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  1. Fulltext Traditional Medicine in Sabah: A Case Study from the District of Kota Marudu
    David Matanjun, Mohammad Saffree Bin Jeffree, Julius Kulip, Md Shamsur Rahman, Sadia Choudhury Shimmi
    Borneo Journal of Medical Sciences, 2018;12(101):73-0.
    MyJurnal
    As in other parts of the world, the practice of traditional healing has been part of the local healthcare system for most of the indigenous ethnic groups, since time immemorial. Using descriptive research format, this study looked into the practice of a traditional medicine practitioner in one of the villages of Kota Marudu in Sabah, Malaysia. The practitioner comes from the Dusun Tagahas subethnic group which is one of the numerous ethnic groups in Sabah. The large number of ethnic group in Sabah has made the research of ethnomedicine rather challenging. The practitioner acquired knowledge of traditional healing and treatment which is mainly herbal medicines alluded with some spiritual aspects. He used many herbal preparations in various forms and applications. Similar to the other traditional medicine practitioners, his knowledge and skill regarding his practice are impressive but the practitioner is unable to explain on the mechanism of how the therapy works. Generally their philosophy rests on the notion that disease responds to right medicine but not explanation. There is an urgent need to capture all the knowledge and skill possessed by traditional medicine practitioners, who generally belong to an ageing and fading population, especially those live in remote and hard to reach areas. Scientific research should be conducted to help traditional medicine healers and herbalists to understand their practices before they suffer the consequences of inexorable extinction.
    Matched MeSH terms: Plants, Medicinal
  2. The effects of betel-nut chewing on the buccal mucosa: a histological study
    Lee KW, Chin CT
    Br. J. Cancer, 1970 Sep;24(3):433-41.
    PMID: 5475751
    Sixty-two "leukoplakias" from the cheeks of betel-nut chewers in West Malaysia were studied histologically. Ten biopsies were from non-tobacco betel-nut chewers. An amorphous von Kossa positive layer was seen on the keratin surface in 42 specimens. Tobacco did not appear essential for its formation, and it appeared to be significantly associated with parakeratosis. Its possible significance as a cuticle-like layer prolonging contact between carcinogens and the mucosa is discussed.Parakeratosis appeared to be the most common form of cornification seen, and the mitotic activity in parakeratinized leukoplakias appeared to be significantly greater than orthokeratinized leukoplakias.Comparison with studies on other population samples using different quids suggested that severe histological changes were more likely to be seen when tobacoo-containing quids were chewed as compared to non-tobacco-containing quids.An attempt to correlate the histological changes seen with the clinical habit in leukoplakias from chewers using tobacco-containing quids suggested that epithelial atrophy appeared to be significantly related to the duration of the habit but not to the "intensity" of the habit.
    Matched MeSH terms: Plants, Medicinal*
  3. Fulltext Cancer in Sabah (Borneo) a prelimanry survey
    Muir CS, Evans MD, Roche PJ
    Br. J. Cancer, 1968 Dec;22(4):637-45.
    PMID: 5705133 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.1968.75
    Matched MeSH terms: Plants, Medicinal
  4. The effects of betel-nut chewing on the buccal mucosa of 296 Indians and Malays in West Malaysia. A clinical study
    Chin CT, Lee KW
    Br. J. Cancer, 1970 Sep;24(3):427-32.
    PMID: 5475750
    Changes in the buccal mucosa of 296 Indian and Malay betel-nut chewers in Perak, West Malaysia, were studied clinically. 167 out of 212 Indian subjects incorporated tobacco in their quids, while 45 out of 84 Malay subjects incorporated. "Gambir". The Indians appeared to show a higher proportion of mucosal changes, particularly when tobacco was used. "Gambir" did not appear to be potent in the production of mucosal changes. Comparison with studies in other parts of the world suggested comparable findings with respect to both tobacco and non-tobacco chewing samples, and there would appear to be some evidence that tobacco-containing quids are likely to produce a higher proportion of mucosal changes as compared to non-tobacco-containing quids. An attempt to demonstrate a dose-effect relationship by dividing the subjects into "slight" and "heavy" chewers did not yield significant differences between these two categories in each of the groups.
    Matched MeSH terms: Plants, Medicinal*
  5. Fulltext Molecular markers for eurycoma longifolia and orthosiphon stamineus
    Rodrigues, K. F., Tam, H. K.
    Buletin Persatuan Genetik Malaysia, 2009;15(1):4-6.
    MyJurnal
    This paper describes the first reported attempt to isolate DNA sequences containing repeat motifs in Eurycoma longifolia and Orthosiphon stamineus. A library enriched for genomic repeat motifs was developed using novel oligonucleotides designed with inosine residues incorporated at predetermined positions. A total of eight and twelve specific molecular markers were developed for O. stamineus and E. longifolia respectively. These markers have a potential application in estimating population diversity levels and QTL mapping in these two medicinal plants, which are widely used in the Malaysian herbal industry.
    Matched MeSH terms: Plants, Medicinal
  6. Coca leaf and cocaine addiction--some historical notes
    Blejer-Prieto H
    Can Med Assoc J, 1965 Sep 25;93(13):700-4.
    PMID: 5318484
    Coca-leaf habituation has affected millions of Andean natives for over 400 years. In the last half-century it has also involved millions more Malayans. Coca leaf, from which cocaine and extracts for some commercial carbonated soft drinks are obtained, remains relatively unknown by the medical and allied professions elsewhere. A review of the original medical, historical and other pertinent literature of the last 350 years illustrates the origins of the use of coca leaf, its spread, the isolation of cocaine and its first uses, as well as some of the euphoric and other effects of both substances.
    Matched MeSH terms: Plants, Medicinal*
  7. What Has Come out from Phytomedicines and Herbal Edibles for the Treatment of Cancer?
    Bonam SR, Wu YS, Tunki L, Chellian R, Halmuthur MSK, Muller S, et al.
    ChemMedChem, 2018 09 19;13(18):1854-1872.
    PMID: 29927521 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201800343
    Several modern treatment strategies have been adopted to combat cancer with the aim of minimizing toxicity. Medicinal plant-based compounds with the potential to treat cancer have been widely studied in preclinical research and have elicited many innovations in cutting-edge clinical research. In parallel, researchers have eagerly tried to decrease the toxicity of current chemotherapeutic agents either by combining them with herbals or in using herbals alone. The aim of this article is to present an update of medicinal plants and their bioactive compounds, or mere changes in the bioactive compounds, along with herbal edibles, which display efficacy against diverse cancer cells and in anticancer therapy. It describes the basic mechanism(s) of action of phytochemicals used either alone or in combination therapy with other phytochemicals or herbal edibles. This review also highlights the remarkable synergistic effects that arise between certain herbals and chemotherapeutic agents used in oncology. The anticancer phytochemicals used in clinical research are also described; furthermore, we discuss our own experience related to semisynthetic derivatives, which are developed based on phytochemicals. Overall, this compilation is intended to facilitate research and development projects on phytopharmaceuticals for successful anticancer drug discovery.
    Matched MeSH terms: Plants, Medicinal
  8. Oppositinines A and B: new vasorelaxant beta-carboline alkaloids from Neisosperma oppositifolia
    Ahmad K, Thomas NF, Hadi AH, Mukhtar MR, Mohamad K, Nafiah MA, et al.
    Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo), 2010 Aug;58(8):1085-7.
    PMID: 20686264
    A phytochemical study on the bark of Neisosperma oppositifolia (Apocynaceae) yielded two new beta-carboline indole alkaloids, oppositinines A (1) and B (2), together with five known alkaloids, isoreserpiline, isocarapanaubine, vobasine, 10-methoxydihydrocorynantheol-N-oxide, and ochropposinine oxindole. Structural elucidation of 1 and 2 was performed using 2D NMR methods. Oppositinines A (1) and B (2) showed potent vasorelaxant effects on the rat aorta.
    Matched MeSH terms: Plants, Medicinal/chemistry
  9. Iridoids and anthraquinones from the Malaysian medicinal plant, Saprosma scortechinii (Rubiaceae)
    Ling SK, Komorita A, Tanaka T, Fujioka T, Mihashi K, Kouno I
    Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo), 2002 Aug;50(8):1035-40.
    PMID: 12192133
    A further investigation of the leaves and stems of Saprosma scortechinii afforded 13 compounds, of which 10 are new compounds. These were elucidated as the bis-iridoid glucosides, saprosmosides G (1) and H (2), the iridoid glucoside, 6-O-epi-acetylscandoside (3), and the anthraquinones, 1-methoxy-3-hydroxy-2-carbomethoxy-9,10-anthraquinone (4), 1-methoxy-3-hydroxy-2-carbomethoxy-9,10-anthraquinone 3-O-beta-primeveroside (5), 1,3-dihydroxy-2-carbomethoxy-9,10-anthraquinone 3-O-beta-primeveroside (6), 1,3,6-trihydroxy-2-methoxymethyl-9,10-anthraquinone (7), 1-methoxy-3,6-dihydroxy-2-hydroxymethyl-9,10-anthraquinone (8), 1,3,6-trihydroxy-2-hydroxymethyl-9,10-anthraquinone 3-O-beta-primeveroside (9), and 3,6-dihydroxy-2-hydroxymethyl-9,10-anthraquinone (10). Structure assignments for all compounds were established by means of mass and NMR spectroscopies, chemical methods, and comparison with published data. The new anthraquinones were derivatives of munjistin and lucidin.
    Matched MeSH terms: Plants, Medicinal/chemistry
  10. Phytochemical survey of Malaysian plants preliminary chemical and pharmacological screening
    Nakanishi K, Sasaki S, Kiang AK, Goh J, Kakisawa H, Ohashi M, et al.
    Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo), 1965 Jul;13(7):882-90.
    PMID: 5867816
    Matched MeSH terms: Plants, Medicinal*
  11. Monoamine oxidase inhibitory naphthoquinone and/or naphthalene dimers from Lemuni Hitam (Diospyros sp.), a Malaysian herbal medicine
    Okuyama E, Homma M, Satoh Y, Fujimoto H, Ishibashi M, Yamazaki M, et al.
    Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo), 1999 Oct;47(10):1473-6.
    PMID: 10553643
    From the extract of a Malaysian herbal medicine, Lemuni Hitam (Diospyros sp.), which exhibited monoamine oxidase (MAO) inhibition, three new naphthoquinone and/or naphthalene dimers (lemuninols A-C, 1-3) were isolated together with 4,6-dihydroxy-5-methoxy-2-methyl-naphthalene (8) and six known monomers (4-7, 9 and 10). The structures were determined by spectroscopic methods including 2D-NMR techniques. Among them, lemuninol A showed 45% inhibition of MAO (mouse liver) at 5.0 x 10(-6) g/ml, and lemuninols B and C and a naphthoquinone (9) indicated weak activity. Some related quinones were also tested for their MAO inhibitory activities.
    Matched MeSH terms: Plants, Medicinal/chemistry*
  12. Fulltext Therapeutic roles of natural remedies in combating hereditary ataxia: A systematic review
    Phang MWL, Lew SY, Chung I, Lim WK, Lim LW, Wong KH
    Chin Med, 2021 Jan 28;16(1):15.
    PMID: 33509239 DOI: 10.1186/s13020-020-00414-x
    BACKGROUND: Hereditary ataxia (HA) represents a group of genetically heterogeneous neurodegenerative diseases caused by dysfunction of the cerebellum or disruption of the connection between the cerebellum and other areas of the central nervous system. Phenotypic manifestation of HA includes unsteadiness of stance and gait, dysarthria, nystagmus, dysmetria and complaints of clumsiness. There are no specific treatments for HA. Management strategies provide supportive treatment to reduce symptoms.

    OBJECTIVES: This systematic review aimed to identify, evaluate and summarise the published literature on the therapeutic roles of natural remedies in the treatment of HA to provide evidence for clinical practice.

    METHODS: A systematic literature search was conducted using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA). Web of Science, PubMed and Science Direct Scopus were thoroughly searched for relevant published articles from June 2007 to July 2020.

    RESULTS: Ten pre-clinical and two clinical studies were eligible for inclusion in this systematic review. We identified the therapeutic roles of medicinal plants Brassica napus, Gardenia jasminoides, Gastrodia elata, Ginkgo biloba, Glycyrrhiza inflata, Paeonia lactiflora, Pueraria lobata and Rehmannia glutinosa; herbal formulations Shaoyao Gancao Tang and Zhengan Xifeng Tang; and medicinal mushroom Hericium erinaceus in the treatment of HA. In this review, we evaluated the mode of actions contributing to their therapeutic effects, including activation of the ubiquitin-proteasome system, activation of antioxidant pathways, maintenance of intracellular calcium homeostasis and regulation of chaperones. We also briefly highlighted the integral cellular signalling pathways responsible for orchestrating the mode of actions.

    CONCLUSION: We reviewed the therapeutic roles of natural remedies in improving or halting the progression of HA, which warrant further study for applications into clinical practice.

    Matched MeSH terms: Plants, Medicinal
  13. Vasodilator effect of Phlomis bracteosa constituents is mediated through dual endothelium-dependent and endothelium-independent pathways
    Khan AU, Ullah R, Khan A, Mustafa MR, Hussain J, Murugan DD, et al.
    Clin Exp Hypertens, 2012;34(2):132-9.
    PMID: 21967029 DOI: 10.3109/10641963.2011.601383
    This study describes the vasorelaxant potential of some pure compounds isolated from Phlomis bracteosa L. marrubiin, phlomeoic acid, and two new constituents labeled as RA and RB. In rat thoracic aortic rings denuded of endothelium, marrubiin, phlomeoic acid, RA, and RB caused relaxation of high K(+) (80 mM) and phenylephrine (1 μM)-induced contractions at the concentration range of 1.0-1000 μg/mL. Marrubiin, phlomeoic acid, RA, and RB concentration dependently (3.0-10 μg/mL) shifted the Ca(++) curves to the right obtained in Ca(++)-free medium. The vasodilator effect of marrubiin, phlomeoic acid, RA, and RB was partially blocked by N(ω)-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester in endothelium-intact aorta preparations. These results reveal that P. bracteosa constituents: marrubiin, phlomeoic acid, RA, and RB exhibit vasodilator action occurred via a combination of endothelium-independent Ca(++) antagonism and endothelium-dependent N(ω)-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester-sensitive nitric oxide-modulating mechanism.
    Matched MeSH terms: Plants, Medicinal/chemistry
  14. Herbal medicines in Malaysia
    Ang HH
    Clin. Pharmacol. Ther., 2005 May;77(5):451.
    PMID: 15900291
    Matched MeSH terms: Plants, Medicinal
  15. Is kratom (Mitragyna speciosa Korth.) use associated with ECG abnormalities? Electrocardiogram comparisons between regular kratom users and controls
    Leong Abdullah MFI, Tan KL, Narayanan S, Yuvashnee N, Chear NJY, Singh D, et al.
    Clin Toxicol (Phila), 2021 May;59(5):400-408.
    PMID: 32870119 DOI: 10.1080/15563650.2020.1812627
    OBJECTIVES: Little is known about the cardiotoxic effects of kratom (Mitragyna speciosa Korth.), a medicinal plant. This analytical cross-sectional study investigated the prevalence of electrocardiogram (ECG) abnormalities and QTc intervals in regular kratom users compared with non-kratom-using control subjects.

    METHODS: We enrolled regular kratom users and non-kratom-using control subjects from three communities. Demographic data, clinical data, kratom use characteristics, and ECG findings were recorded. The mitragynine content of kratom juice was quantified using a validated gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) method.

    RESULTS: A total of 200 participants (100 kratom users and 100 control subjects) participated in this study. The prevalence of ECG abnormalities in kratom users (28%) did not differ from that of control subjects (32%). Kratom use was not associated with ECG abnormalities, except for significantly higher odds of sinus tachycardia (OR = 8.61, 95% CI = 1.06-70.17, p = 0.035) among kratom users compared with control subjects. The odds of observing borderline QTc intervals were significantly higher for kratom users compared with control subjects, regardless of the age of first use, the duration of use, the daily quantity consumed, and the length of time that had elapsed between last kratom use and ECG assessment. Nevertheless, there were no differences in the odds of having prolonged QTc intervals between kratom users and controls. The estimated average daily intake of mitragynine consumed by kratom users was 434.28 mg.

    CONCLUSION: We found no link between regular kratom use and electrocardiographic abnormalities with an estimated average daily intake of 434.28 mg of mitragynine.

    Matched MeSH terms: Plants, Medicinal/adverse effects*; Plants, Medicinal/chemistry
  16. Cytotoxicity and Toxicological Studies of Artocarpus altilis Extracts, Inducing Apoptosis and Cell Cycle Arrest via CASPASE-3 and CASPASE-8 Pathways Against Human Breast MCF-7 Cells
    Jalal T, Natto HA, Wahab RA
    Comb Chem High Throughput Screen, 2021 Mar 01.
    PMID: 33653245 DOI: 10.2174/1386207324666210302095557
    In recent biomedical research, the area of cancer and infectious diseases has a leading position in the utilization of medicinal plants as a source of drug discovery. Malaysia has a diversity and a large number of underutilized fruits that are rich in phenolic compounds. Artoarpus altilis consider an underutilized fruit that is rich in phenolic compounds. Methanol extracts of A. altilis have been previously found to contain a high content of antioxidant phytochemicals. The purpose of the study was to evaluate the cytotoxicity and toxicological effect of methanol fruit extracts against MCF-7 cells. To determine the least concentration that might kill or suppress the growth of the cancer cells was in a concentration-dependent manner approach. The variation in the cytotoxic activity among the extracts was indicated by determining the IC50 of each extract against cells at 72 h. The IC50 of the samples was measured using a trypan blue exclusion assay. The methanol extract of the pulp part showed the least inhibition concentration of 15.40±0.91 μg/mL on MCF-7 cells. In the study, the molecular mechanism of methanol extracts-induced apoptosis and cell cycle arrested in human cancer cells were investigated in a time-dependent-manners approach by using flow cytometry. The treated cells were stained with nexin to detect early and late apoptosis and with propidium iodide (PI) for cell cycle arrest associated with the DNA fragmentation, various cell arrests occurred at G1/S, S, and G2/M phases. Lastly, the gene expression analysis by (RT-qPCR) method was carried out by analyzing the expression of the gene of interest for the quantification of mRNA levels. Results after cells treated with IC50 were revealed by upregulating anti-apoptotic genes/downregulated of pro-apoptotic BCL-2 gene expressions were triggered the treated cells into CASPASE-3, intrinsic and extrinsic pathways. These findings suggest that the methanol extracts of three parts of A. altilis fruit have potential anticancer activity against MCF-7 cells mainly the pulp part of the fruit.
    Matched MeSH terms: Plants, Medicinal
  17. A national epidemiological survey of oral mucosal lesions in Malaysia
    Zain RB, Ikeda N, Razak IA, Axéll T, Majid ZA, Gupta PC, et al.
    Community Dent Oral Epidemiol, 1997 Oct;25(5):377-83.
    PMID: 9355776
    The prevalence of oral mucosal lesions in Malaysia was determined by examining a representative sample of 11,707 subjects aged 25 years and above throughout the 14 states over a period of 5 months during 1993/1994. A two-stage stratified random sampling was undertaken. A predetermined number of enumeration blocks, the smallest population unit in the census publication, was selected from each state. With the selected enumeration block, a systematic sample of living quarters was chosen with a random start. The survey instrument included a questionnaire on sociodemographic characteristics and a clinical examination. The clinical examination was carried out by 16 specially trained dental public health officers and the diagnosis calibrated with a final concordance rate of 92%. The age in the sample ranged from 25 to 115 years with a mean of 44.5+/-14.0. The sample comprised 40.2% males and 59.8% females; 55.8% were Malays, 29.4% Chinese, 10.0% Indians and 1.2% other ethnic groups. Oral mucosal lesions were detected in 1131 (9.7%) subjects, 5 (0.04%) had oral cancer, 165 (1.4%) had lesions or conditions that may be precancerous (leukoplakia, erythroplakia, submucous fibrosis and lichen planus) and 187 (1.6%) had betel chewer's mucosa. The prevalence of oral precancer was highest amongst Indians (4.0%) and other Bumiputras (the indigenous people of Sabah and Sarawak) (2.5%) while the lowest prevalence was amongst the Chinese (0.5%).
    Matched MeSH terms: Plants, Medicinal
  18. Prevalence of oral soft tissue lesions in out-patients at two Malaysian and Thai dental schools
    Axéll T, Zain RB, Siwamogstham P, Tantiniran D, Thampipit J
    Community Dent Oral Epidemiol, 1990 Apr;18(2):95-9.
    PMID: 2335069
    At the Faculties of Dentistry in Chiang Mai, Thailand (CM), and Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia (KL), 234 and 233 consecutive out-patients of mean ages 33.8 and 31.0 yr, respectively, were examined for the presence of oral mucosal lesions. Tobacco in some form was regularly used by 31.7% and 27.5% of the study populations in CM and KL, respectively. Cigarette smoking was the predominant habit. In CM three persons chewed betel quids and nine smoked banana leaf cigars daily. In addition, there were 24 habitual chewers of tea leaves (miang). In KL six persons chewed betel quids daily. In CM and KL three cases each (1.3%) of tobacco-associated leukoplakias were found. In KL an additional idiopathic leukoplakia was registered. One and three cases of betel related lesions were found in CM and KL, respectively. One case of a squamous cell carcinoma was found in a 45-yr-old Indian woman in KL who had been chewing betel with tobacco daily for many years. High prevalence figures were found for lichen planus, 3.8% in CM and 2.1% in KL, and an extremely high one, 48.3%, in CM for episodes of aphthous ulcers experienced during the last 2 yr. Comparatively low prevalence figures were found for herpes labialis. As could be expected melanin pigmentation was prevalent while only low figures were encountered for denture-related lesions and amalgam tattoos.
    Matched MeSH terms: Plants, Medicinal
  19. Potential drug-herb interaction with antiplatelet/anticoagulant drugs
    Saw JT, Bahari MB, Ang HH, Lim YH
    Complement Ther Clin Pract, 2006 Nov;12(4):236-41.
    PMID: 17030294
    This is a cross-sectional survey evaluating the use of herbal medicines in medical wards patients that may interfere with the effect of antiplatelet or anticoagulant therapy. Among the 250 patients participated, 42.4% (n=106) were taking herbs with 76 patients (71.7%) using herbs for the past 12 months. Overall, almost 31% (n=23, N=76) of patients were taking one or more of the specified herbal medicines [ginseng (Panax ginseng), garlic (Allium sativum), ginkgo (Gingko biloba) thought to interact with antiplatelet or anticoagulant therapy. The study showed that 21% (n=16, N=76) of patients co-ingested specified herbs with antiplatelet or anticoagulant therapy, of which half of them were at risk of potential drug-herb interactions. A large proportion of respondents involved in potential drug-herb interaction were elderly people (62.5%, n=5). However, more than 90% of herbal users did not disclose the use of herbal medicine to their health professionals. It is thus prudent for all care givers to be aware of the possibility of drug-herb interaction and inquire about herbal use from patients.
    Matched MeSH terms: Plants, Medicinal/adverse effects
  20. Appraisal of adaptive neuro-fuzzy computing technique for estimating anti-obesity properties of a medicinal plant
    Kazemipoor M, Hajifaraji M, Radzi CW, Shamshirband S, Petković D, Mat Kiah ML
    Comput Methods Programs Biomed, 2015 Jan;118(1):69-76.
    PMID: 25453384 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmpb.2014.10.006
    This research examines the precision of an adaptive neuro-fuzzy computing technique in estimating the anti-obesity property of a potent medicinal plant in a clinical dietary intervention. Even though a number of mathematical functions such as SPSS analysis have been proposed for modeling the anti-obesity properties estimation in terms of reduction in body mass index (BMI), body fat percentage, and body weight loss, there are still disadvantages of the models like very demanding in terms of calculation time. Since it is a very crucial problem, in this paper a process was constructed which simulates the anti-obesity activities of caraway (Carum carvi) a traditional medicine on obese women with adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference (ANFIS) method. The ANFIS results are compared with the support vector regression (SVR) results using root-mean-square error (RMSE) and coefficient of determination (R(2)). The experimental results show that an improvement in predictive accuracy and capability of generalization can be achieved by the ANFIS approach. The following statistical characteristics are obtained for BMI loss estimation: RMSE=0.032118 and R(2)=0.9964 in ANFIS testing and RMSE=0.47287 and R(2)=0.361 in SVR testing. For fat loss estimation: RMSE=0.23787 and R(2)=0.8599 in ANFIS testing and RMSE=0.32822 and R(2)=0.7814 in SVR testing. For weight loss estimation: RMSE=0.00000035601 and R(2)=1 in ANFIS testing and RMSE=0.17192 and R(2)=0.6607 in SVR testing. Because of that, it can be applied for practical purposes.
    Matched MeSH terms: Plants, Medicinal
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