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Fulltext Transcutaneous bilirubinometry in Malay, Chinese and Indian term neonates

Boo NY, Abu Bakar A

Med J Malaysia, 1984 Mar;39(1):35-7.
PMID: 6513837

The transcutaneous (Tc) bilirubinometer was evaluated in 105 jaundiced neonates, comprising 38 Malays, 37 Chinese and 30 Indians, who had not been treated with phototherapy or exchange transfusion. Tc bilirubin index and serum bilirubin concentration correlated at statistically significant levels in all the three racial groups. Unlike the Chinese and Malay babies, the action levels, using Tc bilirubin index, in the Indian babies are not reliable due to the wide variation of skin pigmentation. Neonatal jaundice is conventionally monitored by estimation of serum bilirubin level. This involves blood sampling. The transcutaneous (Tc) bilirubinometer, however, is non-invasive, small and portable. In this study, the use of the Tc bilirubinometer in the management of neonatal jaundice' in the three racial groups was evaluated.

Matched MeSH terms: China/ethnology
Transcultural oral health care of the Chinese

Ngeow WC

Dent Update, 2000 Dec;27(10):515.
PMID: 11218618
Matched MeSH terms: China/ethnology
Transcultural oral health care and the Chinese

Chai WL

Dent Update, 2000 Dec;27(10):515.
PMID: 11218617
Matched MeSH terms: China/ethnology
Traditional beliefs and practices affecting medical care in Malaysian Chinese communities

Dunn FL

Med J Malaysia, 1974 Sep;29(1):7-10.
PMID: 4282636
Matched MeSH terms: China/ethnology
Fulltext Toxic epidermal necrolysis in Malaysian adults. A retrospective study

Ting HC, Adam BA

Singapore Med J, 1985 Oct;26(6):456-9.
PMID: 2937150

We report a retrospective study of all cases of toxic epidermal necrolysis admitted to the adult medical wards of the University Hospital in Kuala Lumpur over a 16 year period from 1967 to 1983. Over this period of time only 7 cases were encountered, suggesting the condition is rare in adults in our country. All the cases were females and the age ranged from 21 to 41 years. Four cases were due to drugs, 2 were idiopathic and one was attributed to Staphylococcal infection. One patient died. The other patients recovered completely with no sequelae.

Matched MeSH terms: China/ethnology
Towards understanding the low prevalence of Helicobacter pylori in Malays: genetic variants among Helicobacter pylori-negative ethnic Malays in the north-eastern region of Peninsular Malaysia and Han Chinese and South Indians

Maran S, Lee YY, Xu SH, Raj MS, Abdul Majid N, Choo KE, et al.

J Dig Dis, 2013 Apr;14(4):196-202.
PMID: 23241512 DOI: 10.1111/1751-2980.12023

To identify gene polymorphisms that differ between Malays, Han Chinese and South Indians, and to identify candidate genes for the investigation of their role in protecting Malays from Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection.

Matched MeSH terms: China/ethnology
Toward cultural competence in cancer genetic counseling and genetics education: lessons learned from Chinese-Australians

Barlow-Stewart K, Yeo SS, Meiser B, Goldstein D, Tucker K, Eisenbruch M

Genet Med, 2006 Jan;8(1):24-32.
PMID: 16418596

PURPOSE: In societies such as Australia with a strong multicultural makeup, culturally determined attitudes to genetics, testing, and counseling may be incompatible with current genetics service provision.
METHODS: An ethnographic investigation using purposive sampling to increase subject diversity was used to explore the range of beliefs about kinship and inheritance using Chinese-Australians as a case. Participants comprised a sample of 15 Chinese-Australians who had been recruited through several community-based organizations.
RESULTS: The level of acculturation does not correlate with holding beliefs about inheritance, kinship, and causes of hereditary cancer that are based on "Western" biomedical or traditional concepts. Mismatch between beliefs may exist within families that can impact participation in cancer genetic testing. Family history taking that underpins the surveillance, management, and referral to genetic counseling where there is a strong family history of breast, ovarian, or colorectal cancer can also be impacted unless recognition is made of the patrilineal concept of kinship prevalent in this Chinese-Australian community.
CONCLUSION: This community-based study confirmed and validated views and beliefs on inheritance and kinship and inherited cancer attributed to senior family members by Chinese-Australians who attended cancer genetic counseling. Barriers to communication can occur where there may be incompatibility within the family between "Western" and traditional beliefs. The findings were used to develop strategies for culturally competent cancer genetic counseling with Australian-Chinese patients. These include nonjudgmental incorporation of their belief systems into the genetic counseling process and avoidance of stereotyping. They have also influenced the development of genetics education materials to optimize family history taking.

Matched MeSH terms: China/ethnology
Toothbrushing effectiveness of a group of six-year-old uninstructed schoolchildren

Abdul Razak I

Dent J Malays, 1985 Apr;8(2):27-30.
PMID: 3917002

The main purpose of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of toothbrushing in 124 six year-old uninstructed schoolchildren. The toothbrushing conditions were made to closely simulate the toothbrushing procedure carried out at home. The amount of plaque before and after toothbrushing was assessed using the Modified Personal Hygiene Performance Index. An overall reduction of 54.0 per cent in plaque score was observed following toothbrushing. This reduction was much more favourable than other reported studies using subjects of similar age group. However most of the plaque that remained following brushing were accumulated in the gingival areas. The highest prebrushing score and the least effective toothbrushing ability was observed among the Malay schoolchildren. The pre and postbrushing scores among the Chinese and Indians were comparable. There was no statistically significant difference in toothbrushing ability between boys and girls at this age. The children brushed their anterior teeth better than their posterior and the facial surfaces better than the lingual. The greatest percentage reduction in plaque score was observed in the occlusal/incisal areas with the gingival areas being the least accessible. The conclusions of this study points to the lack of manual dexterity of children of this age group to effectively brush their teeth and the need for proper parental supervision in assisting them to carry out the toothbrushing procedure.

Matched MeSH terms: China/ethnology
Tooth wear in three ethnic groups in Sabah (northern Borneo)

Milosevic A, Lo MS

Int Dent J, 1996 Dec;46(6):572-8.
PMID: 9023582

The prevalence and associated aetiologies of tooth wear were investigated in three ethnic groups in Sabah (Northern Borneo) using the Tooth Wear Index (TWI). The number of surfaces with enamel wear only, dentine exposed for less than a third or dentine exposed for more than a third were categorised into the TW minimal, moderate or severe respectively. A structured questionnaire was used to elicit medical/dental history, oral hygiene practices, satisfaction with body image, diet and other personal habits/details. The sample comprised of a self selected sample of 148 dental hospital attenders; 47 (32 per cent) each of ethnic Chinese and Malay and 54 (36 per cent) of ethnic Kadazan, matched for age and with a similar number of scoreable teeth per subject. Dentine exposure within the total sample was a common finding (95 per cent TW with moderate, 41 per cent TW severe). The Kadazan group had significantly (P < 0.05) more surfaces with severe tooth wear than the Chinese or Malay. Tobacco chewing was positively associated (rho = +0.4, P < 0.05) with both moderate and severe tooth wear, as was the habit of crushing/eating bones. Neither carbonated beverages or fresh fruit intake were associated with tooth wear, but their frequency of consumption was low. The buccal and occlusal surfaces of the posterior teeth were the most severely worn. Generally, wear was greater in the upper anterior sextant compared to the lower anterior sextant, with the exception of the lower incisal edges in the Kadazan group. Tooth wear into dentine was a common occurrence, especially among the Kadazan subjects and least among the Chinese subjects. The aetiological factors associated with this tooth wear are different to those encountered in Western cultures.

Matched MeSH terms: China/ethnology
Fulltext Tolerance of daily single compared to space dose of Merital

Haq SM, Buhrich N

Med J Malaysia, 1980 Jun;34(4):358-62.
PMID: 7219263

Merital is a recently introduced antidepressant agent which is structurally unrelated to the traditional antidepressant agents and which is reported to have minimal side effects. This study aimed to establish the olerance of a single compared to a spaced dose .schedule of Merital. It was found that a single morrung dose of Merital 100 mgs compared to a similar dose of the drug given in two divided doses did not appreciably increase the frequency or severity of side effects.

Matched MeSH terms: China/ethnology
Tobacco and alcohol use among urban Malaysians in 1980

Armstrong RW

Int J Addict, 1985 11 1;20(11-12):1803-8.
PMID: 3833811

Data from 100 Chinese, 50 Malay, and 50 Indian adults resident in 1980 in the greater urban area of Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, indicate a heavy use of cigarettes among males of all ethnic groups, light use among female Chinese, and none among female Malay and Indian. Consumption of other tobacco products was important only among Indian males; chewing betal quid among Indian males and also among Malay and Indian females. Alcohol use is increasing among both sexes and all ethnic groups, but Chinese and Indian groups use alcoholic drinks more frequently and in larger quantity than Malay. Beer and liquor are the most common drinks.

Matched MeSH terms: China/ethnology
Tissue-type plasminogen activator restriction fragment length polymorphism in the Chinese, Indians and Malays of Singapore

Saha N

Hum. Hered., 1989;39(6):364-6.
PMID: 2575596

A total of 215 subjects comprising 95 Chinese, 66 Malays and 54 Indians were investigated for restriction fragment length polymorphisms of the tissue-type plasminogen activator (PLAT) gene at an EcoRI site using the probe ptPA-4352. The phenotypic distribution showed a good agreement with the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. The gene frequencies of PLAT*1 were found to be 0.47 in the Chinese, 0.52 in the Malays and 0.41 in South Indians.

Matched MeSH terms: China/ethnology
Time to achieve first blood pressure control after diagnosis among hypertensive patients at primary health care clinics: a preliminary study

Cheong AT, Mohd Said S, Muksan N

Asia Pac J Public Health, 2015 Mar;27(2):NP485-94.
PMID: 23343640 DOI: 10.1177/1010539512472361

This study aimed to examine the duration to achieve first blood pressure (BP) control after the diagnosis of hypertension. This was a retrospective cohort study on 195 hypertensive patients' (age ≥18 years) records from a primary health care clinic. The median time to achieve first BP control was 7.2 months (95% confidence interval [CI] = 4.99-9.35). Cox proportional hazards regression results showed female patients were 1.5 times more likely to achieve BP control when compared with male patients (hazard ratio [HR] = 1.50, 95% CI 1.09-2.09, P = .013). Those with monotherapy were 2 times more likely (HR = 2.09, 95% CI = 1.39-3.13, P < 0.001) and those on 2 drugs were 3.5 times more likely (HR = 3.49, 95% CI = 1.65-7.40, P = .001) to achieve BP control than those with nonpharmacological treatment. The median time to achieve BP control was longer than the recommended time. Doctors may need to consider starting the pharmacological treatment early and be more aggressive in hypertensive management for male patients.

Matched MeSH terms: China/ethnology
Fulltext Thyrotoxicosis in pregnancy--a six year review

Lim BH, Raman S, Sivanesaratnam V, Ngan A

Singapore Med J, 1989 Dec;30(6):539-41.
PMID: 2635396

Twenty eight patients with hyperthyroidism complicating their pregnancies were seen at the Obstetrics and Gynaecology Department, University Hospital, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia in a six-year period. All patients were treated with antithyroid drugs, carbimazole being the mainstay of treatment. The incidence of the disease was 0.9 per 1000 births and was similar with other series. No cases of fetal goitre were noted. The mean birth weight was 2952 g; there was no significant difference in the birth weight of term live births in patients treated with carbimazole alone or carbimazole combined with propranolol.

Matched MeSH terms: China/ethnology
Fulltext Thyrotoxic periodic paralysis: a report of 3 Malaysian cases and a review of its pathology

Sthaneshwar P, Prathibha R, Yap SF

Malays J Pathol, 2005 Jun;27(1):29-32.
PMID: 16676690

Thyrotoxic periodic paralysis (TPP) is a medical emergency characterised by sudden onset of muscle weakness with hypokalemia that resolves with the treatment of hyperthyroidism. We report three cases of thyrotoxic periodic paralysis seen at the Accident and Emergency Care Department, University of Malaya Medical Centre in a period of four months. We also review the clinical presentation, pathophysiology, biochemical features and management of TPP. All three patients were young Asian males, presenting with muscle weakness of sudden onset. The first patient presented with lower limb weakness and had symptoms of thyrotoxicosis and goitre. He had a previous similar episode which resolved spontaneously. The second patient presented with quadriplegia, respiratory acidosis and had no signs and symptoms of thyrotoxicosis. The electrocardiogram of this patient showed normal sinus rhythm with U wave in V3 and a flat T wave, which are characteristic of hypokalaemia. The third patient, who was a known case of thyrotoxicosis, was admitted thrice for hypokalemic paralysis during the study period. All cases had low serum potassium, suppressed TSH and elevated T4 confirming thyrotoxic periodic paralysis. Potassium therapy was useful during the crisis; however prophylactic potassium has not been shown to prevent attacks as seen in one of our cases.

Matched MeSH terms: China/ethnology
Thyroid metastasis from nasopharyngeal carcinoma: a case report

Jalaludin MA, Rajadurai P, Va R, Prasad U

J Laryngol Otol, 1994 Oct;108(10):886-8.
PMID: 7989842 DOI: 10.1017/s0022215100128415

Anaplastic nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) metastatic to the thyroid gland is rare. We report the first such case in a 54-year-old Malaysian Chinese woman. The correct diagnosis should be made so that thyroidectomy may be avoided and an appropriate chemoradiotherapeutic regimen instituted.

Matched MeSH terms: China/ethnology
Thiopurine methyltransferase polymorphisms in a multiracial asian population and children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia

Kham SK, Tan PL, Tay AH, Heng CK, Yeoh AE, Quah TC

J Pediatr Hematol Oncol, 2002 Jun-Jul;24(5):353-9.
PMID: 12142782

The purpose of this study was to determine the frequency of thiopurine methyltransferase (TPMT) polymorphisms in a multiracial Asian population and to assess its relevance in the management of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). Six hundred unrelated cord blood samples from 200 Chinese, Malay, and Indian healthy newborns were collected at the National University Hospital, Singapore; an additional 100 children with ALL were analyzed for five of the commonly reported TPMT variant alleles using polymerase chain reaction/restriction fragment length polymorphism and allele-specific polymerase chain reaction-based assays. In the cord blood study, the TPMT*3C variant was detected in all three ethnic groups; Chinese, Malays, and Indians had allele frequencies of 3%, 2.3%, and 0.8%, respectively. The TPMT*3A variant was found only among the Indians at a low allele frequency of 0.5%. The TPMT*6 variant was found in one Malay sample. Among the children with ALL, two white and one Chinese were heterozygous for the TPMT*3A variant and showed intermediate sensitivity to 6-mercaptopurine during maintenance therapy. Three Chinese patients and one Malay patient were heterozygous for the TPMT*3C variant. Mercaptopurine sensitivity could be validated in only one out of four TPMT*3C heterozygous patients. The overall allele frequency of the TPMT variants in this multiracial population was 2.5%. The TPMT*3C was the most common variant allele; TPMT*3A and TPMT*6 were rare. These results support the feasibility of performing TPMT genotyping in all children diagnosed with acute leukemia to minimize toxicity from thiopurine chemotherapy.

Matched MeSH terms: China/ethnology
Fulltext Therapeutic-diagnostic evaluation of chronic cough amongst adults: causes, symptoms and management at the primary care level, Malaysia

Nantha YS

J Family Med Prim Care, 2014 Jul;3(3):207-12.
PMID: 25374855 DOI: 10.4103/2249-4863.141611

BACKGROUND: Patients presenting with chronic cough pose a common diagnostic dilemma during routine consultations at public primary care clinics in Malaysia. To date, there has been little attempt at designing a standardized model or algorithm to facilitate an accurate diagnosis of chronic cough. This study proposes a clinical method to detect the causes of chronic cough in a primary care setting in Malaysia.
MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 117 patients aged above 18 at an urban primary care clinic were tracked over a span of 5 months to diagnose the cause of chronic cough. A therapeutic-diagnostic method was employed to help identify the causes of chronic cough. Subsequently, the demographic details of patients, the prevalence of the different causes of chronic cough and the relationship between history and diagnosis were analyzed statistically.
RESULTS: Chronic cough had a slightly higher male preponderance (51.3% vs. 48.7%). Patients within the 'above 60' age category had the highest frequency of chronic cough. The most common cause of chronic cough was post-infectious cough (n = 42, 35.9%), followed closely by angiotensin-converting enzyme-inhibitor related cough (n = 14, 12%). Majority of patients had the symptom of phlegm production (n = 41, 54%). 33 patients (29.2%) had recent upper respiratory tract infection (<2 weeks ago) prior to the diagnosis of chronic cough. There were poor association between symptoms and the various entities comprising chronic cough. The exceptions were the following associations: (1) Bronchial asthma and itchiness of throat (P = 0021), (2) gastroesophageal reflux disease and heartburn (P < 0.001), (3) upper airway cough syndrome and running nose (P = 0.016) and (4) pulmonary tuberculosis and absence of weight loss (P = 0.004).
CONCLUSION: This study demonstrates that the effectiveness of a therapeutic-diagnostic technique in the diagnosis of chronic cough. Consistent with previous studies, there was poor association between most symptoms and the causes of chronic cough. A study involving a larger primary care population is required to confirm the findings found in this analysis.
KEYWORDS: Angiotensin-converting enzyme-I related cough; chronic cough; post-infectious cough; primary care; therapeutic-diagnostic evaluation

Matched MeSH terms: China/ethnology
The wish to be held. A transcultural study

Huang LT, Phares R, Hollender MH

Arch. Gen. Psychiatry, 1976 Jan;33(1):41-3.
PMID: 1247362

In a previous study, it was noted that "a strong desire to be held or cuddled correlated with a general leaning toward openness in emotional expression." As is well known, some cultures foster openness, while others do not. This project was designed to assess the influence of cultural attitudes on the wish to be held. To do so, questionnaires were given to five groups of Asian women living in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. The most striking differences found were between two groups of Chinese women, one Chinese-educated, and the other, English-educated. The Chinese-educated group inhibited the expression of sensual needs. An English education overturned the traditional mode of response; women in this group scored highest in their wish to be held and lowest in their inclination to keep their body-contact desires secret. This study demonstrates that cultural as well as psychological forces exert a profound influence on the wish to be held.

Matched MeSH terms: China/ethnology
The variation of glucose tolerance in a multi racial population

Ch'ng SL, Chandrasekharan N

Ann Acad Med Singap, 1985 Apr;14(2):223-8.
PMID: 4037680

The pattern of plasma and urine sugar changes after 50g glucose load in 1900 Malaysians (522 males and 1378 females) consisting predominantly of Malays, Chinese and Indians were studied. The data were analysed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS). The results show bimodal distribution of 120 min. plasma sugar values in the age groups 21 years and above and trimodal distribution in most groups above 40 years. The mean 120 minutes plasma sugar cut-off values for nondiabetics (ND), impaired glucose tolerance (IGT), and diabetics (DM) of 8.4 and 11.1 mmol/l respectively were close to the values recommended by the National Diabetic Data Group (NDDG). Fifty two percent of all subjects showed peaked plasma sugar values at 60 minutes (14% of them had IGT, 12% DM), 25% peaked at 30 minutes (98% of them were ND). The rest showed peaked values at 90 minutes (17%), 120 minutes (4%) and 150 minutes (2%) and from this group forty two percent were DM and 23% had IGT. Reliance on urine sugar qualitative tests could misclassify 7.3% of subjects (predominantly elderly females) with hyperglycaemia of greater than 11 mmol/l. This study shows that in the 50 g glucose tolerance test, the NDDG criteria for ND, IGT, DM is still applicable to the Malaysian population. The sampling time could be reduced to four points at 0, 60, 90, and 120 minutes. Blood analysis is the preferred method for the diagnosis of hyperglycaemia in elderly females.

Matched MeSH terms: China/ethnology

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