAFLD patients.

Matched MeSH terms: Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease

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