Self-injury is a significant predictor of future self-harm and suicide, and is associated with significant psychological morbidity. However, despite an
apparent increase in prevalence, very little research on this behaviour has been conducted within Malaysia. This paper reviews the definitional issues
pertinent to the study of self-injury including the need to adopt a consistent nomenclature for the behaviour, separate self-injury which occurs with and
without suicidal intent, and to address role of culture in defining self-injurious behaviour. A review and critique of research exploring the prevalence, function, aetiology, and correlates of self-injury across both clinical and community samples is provided. Finally, in light of the current international knowledge regarding self-injurious behaviour, recommendations to guide future research in Malaysia are proposed.
This study identified the effectiveness between home-based and hospital-based pulmonary rehabilitation program on the quality of life of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) patients. Thirty five patients who met the inclusion criteria were referred by physicians and randomized to either hospital-based pulmonary rehabilitation (PRPH) or home-based pulmonary rehabilitation (PRPR). The PRPH program was scheduled twice a week for eight weeks at the Physiotherapy Department, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre (UKMMC). Whilst, the PRPR group was required to attend sessions at the Physiotherapy Department twice to learn the exercise regimens before carrying out the exercises themselves at home. Subjects were asked to record activitites in a diary and a telephone call was made once every two weeks to ensure compliance towards the exercise regimens. The SF-36 questionnaire and Geriatric Depression Scale were outcome measures used in assessing status of patients prior to treatment and after intervention at the 8th week Seventeen (48.6%) subjects completed the PRPH and 15 (43%), the PRPR. Results indicated that in the PRPH group there were significant improvements in some of the domains of SF-36, i.e., role physical (p = 0.012) body pain (p = 0.040), general health (p = 0.008) and role emotional (p = 0.012). In the PRPR group, the Geriatric Depression Scale mean score was 1.8 ± 0.41 at baseline compared to 1.69 ± 0.48 following intervention (p > 0.05). Whilst, among the PRPH group, the mean was 1.87 ± 0.35 at baseline and 1.53 ± 0.52 after eight week (p < 0.05). In conclusion, hospital-based pulmonary rehabilitation is more effective than the home-based pulmonary rehabilitation in improving the quality of life and reducing depression among patients with COPD.
Keywords: Home Based Pulmonary Rehabilitation Program (PRPR); Hospital based Pulmonary Rehabilitation Program (PRPH); COPD; Quality of life (QOL).
Ahmad Firdaus Mohd Salleh, Anita Talib, Mohamed Abdullah Marwi, Noor Hayati Mohd Isa, Syamsa Rizal Abdullah, Raja Muhammad Zuha Raja Kamal Bashah, et al.
Chrysomya megacephala (Fabricius) dan Chrysomya rufifacies (Macquart) adalah merupakan dua spesies lalat penting yang boleh dijadikan sebagai penunjuk terbaik untuk menganggarkan selang masa kematian atau Post Mortem Interval (PMI) untuk kegunaan dalam sains forensik. Penentuan PMI adalah berdasarkan kepada saiz dan peringkat perkembangan larva. Kajian perkembangan telur, larva dan pupa lalat Ch. megacepahala dan Ch. rufifacies dijalankan di bawah suhu 27ºC, 30ºC dan 33ºC di makmal dengan menggunakan kebuk pertumbuhann serangga. Data daripada kajian digunakan untuk menghasilkan satu graf pertumbuhan dan Jam Darjah Terkumpul (ADH) bagi kedua-dua spesies. Ch. megacephala mengambil masa selama 9.15 hari pada suhu 27ºC, 8.54 hari (30ºC) dan 6.76 hari (33ºC) untuk melengkapkan satu kitar hidup. Pada C. rufifacies pula, kitar hidupnya lebih lama berbanding Ch. megacephala iaitu 9.92 hari pada suhu 27ºC, 9.13 hari (30ºC) dan 7.44 hari (33ºC). Telur bagi kedua-dua spesies menetas lebih cepat pada suhu 33ºC berbanding dua suhu yang lainnya. Nilai ADH yang rendah pada sesuatu suhu, menunjukkan sesuatu spesies lebih cepat melengkapkan suatu kitar hidup. Penemuan ini berguna dalam menganggarkan selang masa kematian bagi mayat yang dijumpai pada suhu persekitaran yang berlainan.
Acanthamoeba keratitis is a serious ocular problem and can cause blindness if not treated. This study was therefore performed to evaluate the effectiveness of eyedrop antibiotics on eight Acanthamoeba spp. isolates, of which four
were clinical isolates and the remaining four from the environment. Three different eyedrop antibiotics (neomycin, ciprofloxacin and gentamicin) currently available in the market and ready for use were tested. Cyst suspension from all strains were tested against eyedrop antibiotics, respectively. After 48 hours of incubation period, the solutions were filtered and the filtered membranes were put onto non-nutrient agar lawn with E. coli. The plates were examined daily for Acanthamoeba trophozoites under inverted microscope until day 14. Neomycin, ciprofloxacin and gentamicin were found
to be effective against Acanthamoeba spp. cysts for all test strains.
Key words: Acanthamoeba Keratitis, Eyedrop Antibiotics, Effectiveness
Giardia intestinalis merupakan parasit kosmopolitan dan infeksinya tersebar luas di seluruh dunia terutamanya di negara membangun yang tahap sanitasinya rendah dan kekurangan bekalan air yang bersih. Seramai 71 orang kanak-kanak Orang Asli dari Pos Lenjang, Pahang telah terlibat di dalam kajian ini. Sampel feses dikumpul dan diperiksa bagi mengesan infeksi G. intestinalis dengan menggunakan tiga teknik diagnosis iaitu teknik apusan langsung, konsentrasi formalin-eter dan perwarnaan trikrom. Prevalens infeksi Giardia intestinalis di kalangan kanak-kanak Orang Asli di Pos Lenjang, Pahang adalah tinggi iaitu 43.7%. Dari segi jantina, prevalens infeksi hampir sama di kalangan kanak-kanak perempuan (45.0%) berbanding kanak-kanak lelaki (41.9%). Infeksi juga didapati lebih banyak berlaku di kalangan kanak-kanak bersekolah (48.6%) berbanding kanakkanak pra-sekolah (38.2%).
This survey represents an initial examination of contact lens practice in Malaysia. It is based on a questionnaire that was sent to selected members of the Association of the Malaysian Optometrists to survey the prescribing habits of g contact lenses and care products. Questions included types of lenses prescribed, care systems frequently recommended and types of complications seen. Optometrists in Malaysia prescribed an average of 90 new pairs of contact lenses per year. Soft lenses made up 84% of the prescription followed by 14% of rigid gas permeable lenses and 1.5% of polymethymethacrylate lenses. Disposable/frequent replacement lenses accounted for 60% of the soft lenses prescribed. The most commonly prescribed disinfecting system was chemical disinfection. The most common complication seen during aftercare consultation was dry eye-related problems.
An entomological study was conducted in Tanjung Sepat, Selangor, Malaysia in May until September 2007 revealing five species of butterflies (all from family Nymphalidae) were attracted to pig carcasses placed in an oil palm plantation. Euploea mulciber (Cramer 1777), Hypolimnas bolina (Linnaeus 1758), Elymnias hypermnestra (Linnaeus 1763), Mycalesis mineus (Linnaeus 1758) and Ypthima baldus (Fabricius 1775) came to the carcasses at different stages of decomposition. From this study, we know that nymphalid butterflies are attracted to carcasses but their roles are most probably unimportant in post-mortem estimation.
This is a follow-up study to assess the socio demographic profile of a sample of 28,605 women seeking pregnancy terminations at a private clinic in Penang over a seven year period as compared to an earlier study in 1995 of a sample of 23,986 women over a six and a half year period at the same clinic. This study was conducted using computerized patient medical records and paper reports generated from the computer data. The earlier 1995 study showed that the profile of a typical abortion client was a Chinese (60%), housewife (45%) in her late twenties (47%) with a monthly household income of less than RM1,200 (58%), having her first abortion (51%) and who had used contraception before (78%). For the seven year period from 1998-2005, the follow-up profile of a woman seeking an abortion in the same clinic in urban Malaysia was one with a monthly household income of less than RM2,000 (100%) in her late twenties (54%) who had used contraception in the past (85%). It is noted that the percentage of Malay respondents has increased (34%). The percentage of women who had a prior abortion at this clinic or elsewhere has also increased (68%), as compared to the preliminary study. Non-use of contraception remained an issue and traditional methods still outweighed the use of more effective contraceptive methods. In conclusion, fewer housewives and more Malay and Indonesian factory workers contributed to the clinic client profile over these seven years compared to that of the earlier study in 1995.
Kajian ini bertujuan untuk mendapatkan data normatif timpanometri di kalangan kanak-kanak Melayu prasekolah dan membandingkannya menurut jantina. Ini kerana faktor bukan patologi seperti umur, jantina dan bangsa mempengaruhi data normatif timpanometri. Sehubungan itu, garis panduan saringan telinga tengah oleh American Speech and Hearing Association (ASHA) yang menggunakan data normatif timpanometri kanak-kanak Kaukasian mungkin tidak sesuai untuk populasi kanak-kanak Melayu. Parameter timpanometri yang diukur ialah puncak statik admitan akustik dikompensasi (puncak Ytm), isipadu salur telinga luar (Vea) dan kelebaran timpanogram (TW). Seramai 161 orang kanak-kanak Melayu (80 orang kanak-kanak lelaki dan 81 orang kanak-kanak perempuan) berumur antara 4 hingga 6 tahun terlibat di dalam kajian ini. Bagaimanapun, hanya seramai 45 orang kanak-kanak lelaki dan 46 orang kanak-kanak perempuan (163 dari keseluruhan 182 telinga) memenuhi kriteria inklusi iaitu lulus pemeriksaan otoskopi dan saringan pendengaran serta menunjukkan refleks akustik ipsilateral pada 1000 Hz. Ujian ANOVA Campuran dua-hala untuk membandingkan min parameter timpanometri kanak-kanak lelaki dan perempuan menunjukkan tiada perbezaan yang signifikan; min puncak Ytm (p > 0.05), min Vea (p > 0.05), dan min TW (p > 0.05). Oleh itu, data kedua-dua kumpulan ini digabungkan. Secara keseluruhan, nilai min puncak Ytm ialah 0.55 ± 0.28mmhos, min Vea ialah 0.90 ± 0.39 cm3, dan min TW ialah 104.68 ± 32.08 daPa. Julat normal persentil ke-90 bagi puncak Ytm ialah antara 0.27 hingga 1.18 mmhos, Vea antara 0.45 hingga 1.65 cm3 dan TW antara 59.60 hingga 149.80 daPa. Hasil kajian mencadangkan data normatif timpanometri ini sesuai digunakan ke atas kanak-kanak Melayu prasekolah namun ianya tidak perlu dibezakan mengikut jantina. Sekiranya setiap satu nilai TW > 200 daPa dan Vea > 1.0 cm3 oleh ASHA diaplikasi ke atas kanak-kanak Melayu prasekolah, maka masing-masing akan menyebabkan kadar rujukan yang rendah dan kadar rujukan yang berlebihan.
The study aimed to develop Mandarin speech perception tests for Malaysian Chinese children. Two tests were developed which were the Syllabic Pattern Perception Test (SPPT) and the Tone Perception Test (TPT). Both tests were designed for children aged between three to six years-old. A total of 80 normal hearing children aged 3 years to 6 years and 11 months from several kindergartens around Kuala Lumpur and Ipoh participated in this study. Results showed that the mean scores for the SPPT did not differ significantly across age (p > 0.05), possibly due to a ceiling effect. Although the SPPT showed relatively low test-retest and inter-rater Spearman correlation coefficients (r = 0.68 for correct syllable pattern response and r = 0.38 for correct item response), the scores were highly repeatable in both test-retest and interrater conditions. For the TPT, the mean scores of five and six year old children were significantly higher than three year old subjects while the mean score of four year old subjects was significantly poorer than the six years old. The test-retest and inter-rater reliability were high and the coefficients approximated 0.80 (p < 0.05). For both tests, gender and dialects or languages used as the second language did not have significant effect on the test scores. Content validity evidence was also collected from a group of panelists. In conclusion, SPPT and TPT are reliable and valid Mandarin speech tests to be used on Malaysian Chinese children who speak Mandarin.
Lemah konvergens (CI) adalah anomali penglihatan binokular yang melibatkan kesukaran dua mata menumpu semasa penglihatan dekat. Kajian ini mengkaji prestasi penglihatan binokular subjek CI. Prestasi binokular iaitu, akuiti penglihatan (VA) binokular jauh, VA binokular dekat dan stereoakuiti dibandingkan antara subjek CI dengan subjek normal. Seramai 30 subjek CI purata umur 17.33 ± 5.49 tahun dan 30 subjek normal purata umur 18.77 ± 6.08 tahun mempunyai VA 6/6 atau lebih baik, ralat refraksi sfera tidak melebihi ± 4.00 DS, astigmatisme tidak lebih daripada 2.00 DC, tiada juling dan tidak pernah menjalani terapi penglihatan, mempunyai kesihatan am dan kesihatan okular yang baik mengambil bahagian dalam kajian ini. VA monokular mata kanan, VA monokular mata kiri, VA binokular dan stereoakuiti dua kumpulan subjek diukur dan dibandingkan. Keputusan kajian mendapati perbezaan yang signifikan bagi VA binokular jauh (t = 2.31, p < 0.05), VA binokular dekat (t = 0.89, p < 0.05) dan stereoakuiti (Z = -2.81, p < 0.01) antara subjek CI dengan subjek normal. Kesimpulan kajian menunjukkan subjek kumpulan CI mengalami penurunan prestasi penglihatan binokular jauh, prestasi penglihatan binokular dekat dan stereoakuiti yang signifikan lebih rendah berbanding kumpulan normal.
Demodex sp. merupakan ektoparasit kulit dan dikenali sebagai tungau folikel yang selalu didapati pada manusia pada semua peringkat umur, kaum dan kumpulan geografi. Objektif kajian ini adalah untuk menentukan prevalens infestasi Demodex sp. di kalangan orang dewasa berumur antara 20 hingga 29 tahun di kawasan Lembah Klang dan menentukan kaitan infestasi ektoparasit ini dengan jantina dan masalah jerawat. Kajian ini merupakan kajian pertama penentuan prevalens infestasi Demodex sp. di Malaysia. Seramai 350 orang subjek telah dikaji yang mana pemilihan sampel dilakukan secara pensampelan rawak berstrata. Pengambilan spesimen dilakukan secara kikisan kulit pada kawasan muka iaitu dahi, hidung, pipi dan dagu. Spesimen dititiskan dengan medium Hoyer dan pemerhatian dijalankan di bawah mikroskop cahaya. Borang soal selidik diedarkan untuk mengetahui kehadiran jerawat pada kulit muka. Hasil kajian mendapati prevalens keseluruhan infestasi Demodex sp. adalah 18.9% dan lelaki menunjukkan infestasi lebih tinggi (25.7%) berbanding perempuan (12.0%) manakala tiada perbezaan bermakna antara masalah jerawat dan infestasi Demodex sp. Kesimpulannya, infestasi Demodex sp. hadir di kalangan satu perlima dari subjek dengan lelaki didapati lebih bermasalah.
Kajian terdahulu mendapati Respons Auditori Keadaan Mantap (ASSR) mempunyai variasi yang besar dalam meramal ambang pendengaran, manakala kebolehulangan ASSR masih kurang dilaporkan. Kajian ini bertujuan untuk menentukan kebolehulangan ASSR dalam menilai ambang pendengaran golongan dewasa lanjut umur yang bermasalah pendengaran sensorineural. Seramai 15 orang subjek berumur antara 55 hingga 75 tahun terlibat dalam kajian ini. Ambang pendengaran ditentukan menggunakan audiometri nada tulen (PTA) dan ASSR pada frekuensi 0.5, 1, 2 dan 4 kHz, di mana ASSR diulang pada 0.5 dan 1 kHz. Secara keseluruhannya, nilai ambang ASSR adalah lebih tinggi daripada PTA. ANOVA satu hala menunjukkan perbezaan antara ambang PTA dan ASSR adalah tidak signifikan pada semua frekuensi. Terdapat korelasi yang signifikan antara ambang PTA dan ambang ASSR pada 0.5 kHz (r = 0.77, p < 0.05), 1 kHz (r = 0.45, p < 0.05), 2 kHz (r = 0.58, p < 0.05) dan 4 kHz (r = 0.73, p < 0.05). Ujian t berpasangan menunjukkan tiada perbezaan signifikan antara ujian ASSR pertama dan ASSR ulangan pada frekuensi 0.5 kHz (t = 2.09, p > 0.05) dan 1 kHz (t = 0.436, p > 0.05). Korelasi Pearson menunjukkan korelasi yang sederhana di antara dua pengukuran ASSR pada 0.5 kHz (r = 0.68, p < 0.001) dan 1 kHz (r = 0.60, p < 0.001). Hasil kajian ini mendapati bahawa ambang pendengaran ASSR tidak berubah secara signifikan jika diulang uji dan ujian ASSR boleh disarankan sebagai alternatif kepada PTA dalam menentukan ambang pendengaran golongan dewasa lanjut usia bermasalah pendengaran sensorineural.
Ficus deltoidea or Mas cotek is one of the common medicinal plants used in Malaysia has been claimed to have antidiabetic activity. However, scientific evidence to confirm its efficacy is still lacking. Thus, the present study was undertaken to evaluate the potential of ethanolic extract of Ficus deltoidea to reduce hyperglycaemia in streptozotocininduced diabetic rats at different prandial state. The results showed that, ethanolic extract of Ficus deltoidea significantly reduced fasting and postprandial hyperglycemia particularly after 4 and 6 hours of extract administration. Likewise, glucose tolerance activity was significantly improved in the presence of Ficus deltoidea ethanolic extract at a low dose, 100 mg/kg. It is suggested that ethanolic extract of Ficus deltoidea at particular doses, possess fasting and postprandial antihyperglycemic activity as well as glucose tolerance activity in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats.
Bcl-2 is an anti-apoptotic protein belonging to a family of proteins that act as regulators of apoptosis in mammalian cells. Bcl-2 expression has previously been reported in normal breast ductal cells and its involvement in the hormonal regulation of hyperplasia and involution was further suggested, and it was thought to be expressed through hormonedependent pathways. Bcl-2 is a cytoplasmic oncoprotein which is highly expressed in human solid tumours. In breast cancer cells, however, Bcl-2 expression is down regulated, the exact mechanism and the effects of which are not clearly defined, as bcl-2 expression appears to be inversely correlated with the presence of p53 mutations. This work aimed at investigating the expression of bcl-2 in invasive ductal carcinoma of the breast utilizing an immunohistochemistry assay as well as studying the clinical correlations of bcl-2. Bcl-2 was detected in 43.7% of 382 invasive ductal carcinoma study cases. Its expression correlated positively, with lower age of patients, higher histological grades, large tumour sizes, estrogen receptor positivity and progesterone receptor negativity. However, the statistical correlations were weak. With the data obtained, it was found that the expression of bcl-2 correlated with unfavourable prognoses. Furthermore, bcl-2 detection alone may not be very helpful in consolidating a clinical diagnosis.
Antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies (ANCA) are autoantibodies directed against primary granules of neutrophils and monocytes' lysosomes. In general, c-ANCA is strongly associated with vasculitic disorders mainly in ANCA-associated systemic vasculitis (AASV). p-ANCA have been identified in several diseases such as primary (AASV) and secondary vasculitis such as collagen vascular diseases, rheumatoid arthritis and inflammatory bowel diseases given the term 'ANCA-associated disease.' The objective of this study was to determine the rate of ANCA positivity by indirect immunofluorescent (IF) and enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and its association with AASV and ANCA associated diseases. Serum from patients with history suspicion of systemic vasculitis were tested for ANCA by IF. Those samples positive for ANCA by IF were further tested for antibodies against myeloperoxidase (MPO) and proteinase 3 (PR3) using the ELISA. Clinical data from medical records were obtained and analyzed. Of 468 samples, a total of 110 were positive for ANCA by IF. IF results showed a p-ANCA pattern in 96 patients and c-ANCA in 14. Of 110 IF positive ANCA, 45 patients were positive by ELISA. Seventeen were positive for MPO-ANCA, 9 were PR3-ANCA positive and 19 were both MPO and PR3 positive. Only 2 patients were classified AASV ie Wegener granulomatosis and the other with microscopic polyangiitis. The remaining patients (n = 108) may be classified as ANCA associated diseases. Our study showed that pANCA (87.3%) was the more common ANCA pattern and 40.9% of IF positive samples were positive for PR3- and MPOANCA.
This study investigated the functional specialisation characteristics of brain in multiple right-hand dominant subjects pertaining to the activation of the cerebral motor cortices evoked by unilateral finger tapping, especially in primary motor (M1) and supplementary motor (SMA) areas. This multiple-subject study used unilateral (UNIright and UNIleft) selfpaced tapping of hand fingers to activate the M1 and SMA. Brain activation characteristics were analysed using statistical parametric mapping (SPM). Activation for UNIright and UNIleft showed the involvement of contralateral and ipsilateral M1 and SMA. A larger activation area but with a lower percentage of signal change (PSC) were observed in the left M1 due to the control on UNIright (4164 voxels at a = 0.001, PSC = 1.650) as compared to the right M1 due to the control on UNIleft (2012 voxels at a = 0.001, PSC = 2.377). This is due to the influence of the tapping rate effects which is greater than what could be produced by the average effects of the dominant and sub-dominant hands. The significantly higher PSC value observed in the right M1 (p < 0.05) is due to a higher control demand used by the brain in coordinating the tapping of the sub-dominant fingers. The findings obtained from this study showed strong evidence of the existence of brain functional specialisation and could be used as baseline references in determining the most probable motor pathways in a sample of subjects.
A cross-sectional study was conducted among 200 Malays in Kuala Pilah, Tampin, Bahau, Gemencheh and Seremban towards food allergy in Negeri Sembilan. Questionnaire were used to determine demographic data, allergy symptom, practice and knowledge of respondents towards food allergy. Majority of the respondents that have food allergy were children 44% and shrimp was the most common allergen among children (25%). Family history is found to be associated with the age group and place of residents (p < 0.05). Common symptom that manisfested by respondents includes rashes (35%). Furthermore, the study showed that the respondents were concerned about their food allergy and 96% of the respondents reduced the intake of food that caused allergy. The level of knowledge related to food allergy was found to be associated with age group (p < 0.05). In conclusion, the study found that shrimp is the most common food allergy for all age group. Response towards food allergy is that they reduce the intake of food that cause allergy and the knowledge
towards food allergy is associated with age group. Therefore, early screening should be conducted to identify types of alergy so that appropriate treatment can be given to the patients. Health education on allergy is also important to improve knowledge and patients’ compliance towards treatment.
Keywords: Food; allergy; Malay; attitude; knowledge
Acanthamoeba is a free living protozoa that can cause keratitis and granulomatous amoebic encephalitis. Physiological characteristics of this amoeba are found to have a medical importance and related to the pathogenic potential of the organism. This study was carried out to investigate the physiological characteristic from the aspect of temperature tolerance. Six Acanthamoeba strains from three clinical isolates (HSB 1, HKL 48 and HKL 95) and three environmental isolates (PHS 2, PHS 11 and PHS 15) were used in this study. Test was done by culturing cysts at 30°C, 37°C and 42°C for two weeks and the ability of cysts to change to trophozoites were observed. The result showed all strain was able to change to trophozoites at 30°C and 37°C. However, no trophozoites were observed at 42°
C. This indicate that there is a similarity in the physiological trait of strains from both isolates are the same and strains from the environment are able to show the pathogenic potential thus capable of causing infection to human.
Keywords: Acanthamoeba; temperature tolerance; clinical; environmental isolates.
Skala perkembangan kanak-kanak barat seringkali digunakan di Malaysia sebagai panduan utama ibu bapa dan golongan profesional dalam memantau perkembangan kanak-kanak kerana kurangnya data rujukan yang dilaporkan serta wujud anggapan bahawa perkembangan kanak-kanak di Malaysia setara dengan perkembangan kanak-kanak di negara Barat. Walau bagaimanapun, berdasarkan kajian-kajian lepas timbul keraguan mengenai kesesuaian skala perkembangan kanak-kanak barat menilai perkembangan komunikasi kanak-kanak di Malaysia. Oleh itu, kajian rintis ini bertujuan untuk membentuk data rujukan yang boleh dijadikan panduan bagi menilai perkembangan komunikasi kanak-kanak tahap bertatih di Malaysia. Kajian ini melibatkan pengadaptasian The Integrated Scales of Development (Cochlear Ltd. 2003) bagi kanak-kanak bertatih yang berusia 16 hingga 30 bulan yang terbahagi kepada tiga subskala berdasarkan umur iaitu subskala 16 hingga 18 bulan, 19 hingga 24 bulan dan 25 hingga 30 bulan. Penilaian kesahan dan kebolehpercayaan telah dilakukan ke atas skala yang diadaptasi. Berdasarkan penilaian kesahan, dua item telah digugurkan daripada subskala 16-18 bulan dan lapan item digugurkan daripada setiap subskala 19-24 bulan dan subskala 25-30 bulan. Ujian kebolehpercayaan alfa Cronbach telah dilakukan dan didapati hanya subskala 16-18 bulan mempunyai nilai kebolehpercayaan yang tinggi (a = 0.872), manakala kedua-dua subskala 19-24 bulan dan subskala 25-30 bulan mempunyai kebolehpercayaan yang rendah (a = 0.626 dan a = 0.628) masing-masing. Secara keseluruhannya, hasil adaptasi skala ini sesuai digunakan sebagai panduan bagi memantau perkembangan komunikasi kanak-kanak dan bukannya sebagai alat penilaian yang utama.