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Microalgal-bacterial granular sludge process for non-aerated aquaculture wastewater treatment

Fan S, Ji B, Abu Hasan H, Fan J, Guo S, Wang J, et al.

Bioprocess Biosyst Eng, 2021 Aug;44(8):1733-1739.
PMID: 33772637 DOI: 10.1007/s00449-021-02556-0

Microalgal-bacterial granular sludge (MBGS) process has become a focal point in treating municipal wastewater. However, it remains elusive whether the emerging process can be applied for the treatment of aquaculture wastewater, which contains considerable concentrations of nitrate and nitrite. This study evaluated the feasibility of MBGS process for aquaculture wastewater treatment. Result showed that the MBGS process was competent to remove respective 64.8%, 84.9%, 70.8%, 50.0% and 84.2% of chemical oxygen demand, ammonia-nitrogen, nitrate-nitrogen, nitrite-nitrogen and phosphate-phosphorus under non-aerated conditions within 8 h. The dominant microalgae and bacteria were identified to be Coelastrella and Rhodobacteraceae, respectively. Further metagenomics analysis implied that microbial assimilation was the main contributor in organics, nitrogen and phosphorus removal. Specifically, considerable nitrate and nitrite removals were also obtained with the synergy between microalgae and bacteria. Consequently, this work demonstrated that the MBGS process showed a prospect of becoming an environmentally friendly and efficient alternative in aquaculture wastewater treatment.

Matched MeSH terms: Nitrites
Potential Residual Contaminants in Edible Bird's Nest

Yeo BH, Tang TK, Wong SF, Tan CP, Wang Y, Cheong LZ, et al.

Front Pharmacol, 2021;12:631136.
PMID: 33833681 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.631136

Edible bird's nest (EBN) is recognized as a nourishing food among Chinese people. The efficacy of EBN was stated in the records of traditional Chinese medicine and its activities have been reported in many researches. Malaysia is the second largest exporter of EBNs in the world, after Indonesia. For many years, EBN trade to China was not regulated until August 2011, when a safety alert was triggered for the consumption of EBNs. China banned the import of EBNs from Malaysia and Indonesia due to high level of nitrite. Since then, the Malaysia government has formulated Malaysia Standards for swiftlet farming (MS 2273:2012), edible bird's nest processing plant design and management (MS 2333:2010), and edible bird's nest product quality (MS 2334:2011) to enable the industry to meet the specified standards for the export to China. On the other hand, Indonesia's EBN industry formulated a standard operating procedure (SOP) for exportation to China. Both countries can export EBNs to China by complying with the standards and SOPs. EBN contaminants may include but not limited to nitrite, heavy metals, excessive minerals, fungi, bacteria, and mites. The possible source of contaminants may come from the swiftlet farms and the swiftlets or introduced during processing, storage, and transportation of EBNs, or adulterants. Swiftlet house design and management, and EBN processing affect the bird's nest color. Degradation of its optical quality has an impact on the selling price, and color changes are tied together with nitrite level. In this review, the current and future prospects of EBNs in Malaysia and Indonesia in terms of their quality, and the research on the contaminants and their effects on EBN color changes are discussed.

Matched MeSH terms: Nitrites
Fulltext Dominant phytoplankton groups as the major source of polyunsaturated fatty acids for hilsa (Tenualosa ilisha) in the Meghna estuary Bangladesh

Shaha DC, Hasan J, Kundu SR, Yusoff FM, Salam MA, Khan M, et al.

Sci Rep, 2022 Dec 05;12(1):20980.
PMID: 36470973 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-24500-2

The tropical estuarine ecosystem is fascinating for studying the dynamics of water quality and phytoplankton diversity due to its frequently changing hydrological conditions. Most importantly, phytoplankton is the main supplier of ω3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) in the coastal food web for fish as they could not synthesize PUFA. This study evaluated seasonal variations of water quality parameters in the Meghna River estuary (MRE), explored how phytoplankton diversity changes according to hydro-chemical parameters, and identified the major phytoplankton groups as the main source of PUFA for hilsa fish. Ten water quality indicators including temperature, dissolved oxygen, pH, salinity, dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN = nitrate, nitrite, ammonia) and phosphorus, dissolved silica and chlorophyll-a were evaluated. In addition, phytoplankton diversity was assessed in the water and hilsa fish gut. Principal component analysis (PCA) was used to analyze the spatio-temporal changes in the water quality conditions, and the driving factors in the MRE. Four main components were extracted and explained 75.4% variability of water quality parameters. The most relevant driving factors were dissolved oxygen, salinity, temperature, and DIN (nitrate, nitrite and ammonia). These variabilities in physicochemical parameters and dissolved inorganic nutrients caused seasonal variations in two major groups of phytoplankton. Peak abundance of Chlorophyta (green algae) occurred in water in nutrient-rich environments (nitrogen and phosphorus) during the wet (36%) season, while Bacillariophyta (diatoms) were dominant during the dry (32%) season that depleted dissolved silica. Thus, the decrease of green algae and the increase of diatoms in the dry season indicated the potential link to seasonal changes of hydro-chemical parameters. The green algae (53.7%) were the dominant phytoplankton group in the hilsa gut content followed by diatoms (22.6%) and both are contributing as the major source of PUFAs for hilsa fish according to the electivity index as they contain the highest amounts of PUFAs (60 and 28% respectively).

Matched MeSH terms: Nitrites/analysis
Immunomodulatory Effects of Agarwood Leaf Extract on RAW264.7 Murine Macrophages

Pang KL, Chin KY, Nirwana SI

Endocr Metab Immune Disord Drug Targets, 2023;23(7):964-976.
PMID: 36597600 DOI: 10.2174/1871530323666230103153134

BACKGROUND: The immunomodulatory effects of plants have been utilised to enhance the immunity of humans against infections. However, evidence of such effects of agarwood leaves is very limited despite the long tradition of consuming the leaves as tea.
OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to investigate the immuno-modulatory effects of agarwood leaf extract (ALE) derived from Aquilaria malaccensis using RAW264.7 murine macrophages.
METHODS: In this study, RAW264.7 macrophages were incubated with ALE alone for 26 hours or ALE for 2 hours, followed by bacterial lipopolysaccharide for 24 hours. The nitrite and cytokine production (tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNFα), interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, and IL-10), inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX2) expression in the macrophages were assayed.
RESULTS: The study showed that ALE alone was immunostimulatory on the macrophages by increasing the nitrite, TNFα, and IL-6 production and COX2 expression (p<0.05 vs. untreated unstimulated cells). Pre-treatment of ALE suppressed nitrite level and iNOS expression but enhanced TNFα and IL-6 production and COX2 expression (p<0.05 vs. untreated lipopolysaccharides (LPS)-stimulated cells). ALE also increased IL-10 production regardless of LPS stimulation (p<0.05 vs. untreated cells).
CONCLUSION: ALE was able to promote the immune response of macrophages by upregulating pro-inflammatory cytokine levels and COX2 expression. It also regulated the extent of the inflammation by reducing iNOS expression and increasing IL-10 levels. Thus, ALE may have a role in enhancing the innate immune system against infection; however, its validation from in vivo studies is still pending.

Matched MeSH terms: Nitrites/metabolism
Beyond tradition: a novel approach for edible bird nest cleaning and its processing

Ramli ANM, Badrulzaman SZS, Patil RV, Azelee NIW, Manas NHA, Aminan AW

Vet Res Commun, 2024 Feb;48(1):29-37.
PMID: 37840088 DOI: 10.1007/s11259-023-10235-6

An edible bird nest is a product of the solidified saliva secretion from a few different swiftlet's species, during the breeding season. But the high impurities in A. maximus and C. esculent nests make them less ideal to be consumed. Eggshells and guano are the major contaminants contributing to the nitrite and nitrates contents. However, recent studies have shown significant medicinal and cosmetic applications of edible bird nest like anti-viral, anti-inflammatory, enhancing bone strength, and anti-aging. Thus, the high demand for edible bird nest in the global market to explore its potential application has improved from swiftlet farming activities to the cleaning process. Recent studies have shown the use of immobilized enzymes like keratinase for the removal of contaminants. The current review discusses the importance of Swiftlet bird nest, its application, and commercialization.

Matched MeSH terms: Nitrites*
Impact of UV radiation on Mxene-mediated tubulin dissociation and mitochondrial apoptosis in breast cancer cells

Tan EW, Simon SE, Numan A, Khalid M, Tan KO

Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces, 2024 Mar;235:113793.
PMID: 38364521 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2024.113793

Breast cancer is a global health concern that requires personalized therapies to prevent relapses, as conventional treatments may develop resistance over time. Photothermal therapy using spectral radiation or intense light emission is a broad-spectrum treatment that induces hyperthermia-mediated cancer cell death. MXene, a two-dimensional material, has been reported to have potential biological applications in photothermal therapy for cancer treatment. In this study, we investigated the apoptotic activity of MXene and UV-irradiated MXene in MCF-7 breast cancer cells by treating them with varying concentrations of MXene. The cytotoxicity of MXene and UV was evaluated by analyzing cellular morphology, nuclei condensation, caspase activation, and apoptotic cell death. We also assessed the effect of the combined treatment on the expression and cellular distribution of Tubulin, a key component of microtubules required for cell division. At low concentrations of MXene (up to 100 µg/ml), the level of cytotoxicity in MCF-7 cells was low. However, the combined treatment of MXene and UV resulted in a synergistic increase in cytotoxicity, causing rounded cellular morphology, condensed nuclei, caspase activation, and apoptotic cell death. Furthermore, the treatment reduced Tubulin protein expression and cellular distribution, indicating a potent inducer of cell death with potential application for cancer treatment. The study demonstrates that the combined treatment of MXene and UVB irradiation is a promising strategy for inducing apoptotic cell death in breast cancer cells, suggesting its potential as a therapeutic intervention for breast cancer.

Matched MeSH terms: Nitrites*
Potential application of 2D nano-layered MXene in analysing and remediating endocrine disruptor compounds and heavy metals in water

Rozaini MNH, Khoo KS, Abdah MAAM, Ethiraj B, Alam MM, Anwar AF, et al.

Environ Geochem Health, 2024 Mar 11;46(3):111.
PMID: 38466501 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-024-01917-4

With the advancement of technologies and growth of the economy, it is inevitable that more complex processes are deployed, producing more heterogeneous wastewater that comes from biomedical, biochemical and various biotechnological industries. While the conventional way of wastewater treatment could effectively reduce the chemical oxygen demand, pH and turbidity of wastewater, trace pollutants, specifically the endocrine disruptor compounds (EDCs) that exist in µg L-1 or ng L-1 have further hardened the detection and removal of these biochemical pollutants. Even in small amounts, EDC could interfere human's hormone, causing severe implications on human body. Hence, this review elucidates the recent insights regarding the effectiveness of an advanced 2D material based on titanium carbide (Ti3C2Tx), also known as MXene, in detecting and removing EDCs. MXene's highly tunable feature also allows its surface chemistry to be adjusted by adding chemicals with different functional groups to adsorb different kinds of EDCs for biochemical pollution mitigation. At the same time, the incorporation of MXene into sample matrices also further eases the analysis of trace pollutants down to ng L-1 levels, thereby making way for a more cleaner and comprehensive wastewater treatment. In that sense, this review also highlights the progress in synthesizing MXene from the conventional method to the more modern approaches, together with their respective key parameters. To further understand and attest to the efficacy of MXene, the limitations and current gaps of this potential agent are also accentuated, targeting to seek resolutions for a more sustainable application.

Matched MeSH terms: Nitrites*
Highly electrochemically active Ti3C2Tx MXene/MWCNT nanocomposite for the simultaneous sensing of paracetamol, theophylline, and caffeine in human blood samples

Mari E, Duraisamy M, Eswaran M, Sellappan S, Won K, Chandra P, et al.

Mikrochim Acta, 2024 Mar 20;191(4):212.
PMID: 38509344 DOI: 10.1007/s00604-024-06273-9

The facile fabrication is reported of highly electrochemically active Ti3C2Tx MXene/MWCNT (3D/1D)-modified screen-printed carbon electrode (SPE) for the efficient simultaneous electrochemical detection of paracetamol, theophylline, and caffeine in human blood samples. 3D/1D Ti3C2Tx MXene/MWCNT nanocomposite was synthesized using microwave irradiation and ultrasonication processes. Then, the Ti3C2Tx/MWCNT-modified SPE electrode was fabricated and thoroughly characterized towards its physicochemical and electrochemical properties using XPS, TEM, FESEM, XRD, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, cyclic voltammetry, and differential pulse voltammetry techniques. As-constructed Ti3C2Tx-MWCNT/SPE offers excellent electrochemical sensing performance with good detection limits (0.23, 0.57, and 0.43 µM) and wide linear ranges (1.0 ~ 90.1, 2.0 ~ 62.0, and 2.0-90.9 µM) for paracetamol, caffeine, and theophylline, respectively, in the human samples. Notably, the non-enzymatic electroactive nanocomposite-modified electrode has depicted a semicircle Nyquist plot with low charge transfer resistance (Rct∼95 Ω), leading to high ionic diffusion and facilitating an excellent electron transfer path. All the above results in efficient stability, reproducibility, repeatability, and sensitivity compared with other reported works, and thus, it claims its practical utilization in realistic clinical applications.

Matched MeSH terms: Nitrites*
Effect of the number of Cyperus rotundus and medium height on the performance of batch-constructed wetland in treating aquaculture effluent

Imron MF, Hestianingsi WOA, Putranto TWC, Citrasari N, Abdullah SRS, Hasan HA, et al.

Chemosphere, 2024 Apr;353:141595.
PMID: 38438021 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.141595

Increasing aquaculture cultivation produces large quantities of wastewater. If not handled properly, it can have negative impacts on the environment. Constructed wetlands (CWs) are one of the phytoremediation methods that can be applied to treat aquaculture effluent. This research was aimed at determining the performance of Cyperus rotundus in removing COD, BOD, TSS, turbidity, ammonia, nitrate, nitrite, and phosphate from the batch CW system. Treatment was carried out for 30 days with variations in the number of plants (10, 15, and 20) and variations in media height (10, 12, and 14 cm). The result showed that aquaculture effluent contains high levels of organic compounds and nutrients, and C. rotundus can grow and thrive in 100% of aquaculture effluent. Besides that, the use of C. rotundus in CWs with the effect of numbers of plants and media height showed performance of COD, BOD, TSS, turbidity, ammonia, nitrate, nitrite, and phosphate with 70, 79, 90, 96, 64, 82, 92, and 48% of removal efficacy, respectively. There was no negative impact observed on C. rotundus growth after exposure to aquaculture effluent, as indicated by the increase in wet weight, dry weight, and growth rate when compared to the control. Thus, adding aquaculture effluent to CWs planted with C. rotundus supports the growth and development of plants while also performing phytoremediation.

Matched MeSH terms: Nitrites
Nano-palladium-decorated bismuth sulfide microspheres on a disposable electrode integrated with smartphone-based electrochemical detection of nitrite in food samples

Promsuwan K, Saichanapan J, Soleh A, Saisahas K, Samoson K, Wangchuk S, et al.

Food Chem, 2024 Jul 30;447:138987.
PMID: 38518621 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2024.138987

Nitrite (NO2-) is widely used as an additive to extend the shelf life of food products. Excessive nitrite intake not only causes blood-related diseases but also has the potential risk of causing cancers. A disposable screen-printed electrode was modified with nano‑palladium decorated bismuth sulfide microspheres (nanoPd@Bi2S3MS/SPE), and integrated with a smartphone-interfaced potentiostat to develop a portable, electrochemical nitrite sensor. NanoPd@Bi2S3MS was prepared by the hydrothermal reduction of a Bi2S3MS and Pd2+ dispersion and drop cast on the SPE. The nanoPd@Bi2S3MS/SPE was coupled with a smartphone-controlled portable potentiostat and applied to determine nitrite in food samples. The linear range of the sensor was 0.01-500 μM and the limit of detection was 0.0033 μM. The proposed system showed good repeatability, reproducibility, catalytic stability, and immunity to interferences. The proposed electrode material and a smartphone-based small potentiostat created a simple, portable, fast electrochemical sensing system that accurately measured nitrite in food samples.

Matched MeSH terms: Nitrites*

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